| United States occupation of Veracruz | | Part of the Tampico Affair | 
American soldiers hoisting the US flag over Veracruz. | | | | Combatants | | United States | Mexico | | Commanders | | Frank Friday Fletcher | Gustavo Mass
Manuel Azueta | | Strength | Total: 3948
Landing force: 757 | N/A | | Casualties | 22 killed
70 wounded
92 total | 152-172 killed
195-250 wounded
347-422 total | The United States occupation of Veracruz lasted for six months in response to the April 9, 1914, Tampico Affair. The incident came in the midst of poor diplomatic relations with the United States, related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution. Combatants United States Mexico Strength 9 sailors Approx. ...
April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ...
Veracruz from space, July 1997 The city of Veracruz is a major port city on the Gulf of Mexico in the Mexican state of Veracruz. ...
The state of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that compose Mexico (does not include the Mexican Federal District). ...
Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher (November 23, 1855 – November 28, 1928) was an American naval officer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ...
April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ...
1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
Combatants United States Mexico Strength 9 sailors Approx. ...
This article is about the Mexican Revolution of 1910. ...
The battle
In response to the Tampico Affair, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson ordered the Navy to prepare for the occupation of the port of Veracruz. While waiting for authorization of the US Congress to carry out such action, Wilson was alerted to a German delivery of weapons for Victoriano Huerta due to arrive to the port on April 21. As a result, Wilson issued an immediate order to seize the port's customs office and confiscate the weaponry. Huerta had taken over the Mexican government during a coup d'etat in early 1913 known as La decena trágica. The Wilson administration's answer to this was to declare Huerta a usurper of the legitimate government, embargo arms shipments to Huerta, and support the Constitutional Army of Venustiano Carranza and Pancho Villa. For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ...
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924), was the 28th President of the United States. ...
The United States Navy, also known as the USN or the U.S. Navy, is a branch of the United States armed forces responsible for conducting naval operations. ...
Veracruz from space, July 1997 The city of Veracruz is a major port city on the Gulf of Mexico in the Mexican state of Veracruz. ...
Type Bicameralism Houses Senate House of Representatives United States Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D, since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, D, since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups (as of November 7, 2006 elections) Democratic Party Republican...
A graphical timeline is available here: Timeline of the Mexican Revolution José Victoriano Huerta Márquez (December 23, 1850 – January 13, 1916) was a Mexican military officer and President of Mexico. ...
April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ...
Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting customs duties and for controlling the flow of animals and goods (including personal effects and hazardous items) in and out of a country. ...
A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ...
Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...
A graphical timeline is available here: Timeline of the Mexican Revolution Citizens throng around The Citadel (La ciudadela) building during La decena tragica in 1913. ...
For delayed access after publication, see Embargo (academic publishing). ...
The Constitutional Army (also known as the Constitutionalist Army) was the army that fought against Huertas Federal Army, the Villistas and Zapatistas during the Mexican revolution. ...
Venustiano Carranza Garza (December 29, 1859 – May 21, 1920) was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. ...
A graphical timeline is available here: Timeline of the Mexican Revolution Doroteo Arango Arámbula (June 5, 1878 – July 23, 1923) — better known as Francisco Villa or, by the nickname for Francisco Pancho. Pancho Villa — was one of the foremost leaders of the Mexican Revolution, between 1911 and 1920, and...
The arms shipment to Mexico, in fact, originated from the Remington Arms company in the United States. The arms and ammunition were to be shipped via Hamburg, Germany to Mexico allowing Remington Arms a means of skirting the American arms embargo. (Sweetman:1968) Remington Arms is a major American manufacturer of rifles, shotguns, other firearms, revolvers and ammunition. ...
On the morning of April 21, 41 ships of the Atlantic Fleet, under the command of Rear Admiral Frank Fletcher, started the bombardment of Veracruz. By 11:30 AM American Marines started landing operations, prompting the retreat of the Mexican forces lead by General Gustavo Mass in order to avoid bloodshed. On the face of this, Commodore Manuel Azueta encouraged cadets of the Naval Academy to take up the defense of the port for themselves. April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ...
The Atlantic Fleet of the United States Navy is the part of the Navy responsible for operations in around the Atlantic Ocean. ...
The term Rear Admiral originated from the days of Naval Sailing Squadrons, and can trace its origins to the British Royal Navy. ...
Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher (November 23, 1855 – November 28, 1928) was an American naval officer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ...
The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the U.S. military responsible for providing power projection from the sea,[1] utilizing the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces to global crises. ...
This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Commodore is a military rank used in some navies for officers whose position exceeds that of a Captain, but is less than that of a Flag Officer. ...
Soon after landing the American troops captured the customs, post and telegraph offices. An urban battle then ensued in which many civilians are said to have taken part. Arms were distributed to the population, who were largely untrained in the use of Mausers, and who had trouble matching the arms with the ammunition. In short, the defense of the city by its populace was hindered by the lack of central organization and a lack of adequate supplies. The defense of the city also included the release of the prisoners held at the feared San Juan de Ullua prison. In the meantime, the building of the Naval Academy was being bombarded by the USS Prairie. American troops took the central town square by 5 PM and eventually forced the evacuation of the Naval Academy building a few hours later. Even after their quick success, the invading forces continued to fight off sniper fire from rooftops and towers from an incencesed population eager to rid their city of foreign soldiers. Urban warfare is modern warfare conducted in urban areas such as towns and cities. ...
Prairie, formerly Morgan Liner S.S. El Sol, was built in 1890 by William Cramp and Sons, Philadelphia, Pa. ...
The USS San Francisco and the USS Chester continued with the bombardment of the Naval Academy building until the following day. Some pockets of resistance occurred around the port, mostly in the form of hit-and-run guerrilla tactics, but by April 24 all fighting had ceased. The first USS San Francisco (C-5/CM-2) was a steel protected cruiser in the United States Navy. ...
The first USS Chester (CL-1) of the United States Navy was a light cruiser, the first to be so designated. ...
April 24 is the 114th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (115th in leap years). ...
 Damaged entryway of the Mexican Naval Academy in Veracruz, Mexico, 1914. The son of Commodore Azueta, Lieutenant José Azueta, was wounded during the defense of the Naval Academy building. A cadet himself, José Azueta was manning a machine gun placed outside the building, facing the incoming American troops on his own and causing a number of casualties. José Azueta was rescued from the battlefield after sustaining two bullet wounds and taken to his home. After the battle, Admiral Fletcher heard of Azueta's actions in battle and sent his personal doctor to take care of him. However, in a gesture of defiance, Azueta refused to see the doctor. José Azueta would die of his wounds on May 10. He is remembered as one of the heroes of the brief defense of the port city. Lieutenant is a military, naval, paramilitary, fire service or police officer rank. ...
A machine gun is a fully-automatic firearm that is capable of firing bullets in rapid succession. ...
May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (131st in leap years). ...
Aftermath Admiral Fletcher took control of the administration of the port. While Huerta and Carranza officially objected the occupation, neither were able to effectively oppose it, being more preoccupied by events of the Mexican Revolution. Huerta was eventually overthrown and Carranza's US backed regime was installed. The occupation, however, put the two countries to the brink of war and worsened US-Mexican relations for many years. The ABC Powers conference was convened in Niagara Falls, Canada on May 20, 1914, to avoid an all-out war over this incident. American troops remained in Veracruz until November 23, 1914. This article is about the Mexican Revolution of 1910. ...
Venustiano Carranza Garza (December 29, 1859 – May 21, 1920) was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. ...
The ABC Powers refers in diplomacy to the South American countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. ...
Skyline of Niagara Falls, Canada, as seen from the Embassy Suites hotel. ...
May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ...
1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ...
1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
In popular culture Warren Zevon's album Excitable Boy features a track called "Veracruz" named after this event. It depicts the battle and chaos for what one may presume was a resident of Veracruz. The last verse, written in Spanish, is the character saying they will return to Veracruz, destiny has changed their life and in Veracruz they shall die. Warren William Zevon (January 24, 1947 – September 7, 2003) was an American rock and roll musician and songwriter. ...
Excitable Boy is a rock and roll album by Warren Zevon. ...
See also A graphical timeline is available here: Timeline of the Mexican Revolution José Victoriano Huerta Márquez (December 23, 1850 – January 13, 1916) was a Mexican military officer and President of Mexico. ...
This article is about the Mexican Revolution of 1910. ...
Combatants United States Mexico Strength 9 sailors Approx. ...
Initially, the United States stayed informed about the Revolution from documents given from the American Consulate in Mexico to the American Secretary of State who informed President William Howard Taft. ...
References December 28 is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 3 days remaining. ...
External links |
Feeds |
Contact