The DOE is one of the biggest funders of science research in the US

The United States Department of Energy National Laboratories are a system of federally funded research and development centers overseen by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for the purpose of advancing science and helping promote the economic and defensive national interests of the United States of America. Most of the DOE national laboratories are administered, managed, operated and staffed by private companies and academic universities under contract to DOE. Seal of the United States Department of Energy. ... Seal of the United States Department of Energy. ... Federally Funded Research and Developments Centers (FFRDCs) conduct research for the federal government. ... The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Science For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ...

History

The system of centralized national laboratories grew out of the massive scientific endeavors of World War II, in which new technologies such as radar, the computer, the proximity fuze, and the atomic bomb proved decisive for the Allied victory. Though the United States government had begun seriously investing in scientific research for national security since World War I, it was only in late 1930s and 1940s that monumental amounts of resources were committed or coordinated to wartime scientific problems, under the auspices first of the National Defense Research Committee, and later the Office of Scientific Research and Development, organized and administered by the MIT engineer Vannevar Bush. Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others. ... M*A*S*H , see Corporal Walter (Radar) OReilly. ... A computer is a machine for manipulating data according to a list of instructions known as a program. ... Look up Proximity fuze in Wiktionary, the free dictionary A proximity fuze (also called a VT fuze) is a fuze that is designed to detonate an explosive automatically when close enough to the target to destroy it. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ... Combatants Allies: • Serbia, • Russia, • France, • Romania, • Belgium, • British Empire and Dominions, • United States, • Italy, • ...and others Central Powers: • Germany, • Austria-Hungary, • Ottoman Empire, • Bulgaria Casualties Military dead: 5 million Civilian dead: 3 million Total: 8 million Full list Military dead: 3 million Civilian dead: 3 million Total: 6 million Full... In June of 1940, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) to coordinate, supervise, and conduct scientific research on the problems underlying the development, production, and use of mechanisms and devices of warfare. ... In June of 1941, the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) superseded the committee structure [of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC)]. The OSRD projects gave the United States and Allied troops more powerful and more accurate bombs, more reliable detonators, lighter and more accurate weapons, safer and more... The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, or MIT, is a university located in the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. MIT is one of the worlds leading research institutions in science and technology, as well as in numerous other fields, including management, economics, mathematics, linguistics, political science, and philosophy. ... Vannevar Bush (March 11, 1890 – June 30, 1974) was an American engineer and science administrator, known for his political role in the development of the atomic bomb, and idea of the memex—seen as a pioneering concept for the World Wide Web. ...

During the second world war, centralized sites such as the Radiation Laboratory at MIT and Ernest O. Lawrence's laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley allowed for a large number of expert scientists to collaborate towards defined goals as never before, and with virtually unlimited government resources at their disposal. The Radiation Laboratory or often RadLab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology was in operation from October 1940 until December 31, 1945. ... Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 - August 27, 1958) was an American physicist and Nobel laureate best known for his invention of the cyclotron. ... The Berkeley Lab is perched on a hill overlooking the Berkeley central campus and San Francisco Bay. ... University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (also known as California, Cal, UCB, UC Berkeley, The University of California, or simply Berkeley) is a public, coeducational university situated east of the San Francisco Bay in Berkeley, California, overlooking the Golden Gate. ...

In the course of the war, the Allied nuclear effort, the Manhattan Project, created several secret sites for the purpose of bomb research and material development, including a laboratory in the desert of New Mexico directed by Robert Oppenheimer (Los Alamos, and sites at Hanford, Washington and Oak Ridge, Tennessee). Hanford and Oak Ridge were administered by private companies, and Los Alamos was administered by a public university (the University of California). Additional success was had at the University of Chicago in reactor research, and at other academic institutions spread across the country. The Manhattan Project resulted in the development of the first nuclear weapons, and the first-ever nuclear detonation at the Trinity test of July 16, 1945. ... Official language(s) None, English, Spanish(de facto) Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 5th 315,194 km² 550 km 595 km 0. ... J. Robert Oppenheimer, father of the atomic bomb, served as the first director of Los Alamos National Laboratory, beginning in 1943. ... Los Alamos National Laboratory, aerial view from 1995. ... Hanford Site during the Manhattan Project. ... Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a multiprogram science and technology national laboratory managed for the United States Department of Energy by UT-Battelle, LLC. ORNL is located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, near Knoxville. ... The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the state of California. ... The University of Chicago is a private university principally located in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, founded in 1890 and opened in 1892. ... Core of a nuclear reactor A nuclear power station. ...

After the war and its scientific successes, the newly created Atomic Energy Commission took over the future of the wartime laboratories, extending their lives indefinitely (they were originally thought of as temporary creations). Funding and infrastructure were secured to sponsor other "national laboratories" for both classified and basic research, especially in physics. Each national laboratory would generally be centered around one or many expensive machines (such as particle accelerators or nuclear reactors). Almost a year after World War II ended, Congress established the United States Atomic Energy Commission to foster and control the peace time development of atomic science and technology. ... A Superconductor demonstrating the Meissner Effect. ... A particle accelerator uses electric fields to propel charged particles to great energies. ... Nuclear power station at Leibstadt, Switzerland. ...

Most national laboratories maintained staffs of local researchers as well as allowing for visiting researchers to use their equipment, though priority to local or visiting researchers often varied from lab to lab. With their centralization of resources (both monetary and intellectual), the national labs serve as an exemplar for Big Science. In 1977 the completion of the Shiva laser at LLNL ushered in a new field of big science; laser fusion. ...

Elements of both competition and cooperation were encouraged in the laboratories. Often two laboratories with similar missions were created (such as Lawrence Livermore which was designed to compete with Los Alamos) with the hope that competition over funding would create a culture of high quality work. Laboratories which did not have overlapping missions would cooperate with each other (for example, Lawrence Livermore would cooperate with the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, which itself was often in competition with Brookhaven National Laboratory). Aerial view of the lab and surrounding area. ... Los Alamos National Laboratory, aerial view from 1995. ... The Berkeley Lab is perched on a hill overlooking the Berkeley central campus and San Francisco Bay. ... Aerial view of Brookhaven National Laboratory. ...

The national laboratory system, administered first by the Atomic Energy Commission, then the Energy Research and Development Administration, and currently the Department of Energy, is one of the largest (if not the largest) scientific research systems in the world. The DOE provides more than 40% of the total national funding for physics, chemistry, materials science, and other areas of the physical sciences. Many are locally managed by private companies, while other are managed by academic universities, and as a system they form one of the overarching and far-reaching components in what is known as the "iron triangle" of military, academia, and industry. The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ... A Superconductor demonstrating the Meissner Effect. ... Multicolored chemicals are frequent hallmarks of chemistry. ... The Materials Science Tetrahedron, which often also includes Characterization at the center Materials science is the multidisciplinary field relating the performance and function of matter in any and all applications to its micro, nano, and atomic-structure, and vice versa. ... Physical science is the branch of science including chemistry and physics, usually contrasted with the social sciences and sometimes including and sometimes contrasted with natural or biological science. ... Iron triangle is a phrase typically used by American political scientists to describe what are deemed to be cosy relationships in U.S. politics between the legislature, government bureaucracies, and constituencies; which ultimately result in very tight policy-making circles. ... Plato is credited with the inception of academia: the body of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations. ...

List of U.S. Department of Energy national laboratories

1. Albany Research Center**
2. Ames Laboratory*
3. Argonne National Laboratory*
4. Brookhaven National Laboratory*
5. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory*
6. Idaho National Laboratory*
7. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory*
8. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory*
9. Los Alamos National Laboratory*
10. National Energy Technology Laboratory**
11. National Renewable Energy Laboratory*
12. New Brunswick Laboratory**
13. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education*
14. Oak Ridge National Laboratory*
15. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory*
16. Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory*
17. Radiological & Environmental Sciences Laboratory**
18. Sandia National Laboratories*
19. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory*
20. Savannah River National Laboratory*
21. Stanford Linear Accelerator Center*
22. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility*

 * GOCO (Government-owned, Contractor-operated) ** GOGO (Government-owned, Government-operated) 

The Albany Research Center is a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory staffed by Federal employees specializing in life cycle research starting with the formulation, characterization, and/or melting of most metals, alloys, and ceramics; casting and fabrication, prototype development; and the recycle and remediation of waste streams associated with... Ames Laboratory is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Ames, Iowa. ... Argonne National Laboratory is one of the United States governments oldest and largest science and engineering research national laboratories and is the largest in the Midwest. ... Aerial view of Brookhaven National Laboratory. ... Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory located in Batavia near Chicago, Illinois is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory specializing in high-energy particle physics, operated for the Department of Energy by the Universities Research Association (URA). ... The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is an 890 square mile (2,300 km²) complex located in the Idaho desert between the towns of Arco and Idaho Falls. ... The Berkeley Lab is perched on a hill overlooking the Berkeley central campus and San Francisco Bay. ... Aerial view of the lab and surrounding area. ... Los Alamos National Laboratory, aerial view from 1995. ... The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is a science, technology, and energy laboratory owned and operated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). ... The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United Statess primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development. ... The New Brunswick Laboratory (NBL), as a part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is a government-owned, government-operated center in the measurement science of nuclear materials. ... Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a multiprogram science and technology national laboratory managed for the United States Department of Energy by UT-Battelle, LLC. ORNL is located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, near Knoxville. ... The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is a one of nine United States Department of Energy multiprogram national laboratories. ... Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory for plasma physics and nuclear fusion science. ... The Radiological and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (RESL) is a federally-owned and operated laboratory by the United States Department of Energy (DOE). ... It has been suggested that Sandia Base be merged into this article or section. ... The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) is a U.S. National Laboratory operated by Stanford University under the programmatic direction of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. ... Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), commonly called Jefferson Lab (JLAB), is a U.S. national laboratory operated by Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA) for the U.S. Department of Energy. ...

List of scientific user facilities

1. Accelerator Test Facility
2. Advanced Light Source
3. Advanced Photon Source
4. Alcator C-Mod
5. Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System
6. Atmospheric Radiation Measurement
7. B-Factory
8. Bates Linear Accelerator Center
9. Booster Neutrino
10. Center for Functional Nanomaterials
11. Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies
12. Center for Microanalysis of Materials
13. Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
14. Center for Nanoscale Materials
15. Combustion Research Facility
16. Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility
17. DIII-D Tokamak Facility
18. Electron Microscopy Center for Materials Research
19. Energy Sciences Network
20. Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
21. Final Focus Test Beam
22. Free Air CO2 Experiment
23. High Flux Isotope Reactor Center for Neutron Scattering
24. Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility
25. Intense Pulsed Neutron Source
26. James R. Macdonald Laboratory
27. Joint Genome Institute
28. Linac Coherent Light Source
29. Main Injector
30. Los Alamos Neutron Science Center
31. Manuel Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center
32. Materials Preparation Center
33. Molecular Foundry
34. National Center for Electron Microscopy
35. National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center
36. National Spherical Torus Experiment
37. National Synchrotron Light Source
38. Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator
39. Neutrinos at the Main Injector
40. Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory
41. Pulse Radiolysis Facility
42. Radiochemical Engineering Development Center
43. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
44. Shared Research Equipment Program
45. Spallation Neutron Source
46. Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
47. Structural Biology Center
48. Tevatron Collider
49. Texas A&M Cyclotron Institute
50. Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory
51. University of Washington Tandem Van de Graaff
52. Yale University Tandem Van de Graaff

The Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) is a test accelerator in the KEK laboratory in Tsukuba, Japan. ... The Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California is a synchotron light source. ... The Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory is a national synchrotron_radiation light source research facility funded by the United States Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. ... Alcator C-Mod is a tokamak, a magnetic confined nuclear fusion device, at the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion center. ... The Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) is a scientific user facility at Argonne National Laboratory. ... The Department of Energys Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program uses state-of-the-art active and passive remote sensing instrumentation to study the fundamental physics related to interactions between clouds and radiative feedback processes in the atmosphere. ... The Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN) at Brookhaven National Laboratory will provide state-of-the-art capabilities for the fabrication and study of nanoscale materials, with an emphasis on atomic-level tailoring of nanomaterials to achieve desired properties and functions. ... The Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies is one of five Nanoscale Science Research Centers the located in Albuquerque, New Mexico. ... The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences is one of five Nanoscale Science Research Centers the location is in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. ... The Center for Nanoscale Materials is one of five Nanoscale Science Research Centers the United States Department of Energy sponsors. ... The Electron Microscopy Center is a scientific user facility at Argonne National Laboratory. ... The Energy Sciences Network is a high-speed network serving United States Department of Energy (DOE) scientists and their collaborators worldwide. ... Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) is a scientific user facility at Argonne National Laboratory for neutron scattering research. ... The Joint Genome Institute (JGI) was created in 1997 to unite the expertise and resources in genome mapping, DNA sequencing, technology development, and information sciences pioneered at the DOE genome centers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). ... The Foundry is located in Berkeley. ... The National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM) is a U.S. Department of Energy national user facility at LBNL in Berkeley, California for unclassified scientific research using advanced electron microscopy. ... The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) is an innovative magnetic fusion device that was constructed by the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) in collaboration with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Columbia University, and the University of Washington at Seattle. ... The National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in Upton, New York is a national user research facility funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). ... The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. ... April 2005 aerial photo of the SNS site, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source being built in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). ... The Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, a division of Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, is operated by Stanford University for the Department of Energy. ...

External links

• DOE page about the national labs
• DOE Budget Page, including link to lab budget table

Further reading

• Westwick, Peter J. The National Labs: Science in an American System, 1947-1974. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.

United States Department of Energy National Laboratory System

Albany | Ames | Argonne | Berkeley | Brookhaven | Fermilab | Idaho | Livermore | Los Alamos | NBL | NETL NREL | Oak Ridge | Pacific Northwest | PPPL | RESL | Sandia | SLAC | SNS | TJNAF Seal of the United States Department of Energy. ... The Albany Research Center is a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory staffed by Federal employees specializing in life cycle research starting with the formulation, characterization, and/or melting of most metals, alloys, and ceramics; casting and fabrication, prototype development; and the recycle and remediation of waste streams associated with... Ames Laboratory is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Ames, Iowa. ... Argonne National Laboratory is one of the United States governments oldest and largest science and engineering research national laboratories and is the largest in the Midwest. ... The Berkeley Lab is perched on a hill overlooking the Berkeley central campus and San Francisco Bay. ... Aerial view of Brookhaven National Laboratory. ... Fermilab Robert Rathbun Wilson Hall Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), located in Batavia near Chicago, Illinois, is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory specializing in high-energy particle physics, operated for the Department of Energy by the Universities Research Association (URA). ... The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is an 890 square mile (2,300 km²) complex located in the Idaho desert between the towns of Arco and Idaho Falls. ... Aerial view of the lab and surrounding area. ... Los Alamos National Laboratory, aerial view from 1995. ... The New Brunswick Laboratory (NBL), as a part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is a government-owned, government-operated center in the measurement science of nuclear materials. ... The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is a science, technology, and energy laboratory owned and operated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). ... The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United Statess primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development. ... Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a multiprogram science and technology national laboratory managed for the United States Department of Energy by UT-Battelle, LLC. ORNL is located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, near Knoxville. ... The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is a one of nine United States Department of Energy multiprogram national laboratories. ... Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory for plasma physics and nuclear fusion science. ... The Radiological and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (RESL) is a federally-owned and operated laboratory by the United States Department of Energy (DOE). ... It has been suggested that Sandia Base be merged into this article or section. ... The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) is a U.S. National Laboratory operated by Stanford University under the programmatic direction of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. ... April 2005 aerial photo of the SNS site, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source being built in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). ... Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), commonly called Jefferson Lab (JLAB), is a U.S. national laboratory operated by Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA) for the U.S. Department of Energy. ...