The United Kingdom general election of 1992 was held on 9 April 1992, and was the fourth consecutive victory for the Conservative Party. The UK general election, 1983 was held on June 9, 1983 and gave the Conservatives and Margaret Thatcher the most decisive election victory since that of Labour in 1945. ... This is a list of members of Parliament elected to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1983 in the 1983 general election, for the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... Margaret Thatcher David Steel Election 1987 Titles The United Kingdom general election of 1987 was held on 11 June 1987 and was the third consecutive victory for the Conservative Party under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher. ... This is a list of members of Parliament elected to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1987 in the 1987 general election, for the Fiftieth Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... This is a list of members of Parliament elected to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in the United Kingdom in the 1992 general election, for the Fifty First Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... The UK general election, 1997 was held on 1 May 1997. ... This is a list of Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 General Election, arranged by constituency. ... Tony Blair William Hague Charles Kennedy The UK general election, 2001 was held on 7 June 2001 and was dubbed the quiet landslide by the media. ... This is a list of Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the House of Commons for the Fifty-Third Parliament of the United Kingdom at the 2001 General Election, arranged by constituency. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is currently the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and the oldest political party in the United Kingdom. ...

John Major had won the leadership election in November 1990 succeeding the outgoing PM Margaret Thatcher. During his term leading up to the 1992 elections he oversaw the British involvement in the Gulf War, introduced legislation to replace the unpopular Community Charge with Council Tax, and signed the Maastricht treaty. The UK had slid into recession in the early 1990s along with most of the other industrialized nations. John Major announced the date of the election on 11 March shortly after Chancellor of the Exchequer Norman Lamont had delivered the Budget. The election coverage by BBC One was repeated on BBC Parliament on 9 April 2007. For other persons named John Major, see John Major (disambiguation). ... The 1990 Conservative Party leadership election in the United Kingdom took place in November 1990 following the decision of former Trade and Industry Secretary Michael Heseltine to stand against the incumbent Conservative leader and Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher. ... For other uses, see November (disambiguation). ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (née Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first and only woman to hold either post. ... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... A poll tax, head tax, or capitation is a tax of a uniform, fixed amount per individual (as opposed to a percentage of income). ... The Council Tax is the main form of local taxation in England, Scotland and Wales. ... The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty of European Union, TEU) was signed on February 7, 1992 in Maastricht, Netherlands after final negotiations in December 1991 between the members of the European Community and entered into force on November 1, 1993 during the Delors Commission. ... In macroeconomics, a Recession is a decline in any countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP), or negative real economic growth, for two or more successive quarters of a year. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister responsible for all economic and financial matters. ... Norman Stewart Hughson Lamont, Baron Lamont of Lerwick, PC (born 8 May 1942) was Conservative Member of Parliament for Kingston-upon-Thames, England from 1972 until 1997. ... For the BBC radio station, see BBC Radio 1. ... BBC Parliament is a British television channel from the BBC. It broadcasts live and recorded coverage of the British House of Commons and House of Lords, Select Committees, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly, and occasionally from the General Synod of the Church of England. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

Election campaign

Under the leadership of Neil Kinnock the Labour party had undergone further modernisation following its 1987 election defeat. Labour entered the campaign confident with most opinion polls showing a slight Labour lead that if maintained suggested a hung parliament, with no single party having an overall majority. Neil Gordon Kinnock, Baron Kinnock, PC (born 28 March 1942) is a British politician. ... The Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom. ... Margaret Thatcher David Steel Election 1987 Titles The United Kingdom general election of 1987 was held on 11 June 1987 and was the third consecutive victory for the Conservative Party under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher. ... The Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom. ... An opinion poll is a survey of opinion from a particular sample. ... In Parliamentary systems, a hung parliament is one in which no one political party has an outright majority. ...

The parties campaigned on the familiar grounds of taxation and health care. Major became known for delivering his speeches while standing on an upturned soapbox during public meetings. Meanwhile, Labour's shadow chancellor, John Smith put forward a "shadow budget".^{[citation needed]} The Liberal Democrats under Paddy Ashdown approached Labour at one point for talks on a possible political alliance; nothing came of the talks.^{[citation needed]} A tax is an involuntary fee paid by individuals or businesses to a state, or to functional equivalents of a state, including tribes, secessionist movements or revolutionary movements. ... John Smith QC (September 13, 1938 – May 12, 1994) was a British politician who served as leader of the Labour Party from July 1992 until his sudden and unexpected death from a heart attack on 12 May 1994. ... The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, is a liberal political party in the United Kingdom formed in 1988 by the merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party; the two parties had already been in an alliance for seven years prior to this, since not long... Jeremy John Durham Ashdown, Baron Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon, GCMG, KBE, PC, (born 27 February 1941), commonly known as Paddy Ashdown, is a British politician. ...

An early setback to Labour came in the form of the "War of Jennifer's Ear" controversy, which questioned the truthfulness of a Labour party election broadcast concerning National Health Service (NHS) waiting lists. The War of Jennifers Ear is the humorous name given to a 1992 skirmish in United Kingdom politics, between the opposition Labour Party and the incumbent Conservative Party. ... A party political broadcast is a short television or radio broadcast made by a political party. ... The National Health Service (NHS) is the publicly_funded healthcare system of the United Kingdom. ...

Labour seemingly recovered from the NHS controversy, and opinion polls on 1 April (dubbed "Red Wednesday") showed a clear Labour lead. But the lead fell considerably in the following day's polls. Observers blamed the decline on the Labour Party's triumphalist "Sheffield Rally", an enthusiastic American-style political convention at the Sheffield Arena. is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Sheffield Rally was a political convention held by the Labour Party on Wednesday 1st April 1992, a week ahead of the 1992 UK general election. ... The arena in ice hockey mode The Hallam FM Arena, originally named the Sheffield Arena, is an arena hosting concerts and sporting events in Sheffield in England. ...

Labour defeat

With opinion polls at the end of the campaign showing Labour and Conservative neck and neck, the actual election result was a surprise to many in the media and in polling organisations. The apparent failure of the opinion polls to come close to predicting the actual result led to an inquiry by the Market Research Society. Following the election, most opinion polling companies changed their methodology in the belief that a 'Shy Tory Factor' affected the polling. Shy Tory Factor is a name given by British Opinion polling companies to a phenomenon observed in the 1990s whereby the share of the vote won by the Conservative Party in elections was substantially higher than the proportion of people in opinion polls who said they would vote for the...

The 77.67% election turnout was the highest in eighteen years. There was an overall Labour swing of 2.2%, which widened the gap between Labour and the Liberal Democrats. For the Conservatives, despite the reasonable percentage of votes received (only 0.3 % down on 1987), the actual Conservative overall majority in the House of Commons was reduced to only 21 seats. This number was reduced progressively during the course of Major's term in office due to defections of MPs to other parties, by-election defeats and for a time in 1993 suspension of the Conservative whip for some MPs who voted against the government on the Maastricht Treaty - by 1996, the Conservatives held a single-seat majority and were in minority going into 1997 up until the 1997 General Election. The Conservatives in 1992 received the most total votes ever for any political party in any UK general election, beating the previous largest total vote of 13.98 million achieved by Labour in 1951 (although this was from a smaller electorate and represented a higher vote share). Nine government ministers lost their seats in 1992 including party chairman Chris Patten. In the Westminster System, a majority government is one in which the government enjoys an absolute majority of seats in the legislature or Parliament. ... Type Lower House Speaker Michael Martin, (Non-affiliated) since October 23, 2000 Leader Harriet Harman, (Labour) since June 28, 2007 Shadow Leader Theresa May, (Conservative) since May 5, 2005 Members 659 Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist Party Sinn Féin... The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty of European Union, TEU) was signed on February 7, 1992 in Maastricht, Netherlands after final negotiations in December 1991 between the members of the European Community and entered into force on November 1, 1993 during the Delors Commission. ... For minority governments in general, see dominant minority. ... The UK general election, 1997 was held on 1 May 1997. ... The 1951 election was held soon after the UK general election, 1950, which Labour won, but with an unworkable majority. ... Christopher Francis Patten, Baron Patten of Barnes, CH, PC (born 12 May 1944 in Bath, Somerset) is a prominent British Conservative politician and a Patron of the Tory Reform Group. ...

On the morning of polling day, The Sun newspaper (which had consistently supported the Conservatives throughout the campaign, except in Scotland) published a front page with the headline "If Kinnock wins today, will the last person to leave Britain please turn out the lights."; and featured an overweight woman on Page 3 under the headline, "Here's How Page 3 Will Look Under Kinnock!" Some, The Sun especially, believed this caused a late swing to the Conservatives sufficient to overcome Labour's poll lead. The Sun's analysis of the election results was headlined "It's the Sun wot won it." Tony Blair also accepted this theory of Labour's defeat and after successfully put considerable effort into securing the Sun's support for New Labour, both as Leader of the Opposition before the 1997 general election and as Prime Minister afterwards. This article is about a British tabloid. ... This article is about the country. ... A Page Three girl is a topless female model whose photographs are published on the third page of The Sun newspaper. ... For other people of the same name, see Tony Blair (disambiguation) Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born May 6, 1953)[1] is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service, Leader of the Labour Party, and Member of Parliament for the constituency... New Labour is an alternative name of the British political Labour Party. ... The Leader of the Opposition in the United Kingdom is the politician who leads Her Majestys Loyal Opposition (the body in Parliament recognized as the Official Opposition). ... The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is, in practice, the political leader of the United Kingdom. ...

The results continued the Conservatives decline in Northern England with Labour regaining many seats they had not held since 1979. The Conservatives also began to lose support in the Midlands, but had a slight increase in their vote in Scotland, and had a net gain of one seat in Scotland. Labour and Plaid Cymru strengthened in Wales with Conservative support declining there, however, in the South East, South West, London and Eastern England the Conservative vote held up leading to few losses there with many considering Basildon to be indicative of a nouveau riche Working Class element referred to as Essex Man voting strongly Conservative. Plaid Cymru (IPA:; English: ; often referred to simply as Plaid) is a political party in Wales. ... Basildon is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... For the band Nouveau Riche, see Nouveau Riche (band). ...

It represented the second General Election defeat under Leader Neil Kinnock and Deputy Leader Roy Hattersley and both resigned soon after the election, and were succeeded by John Smith and Margaret Beckett respectively. Roy Sydney George Hattersley, Baron Hattersley, PC (born December 28, 1932) is a British Labour Party politician, published author and journalist from Sheffield, England. ... John Smith QC (September 13, 1938 – May 12, 1994) was a British politician who served as leader of the Labour Party from July 1992 until his sudden and unexpected death from a heart attack on 12 May 1994. ... Margaret Mary Beckett (née Jackson; born 15 January 1943) is a British Labour politician and Member of Parliament (MP) for Derby South. ...

Electoral system

If as few as 1,241 votes had been distributed differently the Conservative Party could have ended up with eleven fewer seats leaving them in a minority after the election.

Currently, as in the United States, British political parties focus their campaign efforts on a small number of "marginal" seats, leaving voters in "safe" areas feeling ignored. This is reflected in the comparative turnout of marginal seats versus safe seats. For example, at the 1992 General Election the marginal seat of Brecon and Radnorshire saw a turnout of 85.9% of all eligible voters casting their vote (the sitting MP was defending a majority of 56 votes and lost by only 130). In comparison the "safe" seat of Swansea West had a turnout of only 73.3%. Creation 1918 MP Roger Williams Party Liberal Democrat Type House of Commons County Powys EP constituency Wales Brecon and Radnorshire (Brycheiniog a Sir Faesyfed in Welsh) is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... Swansea West is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ...

Other parties

In Scotland the Scottish National Party (SNP) hoped to make a major electoral breakthrough in 1992 and had run a hard independence campaign with Free by '93 as their slogan. Support for an independent Scotland polled at 50% in one newspaper poll shortly before the election.^{[citation needed]} Although the party managed to increase its total vote by 50% since 1987, SNP hopes were dashed when the party only held onto the three seats they had won at the 1987 General Election and lost Govan which their deputy leader Jim Sillars had taken in a by-election in 1988. Sillars quit active politics after the General Election with a parting shot at the Scottish electorate as being 'ninety minute patriots'. This article is about the country. ... The Scottish National Party (SNP) (Scottish Gaelic: is a centre-left political party which campaigns for Scottish independence. ... Margaret Thatcher David Steel Election 1987 Titles The United Kingdom general election of 1987 was held on 11 June 1987 and was the third consecutive victory for the Conservative Party under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher. ... Jim Sillars was born on 4 October 1937 in Ayrshire, Scotland. ...

The election also saw a small change in Northern Ireland as the Conservatives organised and stood candidates in the province for the first time since the Ulster Unionist Party had broken with them in 1972 over the Sunningdale Agreement, although no Conservatives were elected in Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is currently the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and the oldest political party in the United Kingdom. ... The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP or, in a historic sense, simply the Unionist Party) is a moderate unionist political party in Northern Ireland. ... The Sunningdale Agreement on December 9, 1973, was an attempt to end the Northern Ireland troubles by forcing unionists to share power with nationalists. ...

Margaret Thatcher, Norman Tebbit, Denis Healey, Nigel Lawson, Geoffrey Howe, Michael Foot, David Owen and Merlyn Rees were among the prominent retirees. Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (née Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first and only woman to hold either post. ... Norman Beresford Tebbit, Baron Tebbit, CH, PC (born 29 March 1931) is a British Conservative politician and former Member of Parliament (MP) for Chingford, who was born in Southgate in Enfield. ... Denis Winston Healey, Baron Healey, CH, MBE, PC (born 30 August 1917), is a British Labour politician. ... Nigel Lawson, Baron Lawson of Blaby, PC (born March 11, 1932), was a British politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer between June 1983 and October 1989. ... Richard Edward Geoffrey Howe, Baron Howe of Aberavon, CH, PC, QC (born 20 December 1926), known until 1992 as Sir Geoffrey Howe, is a senior British Conservative politician. ... Michael Mackintosh Foot (born 23 July 1913) is an English politician and writer. ... David Anthony Llewellyn Owen, Baron Owen, CH, PC (born July 2, 1938) is a British politician, Chancellor of the University of Liverpool and one of the founders of the British Social Democratic Party (SDP). ... Merlyn Rees, later Baron Merlyn-Rees of Cilfynydd, PC (18 December 1920 - 5 January 2006) was a British Labour party Member of Parliament from 1963 until 1992. ...

Televised declarations (taken from archive recording of Election 1992)

John Major leader of the Conservatives and Prime Minister.

Neil Kinnock, leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition.

Paddy Ashdown, leader of the Liberal Democrats.

Sunderland South is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... The Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is currently the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and the oldest political party in the United Kingdom. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is currently the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and the oldest political party in the United Kingdom. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is currently the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and the oldest political party in the United Kingdom. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 449 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (470 × 628 pixel, file size: 34 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 449 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (470 × 628 pixel, file size: 34 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... For other persons named John Major, see John Major (disambiguation). ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is currently the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and the oldest political party in the United Kingdom. ... The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is, in practice, the political leader of the United Kingdom. ... Neil Gordon Kinnock, Baron Kinnock, PC (born 28 March 1942) is a British politician. ... The Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom. ... The Leader of the Opposition in the United Kingdom is the politician who leads Her Majestys Most Loyal Opposition. ... Image File history File links Paddy_Ashdown_1. ... Image File history File links Paddy_Ashdown_1. ... Jeremy John Durham Ashdown, Baron Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon, GCMG, KBE, PC, (born 27 February 1941), commonly known as Paddy Ashdown, is a British politician. ... The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal political party based in the United Kingdom. ...

Results

The turnout was 33,514,074 from an electorate of 43,275,316, voting in a total of 651 seats. All parties with more than 500 votes shown. Plaid Cymru result includes votes for Green/Plaid Cymru Alliance. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is currently the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and the oldest political party in the United Kingdom. ... The Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom. ... The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal political party based in the United Kingdom. ... The Scottish National Party (SNP) (Scottish Gaelic: is a centre-left political party which campaigns for Scottish independence. ... The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP or, in a historic sense, simply the Unionist Party) is a moderate unionist political party in Northern Ireland. ... The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP — Irish: Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre) is the smaller of the two major nationalist parties in Northern Ireland. ... Creation 1922 MP Gerry Adams Party Sinn Féin Type House of Commons Districts Belfast, Lisburn EP constituency Northern Ireland Belfast West is a Parliamentary Constituency in the House of Commons and also an Assembly constituency in the Northern Ireland Assembly. ... The Green Party of England and Wales (GPEW) is the principal Green political party in England and Wales. ... Plaid Cymru (IPA:; English: ; often referred to simply as Plaid) is a political party in Wales. ... Ceredigion is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... This article is about the political party in Northern Ireland. ... For pre-Arthur Griffith use of the political name, see Sinn Féin (19th century). ... Creation 1922 MP Gerry Adams Party Sinn Féin Type House of Commons Districts Belfast, Lisburn EP constituency Northern Ireland Belfast West is a Parliamentary Constituency in the House of Commons and also an Assembly constituency in the Northern Ireland Assembly. ... The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (APNI), is a political party operating in Northern Ireland. ... The Liberal Party is a minor United Kingdom political party. ... The Natural Law Party was founded in 1992 in the United States by a group of educators, business leaders, and lawyers in Fairfield, Iowa who practiced Transcendental Meditation. ... The Social Democratic Party is a small political party in the United Kingdom. ... In politics, an independent is a politician who is not affiliated with any political party. ... The Ulster Popular Unionist Party was a unionist political party in Northern Ireland. ... North Down is a Parliamentary Constituency in the House of Commons and also an Assembly constituency in the Northern Ireland Assembly. ... In politics, an independent is a politician who is not affiliated with any political party. ... The Official Monster Raving Loony Party (OMRLP) is a registered political party established in the United Kingdom in 1983 by musician and anti-politician David Sutch, also known as Screaming Lord Sutch (1940-1999). ... The British National Party (BNP) is a white nationalist political party in the United Kingdom. ... Scottish Militant Labour (SML) was a minor political party operating in Scotland in the 1990s and was part of the Committee for a Workers International. ... In the United Kingdom, the British National Front (most commonly called the National Front or NF) is a far right-wing political party that had its heyday during the 1970s and 80s. ... Sydney James Bidwell (14 January 1917 - 25 May 1997) was a British politician. ... For the 18th century American faction, see Anti-Federalist Party The Anti-Federalist League was a small cross-party organisation in Britain, formed in 1991 to campaign against the Maastricht Treaty. ... The Workers Party (in Irish Páirtí na nOibrithe) is an Irish left wing political party that evolved from Official Sinn Féin. ... The Raving Loony Green Giant Party was a political party in the United Kingdom. ... In politics, an independent is a politician who is not affiliated with any political party. ... Democratic Left was a socialist political party active in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland between 1992 and 1999. ... The Islamic Party of Britain was formed in 1989. ... The Revolutionary Communist Party (UK) started as a Trotskyite political party in 1978 and slowly metamorphosed into a libertarian group. ... The Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee) is a tiny British Leninist political grouping, which publishes the Weekly Worker newspaper. ... In politics, an electorate is the group of people entitled to vote in an election. ...

See also

• MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 1992.

This is a list of members of Parliament elected to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in the United Kingdom in the 1992 general election, for the Fifty First Parliament of the United Kingdom. ...

Manifestos

• The Best Future For Britain - 1992 Conservative manifesto.
• It's time to get Britain working again - 1992 Labour Party manifesto.
• Changing Britain for good - Liberal Democrat manifesto.

External links

• Catalogue of 1992 general election ephemera at the Archives Division of the London School of Economics.

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