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Encyclopedia > United States Exploring Expedition

The United States Exploring Expedition was an exploring and surveying expedition of the Pacific Ocean ("the Southern Seas") conducted by the United States Navy from 1838–1842. The original appointed commanding officer was Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones. The voyage, was authorized by Congress in 1836. It is sometimes called the "Ex. Ex.", or "the Wilkes Expedition" in honor of its next appointed commanding officer, U.S. Navy Lt. Charles Wilkes (1798–1877). The expedition was of major importance to the growth of science in the United States. {{ USN redirects here. ... Commodore is a rank of the United States Navy with a somewhat complicated history. ... Thomas ap Catesby Jones (1790 - 1858) was a U.S. Navy officer during the War of 1812 and the Mexican-American War. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives United States Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, D since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups (as of November 7, 2006 elections) Democratic Party Republican... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... Charles Wilkes Charles Wilkes (April 3, 1798 – February 8, 1877) was an American naval officer and explorer. ...

Contents

Some members of the United States Exploring Expedition

Naval Officers

Cartography is the study of map making and cartographers are map makers. ... George Musalas (Colvos) Colvocoresses, naval officer and commander of the Saratoga during the American Civil War[1] adopted son of Alden Partridge. ... The second USS Porpoise was a hermaphrodite brig in the United States Navy during the Mexican-American War. ... George Foster Emmons born 23 August 1811 in Clarendon, Vt. ... The Peacock of 1828 was rebuilt along the lines of the previous ship. ... The first USS Vincennes was the first United States warship to circumnavigate the globe. ... The Peacock of 1828 was rebuilt along the lines of the previous ship. ... The Peacock of 1828 was rebuilt along the lines of the previous ship. ... The first USS Flying Fish (1838), a schooner, was formerly the New York pilot boat Independence; purchased at New York 3 August 1838; and upon joining her squadron in Hampton Roads 12 August 1838 was placed under command of Passed Midshipman S. R. Knox. ... The first USS Relief was a supply ship in the United States Navy. ... The first USS Vincennes was the first United States warship to circumnavigate the globe. ... William Reynolds (1815—November 5, 1879) was a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy and served during the American Civil War. ... Cadwalader Ringgold Rear Admiral Cadwalader Ringgold (20 August 1802 - 29 April 1867) was an officer in the United States Navy who served in the United States Exploring Expedition, later headed an expedition to the Northwest and, after initially retiring, returned to service during the Civil War. ... The second USS Porpoise was a hermaphrodite brig in the United States Navy during the Mexican-American War. ... The first USS Vincennes was the first United States warship to circumnavigate the globe. ... The second USS Porpoise was a hermaphrodite brig in the United States Navy during the Mexican-American War. ... Cartography is the study of map making and cartographers are map makers. ... Charles Wilkes Charles Wilkes (April 3, 1798 – February 8, 1877) was an American naval officer and explorer. ...

Engravers & Illustrators

Alfred Thomas Agate (born 1812; died 1846) was an American painter and miniaturist. ... The first USS Relief was a supply ship in the United States Navy. ... The first USS Vincennes was the first United States warship to circumnavigate the globe. ...

Scientific Corps

Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... The first USS Vincennes was the first United States warship to circumnavigate the globe. ... The first USS Vincennes was the first United States warship to circumnavigate the globe. ... Joseph Pitty Couthouy (6 January 1808 - 4 April 1864) was an American naval officer, conchologist, and invertebrate palaeontologist. ... Conchology is the collection and study of the shells of mollusks. ... The first USS Vincennes was the first United States warship to circumnavigate the globe. ... James Dwight Dana (February 12, 1813 - April 14, 1895) was an American geologist, mineralogist and zoologist. ... Mineralogy is an earth science that involves the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals. ... the are cool The Geologist by Carl Spitzweg A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system (see planetary geology). ... The Peacock of 1828 was rebuilt along the lines of the previous ship. ... An interpreter is a practitioner of interpreting, an activity that consists of establishing, either simultaneously or consecutively, oral or gestural communications between two or more speakers who are not speaking (or signing) the same language. ... The Peacock of 1828 was rebuilt along the lines of the previous ship. ... Taxidermy (Greek for the arrangement of the skin) is the art of mounting or reproducing animals for display or study. ... The first USS Vincennes was the first United States warship to circumnavigate the globe. ... Horatio Hale (May 3, 1817 - December 28, 1896), American ethnologist, was born in Newport, New Hampshire. ... Philology is the study of ancient texts and languages. ... The Peacock of 1828 was rebuilt along the lines of the previous ship. ... Titian Ramsay Peale. ... Table of natural history, 1728 Cyclopaedia Natural history is an umbrella term for what are now often viewed as several distinct scientific disciplines of integrative organismal biology. ... The Peacock of 1828 was rebuilt along the lines of the previous ship. ... Charles Pickering (November 10, 1805 _ March 17, 1878) was an American naturalist. ... Table of natural history, 1728 Cyclopaedia Natural history is an umbrella term for what are now often viewed as several distinct scientific disciplines of integrative organismal biology. ... Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... The first USS Relief was a supply ship in the United States Navy. ...

Preparations

In May, 1828, the United States Congress, after prodding by President John Quincy Adams, voted to send an expedition around the world, it was with the understanding that the country would derive great benefit. It was to promote commerce and to offer protection to the heavy investment in the whaling and seal hunting industries, chiefly in the Pacific Ocean. Congress also agreed that a public ship or ships should be used. At the time, the only ships owned by the government capable of such a circumnavigation were those of the U.S. Navy. So, in fact, Congress had decided that a naval expedition be authorized. There were to be many unforeseen impediments and it was not until May 18, 1836, that an act was passed, which authorized funding. Even with the burden of finance lifted, there were another two years of alteration of formation and command before six oddly-assorted ships moved down from Norfolk to Hampton Roads on August 9, 1838. On August 17, after being joined by the tenders (Sea Gull and Flying-Fish) Lt. Wilkes received his final orders and at 1500 hours the afternoon of August 18th the vessels weighed anchor. Due to light breezes the expedition did not discharge their pilots until 0900 August 19th when they passed Cape Henry Light. By 1100 the small fleet was standing to open seas. Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives United States Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, D since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups (as of November 7, 2006 elections) Democratic Party Republican... John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was a diplomat, politician, and President of the United States (March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829). ... The crew of the oceanographic research vessel Princesse Alice, of Albert Grimaldi (later Prince Albert I of Monaco) pose while flensing a catch. ... ... To circumnavigate a place, such as an island, a continent, or the Earth, is to travel all the way around it by boat or ship. ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... May 18 is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This view from space in July 1996 shows portions of each of the Seven Cities of Hampton Roads which generally surround the harbor area of Hampton Roads, which framed by the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel visible to the east (right), the Virginia Peninsula subregion to the north (top), and the... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...


Originally the Expedition was first organized under Commodore Thomas Ap Catesby Jones, however he subsequently resigned the station. Several more senior officers had either resigned from or indicated their unwillingness to accept command of the expedition. Command was finally vested in U.S. Navy Lieutenant Charles Wilkes. The three duties laid down were daunting to officers trained only in fighting ships. In addition to exploration, the naval squadron was tasked with the duties to survey both the newly found areas and survey other areas previously discovered, but about which there was insufficient knowledge. As well, a scientific corps, comprised of all civilians, was to be included an additional command responsibility. There were few officers in the U.S. Navy at that time with any surveying experience and none with a background of working alongside scientists. The United States Coast Survey, where most of the surveyors were employed and learned their trade, was a civilian organization. Wilkes, who had largely trained himself in surveying work, cut the excessively large number of scientists down to nine. He then reserved for himself, and other naval officers, some of the scientific duties, including all those connected with surveying and cartography. Charles Wilkes Charles Wilkes (April 3, 1798 – February 8, 1877) was an American naval officer and explorer. ... The U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey was established by President Thomas Jefferson in 1807 as the Survey of the Coast. ... Surveyor at work with a leveling instrument. ... Surveyor at work with a leveling instrument. ... Mapmaker redirects here. ...


Personnel included naturalists, botanists, a mineralogist, taxidermists and a philologist, and was carried by the sloops-of-war Vincennes (780 tons) and Peacock (650 tons), the brig Porpoise (230 tons), the store-ship Relief, and two tenders, Sea Gull (110 tons) and Flying Fish (96 tons). Table of natural history, 1728 Cyclopaedia Natural history is an umbrella term for what are now often viewed as several distinct scientific disciplines of integrative organismal biology. ... Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... Mineralogy is an earth science that involves the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals. ... Taxidermy (Greek for the arrangement of the skin) is the art of mounting or reproducing animals for display or study. ... Philology is the study of ancient texts and languages. ... USS Constellation, a United States Navy sloop-of-war. ... The first USS Vincennes was the first United States warship to circumnavigate the globe. ... The Peacock of 1828 was rebuilt along the lines of the previous ship. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Brigantine. ... The second USS Porpoise was a hermaphrodite brig in the United States Navy during the Mexican-American War. ... The first USS Relief was a supply ship in the United States Navy. ... The first USS Flying Fish (1838), a schooner, was formerly the New York pilot boat Independence; purchased at New York 3 August 1838; and upon joining her squadron in Hampton Roads 12 August 1838 was placed under command of Passed Midshipman S. R. Knox. ...


Route of the expedition

Upon clearing the Cape Henry Lighthouse at 0900 on Saturday, August 19, 1838, Lt. Wilkes laid in his course for Rio de Janeiro. By orders, he was to survey certain reported vigias, or shoals at latitude 10d South and between longitudes 18d and 22d West. Due to the prevailing winds at this season, the Squadron made an easterly tack of the Atlantic. The newer Light Station and the Old Lighthouse at Cape Henry 1905 photo of both lighthouses from a different angle. ... August 19 is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Location of Rio de Janeiro Coordinates: Country Brazil Region Southeast State Rio de Janeiro Government  - Mayor Cesar Maia (PFL) Area  - City 1,260 km²  (486. ...


The Squadron arrived at the harbor of Funchal Madeira Islands on September 16, 1838. After completing some repairs the group moved southward and arrived on October 7 at the bay of Porto Praya, Cape Verde Islands eventually arriving at Rio de Janeiro on November 23. The entire passage from the United States to Brazil taking 95 days, about twice the time normally for a vessel proceeding directly. Due to repairs needed by the Peacock, the Squadron did not leave Rio de Janerio until January 6, 1839. From there they moved southward to Buenos Aries and the mouth of the Rio Negro River, passing a French Naval blockade of the Argentine Republic's seaport. The European powers at the time, with the aid of Brazil, were involved in the internal affairs of the Argentine Republic. However, since the US Squadron had reduced its military profile prior to its departure from the United States, they were not molested by the French warships. Location Motto of the autonomous region: Das ilhas, as mais belas e livres (Portuguese: Of the islands, the most beautiful and free) Official language Portuguese Capital Funchal Other towns Porto Santo, Machico, Santa Cruz, Câmara de Lobos, Santana, Ribeira Brava, Caniço Area 797 km² Population  - Total (1991)  - Density... The Negro (Spanish: black) River, the great northern tributary of the Amazon River and the largest blackwater river in the world, has its sources along the watershed between the Orinoco and the Amazon basins, and also connects with the Orinoco by way of the Casiquiare canal. ... The French Navy, officially called the National Navy (French: Marine Nationale) is the maritime arm of the French military. ...


Following this beginning, the Squadron visited Tierra del Fuego, Chile, and Peru. The USS Sea Gull and its crew of fifteen were lost during a South American coastal storm in May, 1839. From South America, the expedition visited the Tuamotu Archipelago, Samoa and New South Wales, Australia. In December 1839, the expedition sailed from Sydney into the Antarctic Ocean and reported the discovery "of an Antarctic continent west of the Balleny Islands". That part of Antarctica was later named "Wilkes Land". Because of discrepancies in the logs of the various ships of the Wilkes expedition, and suggestions that these may have been subsequently altered, it is uncertain whether the Wilkes expedition, or the French expedition of Jules Dumont d'Urville, was the first to sight the Antarctic mainland coast in this vicinity. The controversy was added to by the actions of the commander of the USS Porpoise, Lieutenant Ringgold, who , after sighting d'Urville's "Astrolabe" deliberately avoided contact. Tierra del Fuego Cerro Sombrero Village, Chile. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Categories: Stub | Polynesia ... Capital Sydney Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Professor Marie Bashir Premier Morris Iemma (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 50  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $305,437 (1st)  - Product per capita  $45,153/person (4th) Population (End of March 2006)  - Population  6,817,100 (1st)  - Density  8. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Sydney Opera House on Sydney Harbour Sydney (pronounced ) is the most populous city in Australia, with a metropolitan area population of 4,119,190, and 151,920 in the City of Sydney, as of the 2006 census. ... The Southern Ocean is the body of water encircling the continent of Antarctica. ... For other uses, see Antarctica (disambiguation). ... The Balleny Islands (66°55′ S 163°45′ E) form a chain of uninhabited, mainly volcanic, islands in the Southern Ocean streching from 66°15 to 67°35S and 162°30 to 165°00E. The group contains three main islands: Young, Buckle and Sturge, which lie in a... Map of Antarctica, with Wilkes Land slightly to the right Wilkes Land is a large district of land in eastern Antarctica, formally claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, though this claim is not legally recognised by the signatories of the Antarctic Treaty, which includes Australia itself. ... Rear Admiral Jules Sébastien César Dumont dUrville (May 23, 1790 – May 8, 1842) was a French explorer and naval officer, who explored the south and western Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica. ...


Following this, the expedition visited Fiji. In July 1840, two members of the party, Lieutenant Underwood and Wilkes' nephew, Midshipman Wilkes Henry, were killed while bartering for food in western Fiji's Malolo Island. The cause of this event remains equivocal. Immediately prior to their deaths the son of the local chief, who was being held as a hostage by the Americans, escaped by jumping out of the boat and running through the shallow water for shore. The Americans fired over his head. According to members of the expedition party on the boat, his escape was intended as a prearranged signal by the Fijians to attack. According to those on shore the shooting actually precipitated the attack on the shore party. Close to 80 Fijians were killed in the resulting American reprisal and some villages were burned to the ground.[1] After Fiji, the expedition sailed to Hull Island, later known as Orona, and the Hawaiian Islands. Orona atoll, formerly known as Hull Island, is one of the Phoenix Islands in the Republic of Kiribati. ... Map of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of islands that stretches 2,400 km in a northwesterly direction from the southern tip of the Island of Hawai‘i. ...

Pacific Northwest: 1841 Map of the Oregon Territory from "Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition." Philadelphia: 1845
Pacific Northwest: 1841 Map of the Oregon Territory
from "Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition." Philadelphia: 1845

In 1841, the expedition explored the west coast of the United States, including the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound, and the Columbia River. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x703, 106 KB) Admiral Charles Wilkes Map of the Pacific Northwest from Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x703, 106 KB) Admiral Charles Wilkes Map of the Pacific Northwest from Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition. ... The Pacific Northwest from space This page is about the region that includes parts of Canada and the United States. ... The Strait of Juan de Fuca separates Vancouver Island of British Columbia from the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state. ... Puget Sound For the liberal arts university located in this region, see University of Puget Sound. ... The Columbia River (French: fleuve Columbia) is a river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. ...


Like his predecessor, British explorer George Vancouver, Wilkes spent a good deal of time near Bainbridge Island. He noted the bird-like shape of the harbor at Winslow and named it Eagle Harbor. Continuing his fascination with bird names, he named Bill Point and Wing Point. Port Madison, Washington and Points Monroe and Jefferson named in honor of former U.S. presidents. Port Ludlow was assigned to honor Lt. Augustus Ludlow, who lost his life in an 1813 sea battle. A life sized statue covered in gold of George Vancouver on top of the British Columbia Parliament Buildings Captain George Vancouver RN (June 22, 1757 – May 12, 1798) was an officer of the Royal Navy, best known for his exploration of North America, including the Pacific coast along the Canadian... Bainbridge Island is an island in Puget Sound, and is an incorporated city located in Kitsap County, Washington. ... Winslow is the name given by residents of Bainbridge Island, Washington to the downtown area around the main street, Winslow Way. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Port Madison Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation in North Kitsap County, Washington. ... Port Ludlow is a census-designated place located in Jefferson County, Washington. ... Augustus C. Ludlow (1 January 1792 - 13 June 1813) was an officer in the United States Navy during the War of 1812. ...


The Peacock was lost in July 1841 on the Columbia River, though with no loss of life, thanks to a canoe rescue by John Dean, an African American servant of the Vincennes purser, and a group of Chinook Indians. Dean also rescued the expedition's artist, Alfred Agate, along with his paintings and drawings. Upon learning that the Peacock had foundered on the Columbia River Bar, Wilkes interrupted his work in the San Juan Islands and sailed south. He never returned to Puget Sound. The Peacock of 1828 was rebuilt along the lines of the previous ship. ... The Columbia River (French: fleuve Columbia) is a river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Alfred Thomas Agate (born 1812; died 1846) was an American painter and miniaturist. ... The Columbia River Bar is the portion of the Columbia River where the current dissipates into the Pacific Ocean, often as large, standing waves partially caused by the deposition of sediment as the river slows. ... One of the San Juan islands The San Juan Islands are a part of the San Juan Archipelago in the northwest corner of the continental United States. ... Puget Sound For the liberal arts university located in this region, see University of Puget Sound. ...


From the area of modern-day Portland, Oregon, an overland party headed by George F. Emmons was directed to proceed via an inland route to San Francisco Bay. This Emmons party traveled south along the Siskiyou Trail, including the Sacramento River, making the first official recorded visit by Americans to and scientific note of Mt. Shasta, in northern California. Nickname: Location in Multnomah County and the state of Oregon Coordinates: , Country United States State Oregon County Multnomah County Incorporated February 8, 1851 Government  - Mayor Tom Potter Area  - City  145. ... George Foster Emmons born 23 August 1811 in Clarendon, Vt. ... San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, and the Golden Gate San Francisco Bay is a shallow, productive estuary through which water draining approximately forty percent of California, flowing in the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers from the Sierra Nevada mountains, enters the Pacific Ocean. ... The Siskiyou Trail stretched from Californias Central Valley to Oregons Willamette Valley; modern-day Interstate 5 follows this pioneer path. ... The Sacramento River is the longest river in the U.S. state of California. ... Mount Shasta, a 14,179-foot (4,322 m) stratovolcano, is the second-highest peak in the Cascade Range and the second-highest point in California (after Mount Whitney). ...


The Emmons party rejoined the ships, which had sailed south, in San Francisco. The expedition then headed back out into the Pacific, including a visit to Wake Island in 1841, and returned by way of the Philippines, the Sulu Archipelago, Borneo, Singapore, Polynesia and the Cape of Good Hope, reaching New York on June 10, 1842. Nickname: Location of the City and County of San Francisco, California Coordinates: , Country United States of America State California City-County San Francisco Government  - Mayor Gavin Newsom Area  - City  47 sq mi (122 km²)  - Land  46. ... Sulu Archipelago is an island chain in the southwest Philippines. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Kalimantan. ... Carving from the ridgepole of a Māori house, ca 1840 Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a large grouping of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. ... The Cape of Good Hope; looking towards the west, from the coastal cliffs above Cape Point. ... June 10 is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...


The expedition throughout was plagued by poor relationships between Wilkes and his subordinate officers. Wilkes' self proclaimed status as "Captain" and "Commodore" (accompanied by the flying of the requisite pennant and the wearing of a Captain's uniform while being commissioned only as a Lieutenant) rankled heavily with other members of the expedition of similar real rank. His apparent mistreatment of many of his subordinates, and indulgence in exercises such as "flogging round the fleet" resulted in a major controversy on his return to America. [2]. Wilkes was court-martialled on his return, but was acquitted on all charges except that of illegally punishing men in his squadron. A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a military court that determines punishments for members of the military subject to military law. ...


The publication program

For a short time Wilkes was attached to the Coast Survey, but from 1844 to 1861 he was chiefly engaged in preparing the report of the expedition. Twenty-eight volumes were planned but only nineteen were published. Of these Wilkes wrote the Narrative (1845) and the volumes Hydrography and Meteorology (1851). The Narrative contains much interesting material concerning the manners and customs and political and economic conditions in many places then little known. Other valuable contributions were the three reports of James Dwight Dana on Zoophytes (1846), Geology (1849) and Crustacea (1852–1854). Hydrography focuses on the measurement of physical characteristics of waters and marginal land. ... Satellite image of Hurricane Hugo with a polar low visible at the top of the image. ... James Dwight Dana (February 12, 1813 - April 14, 1895) was an American geologist, mineralogist and zoologist. ... Zoophyte - mistake of nature. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Classes Remipedia Cephalocarida Branchiopoda Ostracoda Maxillopoda Malacostraca The crustaceans (Crustacea) are a large group of arthropods (55,000 species), usually treated as a subphylum. ...


In addition to many shorter articles and reports, Wilkes published the major scientific works Western America, including California and Oregon (1849) and Theory of the Winds (1856).


Significance of the expedition

The Wilkes Expedition played a major role in development of 19th-century science, particularly in the growth of the U.S. scientific establishment. Many of the species and other items found by the expedition helped formed the basis of collections at the new Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ...


With the help of the expedition's scientists, derisively called "clam diggers" and "bug catchers" by navy crewmembers, 280 islands (mostly in the Pacific Ocean) were explored, and over 800 miles of Oregon were mapped. Of no less importance, over 60,000 plant and bird specimens were collected. A staggering amount of data and specimens were collected during the expedition, including the seeds of 648 species, which were later traded, planted, and sent throughout the country. Dried specimens were sent to the National Herbarium, now a part of the Smithsonian Institution. There were also 254 live plants, which mostly came from the home stretch of the journey, that were placed in a newly constructed greenhouse in 1850, which later became the United States Botanic Garden. Official language(s) (none)[1] Capital Salem Largest city Portland Area  Ranked 9th  - Total 98,466 sq mi (255,026 km²)  - Width 260 miles (420 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 2. ... The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ... The United States Botanic Garden (USBG) is a botanic garden run by the Congress of the United States. ...


The Expedition in Popular Culture

The Wiki Coffin novels of Joan Druett are set on a fictional 7th ship accompanying the expedition.


Books and Publications

  • Bagley, Clarence B. (1957). History of King County, Washington. S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. 
  • Barkan, Frances B. (1987). The Wilkes Expedition: Puget Sound and the Oregon Country. Washington State Capital Museum. 
  • Bertrand, Kenneth John (1971). Americans in Antarctica, 1775-1948. American Geographical Society. 
  • Borthwick, Doris Esch (1965). Outfitting the United States Exploring Expedition : Lieutenant Charles Wilkes' European assignment, August-November, 1836. Lancaster Press. 
  • Brokenshire, Doug (1993). Washington State Place Names : From Alki to Yelm. Caxton Press. 
  • Colvocoresses, George M. (1855). Four years in the government exploring expedition : Commanded by Captain Charles Wilkes, to the island of Madeira, Cape Verd Island, Brazil. J.M. Fairchild. 
  • Goetzmann, William H. (1986). New Lands, New Men - America And The Second Great Age Of Discovery. Viking. 
  • Gurney, Alan (2000). The Race to the White Continent: Voyages to the Antarctic. Norton. 
  • Haskell, Daniel C. (1968). The United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842 and Its Publications 1844-1874. Greenwood Press. 
  • Haskett, Patrick J. (1974). The Wilkes Expedition in Puget Sound, 1841. State Capitol Museum. 
  • Henderson, Charles (1953). The Hidden Coasts: A Biography of Admiral Charles Wilkes. William Sloane Assoc.. 
  • Jenkins, John S. (1856). Explorations and Adventures in and about the Pacific and Antarctic Oceans: Voyage of the U.S. Exploring Squadron, 1838-1842. New York: Hurst & Company. 
  • Jenkins, John S. (1853). United States Exploring Expeditions: Voyage of the U.S. Exploring Squadron. Kerr, Doughty & Lapham. 
  • Jenkins, John S. (1852). Voyage of the U.S. Exploring Squadron Commanded by Captain Charles Wilkes ... In 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841 and 1842. Alden, Beardsley & Co.. 
  • Kruckeberg, Arthur R. (1995). The Natural History of Puget Sound Country. University of Washington Press. 
  • Mitterling, Philip I. (1957). America in the Antarctic to 1840. 
  • Morgan, Murray; Daniel Wilkes (1981). Puget's Sound : A Narrative of Early Tacoma and the Southern Sound. University of Washington Press. 
  • Perry, Fredi (2002). Bremerton and Puget Sound Navy Yard. Perry Publishing. 
  • Philbrick, Nathaniel (2003). Sea of Glory: America's Voyage of Discovery, the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838–1842. Viking Adult. ISBN 0-670-03231-X. 
  • Pickering, Charles (1863). The geographical distribution of animals and plants (United States exploring expedition, 1838-1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes). Trübner and Company. 
  • Poesch, Jessie Peale (1961). Titian Ramsay Peale And His Journals of The Wilkes Expedition, 1799-1885. American Philosophical Society. 
  • Reynolds, William; Nathaniel Philbrick (2004). The Private Journal of William Reynolds : United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842. Penguin Classics. 
  • Ritter, Harry (2003). Washington's History : The People, Land, and Events of the Far Northwest. Westwinds Press. 
  • Schwantes, Carlos Arnaldo (2000). The Pacific Northwest : An Interpretive History. University of Nebraska Press. 
  • Sellers, Charles Coleman (1980). Mr. Peale's Museum. W. W. Norton & Company. 
  • Stanton, William Ragan (1975). The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842. University of California Press. 
  • Tyler, David B. (1968). The Wilkes Expedition : The First United States Exploring Expedition (1838 - 1842). American Philosophical Society. 
  • Viola, H.J. "The Wilkes Expedition on the Pacific Coast," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, January 1989.
  • Viola, Herman J.; Carolyn Margolis (1985). Magnificent Voyagers: The U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842. Smithsonian. 
  • Wilkes, Charles (1851). Voyage round the world, Embracing the principal events of the narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition. G.P. Putnam. 

Charles Henderson (April 26, 1860–January 7, 1937) was an American Democratic politician who was the Governor of Alabama from 1915 to 1919. ... Nathaniel Philbrick is an American author and a winner of the National Book Award for his work of maritime history In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex. ... Several notable individuals have been named Charles Pickering: Charles Pickering (naturalist) (1805-1878), physician and naturalist Charles W. Pickering (born 1937), Appeals Court judge Charles W. Chip Pickering (born 1963), the judges son and US Representative from Mississippi This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists... There have been several historical figures named William Reynolds. ... The Fall 2005 issue of PNQ. Pacific Northwest Quarterly (commonly referred to as PNQ) is a peer-reviewed academic journal of history that publishes scholarship relating to the Pacific Northwest of the United States and adjacent areas of Canada. ... Charles Wilkes Charles Wilkes (April 3, 1798 – February 8, 1877) was an American naval officer and explorer. ...

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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The United States of America (21335 words)
In examining the constitutionality of a state law one is to assume that the state legislature has power to pass all acts whatever, unless they are prohibited by the Constitution of the United States or by the constitution of the state.
It also provides that the citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states; for the return of fugitives from justice and for the admission of new states.
A principle of the Massachusetts constitution of 1780 was interpreted by the supreme court of that state as abolishing slavery.
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