NationMaster - Encyclopedia: United States presidential election, 2000

The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between the Democratic candidate Al Gore versus the Republican candidate of George W. Bush. The November 7 election was narrowly won by Bush, who won 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266. The election was a hard-fought contest featuring a popular Vice-President in Al Gore, and a popular Governor and son of a former President in George W. Bush. There were several important issues in this election, including the role of the United States in international affairs, the economy, and morality, but more attention is usually paid to the election itself, which features a controversy over who won Florida's 25 electoral votes, the recount process in that state, and the issue of the popular vote.

In the American system of presidential elections, the electoral vote system determines the winner, and the George W Bush won this count, although Democratic candidate Al Gore, the Vice President of the United States received more popular votes than Republican candidate George W. Bush, the Governor of Texas. The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ... This article is about the former Vice President of the United States. ... The Vice President of the United States (sometimes referred to as VPOTUS[1] or Veep) is the first in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death, resignation, or removal of the president. ... The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party, although one early citation described it as the Gallant Old Party) [1], is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... In politics, Governor of Texas is the title given to the chief executive of the state of Texas. ...

It was the third time in American history that a candidate won the vote in the Electoral College without receiving a plurality of the popular vote; it also happened in the elections of 1876 and 1888. In 1824 John Quincy Adams received a plurality in neither the popular vote nor the electoral college vote and was selected President by the U.S. House of Representatives. Electoral votes by state/federal district, for the elections of 2004 and 2008 The United States Electoral College is a term used to describe the 538 President Electors who meet every 4 years to cast the electoral votes for President and Vice President of the United States; their votes represent... For the use of the term in political theory, see Pluralism (political theory). ... The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed and intense presidential elections in American history. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... In the United States presidential election of 1824, John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825 after the election was thrown into the House of Representatives. ... John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 â€“ February 23, 1848) was a diplomat, politician, and the sixth President of the United States (March 4, 1825 â€“ March 4, 1829). ... The House of Representatives is the larger of two houses that make up the U.S. Congress, the other being the United States Senate. ...

Nominations

Democratic Party nomination

Under the provisions of the 22nd amendment, incumbent President Bill Clinton was not allowed to run for a third four-year term. Numerous candidates for the Democratic nomination tested the waters, but only two serious candidates entered the contest, Vice President Al Gore of Tennessee and former Senator Bill Bradley of New Jersey. Amendment XXII in the National Archives The Twenty-second Amendment of the United States Constitution sets a term limit for the President of the United States, providing that No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... This article is about the former Vice President of the United States. ... For other uses, see Bill Bradley (disambiguation) and William Bradley. ...

Gore had a strong base as the incumbent Vice President; Bradley received some endorsements but was not the candidate of a major faction or coalition of blocs. Running an insurgency campaign, Bradley positioned himself as the alternative to Gore, who was a founding member of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council. While former basketball star Michael Jordan campaigned for him in the early primary states, Bradley announced his intention to campaign "in a different way" by conducting a positive campaign of "big ideas." He made the spending of the record-breaking budget surplus on a variety of social welfare programs to help the poor and the middle-class one of his central issues, along with campaign finance reform and gun control. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Gore easily defeated Bradley in the primary, largely because of the support given to Gore by the Democratic Party establishment and Bradley's poor showing in the Iowa caucus, where Gore successfully painted Bradley as aloof and indifferent to the plight of farmers in rural America. The closest Bradley came to a victory was his 50–46 loss to Gore in the New Hampshire primary.

None of Bradley's delegates were allowed to vote for him so Gore won unanimously. Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman was nominated for Vice President by voice vote. Lieberman became the first Jewish American ever to be chosen for this position by a major party and many political commentators cited him as a "bold choice" for Vice President. Before Gore chose Lieberman as his running mate, other politicians suggested as potential vice-presidential nominees included: Official language(s) English Capital Hartford Largest city Bridgeport[3] Largest metro area Hartford Metro Area[2] Area Ranked 48th - Total 5,543[4] sq mi (14,356 kmÂ²) - Width 70 miles (113 km) - Length 110 miles (177 km) - % water 12. ... Joseph Isadore Joe Lieberman (born February 24, 1942) is a United States Senator from Connecticut. ...

Gore, as incumbent V.P., was supported by Clinton and despite Bradley's challenge was a safe front-runner. But some other prominent Democrats were mentioned as possible contenders, such as Nebraska Senator Bob Kerrey, Missouri Congressman Dick Gephardt, Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone, and famous actor and director Warren Beatty,^[2] who declined to run. This article is about the U.S. state. ... John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the junior United States Senator from Massachusetts, in his fourth term of office. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area Ranked 28th - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 kmÂ²) - Width 150 miles (240 km) - Length 560[1] miles (900 km) - % water 9. ... This article is about the American attorney and politician. ... For other uses, see New Hampshire (disambiguation). ... Jeanne Shaheen (born January 28, 1947) was the first woman to be elected governor of the U.S. state of New Hampshire. ... Official language(s) English Capital Des Moines Largest city Des Moines Largest metro area Des Moines metropolitan area Area Ranked 26th - Total 56,272 sq mi (145,743 kmÂ²) - Width 310 miles (500 km) - Length 199 miles (320 km) - % water 0. ... Thomas Richard Tom Harkin (born November 19, 1939) is a liberal Democratic Senator from Iowa, serving in his fourth senate term. ... For other uses, see Indiana (disambiguation). ... Birch Evans Bayh III (commonly known as Evan Bayh) (pronounced like bye; IPA pronunciation: ) (born December 26, 1955) is an American politician who has served as the junior U.S. Senator from Indiana since 1999 and a former Governor of Indiana. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein (born June 22, 1933) is currently the senior U.S. Senator from California, having held office as a senator since 1992. ... Samuel Augustus Nunn, Jr. ... Official language(s) None (English and French de facto) Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Area Ranked 39th - Total 33,414 sq mi (86,542 kmÂ²) - Width 210 miles (338 km) - Length 320 miles (515 km) - % water 13. ... For other persons with a similar name, see George Mitchell George John Mitchell, GBE (born August 20, 1933) is a former Democratic Party politician and United States Senator from the state of Maine, and currently serves as Chairman of the global law firm DLA Piper US LLP and also as... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Richard Andrew Dick Gephardt (born January 31, 1941) is senior counsel at the global law firm DLA Piper and a former prominent American politician of the Democratic Party. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... Daniel Robert Graham (born November 9, 1936) is an American politician. ... Official language(s) English Capital Lincoln Largest city Omaha Largest metro area Omaha Area Ranked 16th - Total 77,421 sq mi (200,520 kmÂ²) - Width 210 miles (340 km) - Length 430 miles (690 km) - % water 0. ... Joseph Robert Bob Kerrey (born August 27, 1943) was the Democratic Governor of Nebraska from 1983 to 1987, and a U.S. Senator from Nebraska (1989â€“2001). ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Richard Andrew Dick Gephardt (born January 31, 1941) is senior counsel at the global law firm DLA Piper and a former prominent American politician of the Democratic Party. ... Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area Ranked 12th - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 kmÂ²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 400 miles (645 km) - % water 8. ... Paul David Wellstone (July 21, 1944 â€“ October 25, 2002) was an American politician and two-term U.S. Senator from Minnesota. ... Henry Warren Beatty (born March 30, 1937), better known as Warren Beatty, is an Academy Award and Golden Globe-winning American actor, producer, screenwriter, and director. ...

Republican Party nomination

(Buchanan dropped out to run for the Reform Party nomination. Buchanan would later become the Reform Party's nominee)
(Smith dropped out of the Republican primary, denounced the Republican party, and sought nomination as a U.S. Taxpayers Party candidate. He then withdrew his candidacy for the UTP nomination and ran as an independent)

Following Bob Dole's loss to Bill Clinton in the 1996 election, George W. Bush became the frontrunner, acquiring unprecedented funding and a broad base of leadership support, based on his governorship of Texas and the name-recognition and connections of the Bush family. Buchanan and Trump dropped out to run for the Reform Patry nomination. Several aspirants withdrew before the Iowa Caucus, unable to secure funding and endorsements sufficient to remain competitive with Bush. These included Alexander, Dole, Kasich, Quayle, and Smith. Steve Forbes, who could self-finance, did compete in the early contests, but did not do as well as he had in 1996. By late February, Bauer, Forbes, and Hatch had all dropped out. That left Bush, McCain, and Keyes as the only candidates still in the race. Â§ Robert Joseph Dole (born July 22, 1923) was a United States Senator from Kansas from 1969-1996, serving part of that time as United States Senate Majority Leader. ...

Bush, the governor of Texas, the second-largest state in the Union, the son of a former president, and the favored candidate of the Christian right, was portrayed in the media as the establishment candidate. McCain, with the support of many moderate Republicans and Independents, portrayed himself as a crusading insurgent who focused on campaign reform.

McCain won a 48%-30% victory over Bush in the New Hampshire primary and seized the attention of the media. In the South Carolina primary, however, Bush soundly defeated McCain. Some credited Bush's win to the fact that it was the first major primary in which only registered Republicans could vote, which negated McCain's strong advantage among independents. Some McCain supporters blamed it on a campaign of dirty tricks such as push polling, including the false suggestion that McCain fathered an African-American child out of wedlock, perpetrated against McCain by his political enemies. Whatever the real reason, McCain's loss in South Carolina stopped his momentum cold. Although McCain won a few additional primaries, Bush took the majority and handily won the nomination at the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia. A push poll is a political campaign technique in which an individual or organization attempts to influence or alter the view of respondents under the guise of conducting a poll. ...

McCain finally endorsed Bush, and gave a strong speech at the convention. George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... Alan Keyes (born August 7, 1950) is an American political activist, author and former diplomat. ... For McCains grandfather and father, see John S. McCain, Sr. ...

Governor Bush told former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney to head up a commission to help select a running mate for him, but ultimately, Bush asked Cheney himself to be his running mate, and Cheney was nominated by voice vote. While the US Constitution does not specifically disallow a president and a vice-president from the same state, it does prohibit members of the electoral college from casting both of their votes for persons from the same state. Accordingly, Cheney—who had been a resident of Texas for nearly 10 years—changed his voting registration back to Wyoming. Had Cheney not done this, either he or Governor Bush would have forfeited their electoral votes from the Texas electors, a situation which—given the eventual razor-thin margin of victory for the Republicans that year—would have almost certainly resulted in Democratic Vice-President Lieberman serving under a Republican President Bush. Richard Bruce Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941), is the 46th and current Vice President of the United States, serving under President George W. Bush. ...

Reform Party nomination

The nomination went to Pat Buchanan and runningmate Ezola Foster of California, over the objections of party-founder H. Ross Perot and despite a rump convention nomination of John Hagelin by the Perot faction (see Other nominations below). In the end, the Federal Election Commission sided with Buchanan, and that ticket appeared on 49 of 51 possible ballots. John Bayard Anderson (born February 15, 1922) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois and presidential candidate in the 1980 election. ... Patrick Buchanan Patrick Joseph Buchanan (born November 2, 1938), usually known as Pat Buchanan, is an American conservative journalist and a well known television political commentator. ... Charles Edwin Collins was an independent candidate for President of the United States in the 1996 presidential election and sought unsuccessfully to run again in 2000. ... Dr. John Hagelin Dr. John Hagelin, scientist, educator, and three-time third-party candidate for President of the United States, is Professor of Physics, Director of the Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy at Maharishi University of Management, and Minister of Science and Technology of the Global Country of... Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946 in Queens, New York, New York) is an American business executive, entrepreneur, television and radio personality and author. ... Henry Ross Perot (born June 27, 1930) is an American businessman billionaire from Texas best known as a candidate for President of the United States (in 1992 and 1996). ...

Green Party nomination

The nomination went to Ralph Nader of Connecticut and Winona LaDuke of Minnesota, at the Green Party's National Nominating Convention in Denver, Colorado [2]. The (Green Party appeared on 44 of 51 ballots. Ralph Nader (born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney and political activist in the areas of consumer rights, humanitarianism, environmentalism and democratic government. ... Eric Reed Boucher (born June 17, 1958) is more widely known by the stage name Jello Biafra. ... Stephen Gaskin is a counter-cultural icon best known for his presence in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco in the 1960s and for co-founding The Farm, a famous spiritual Intentional Community in Summertown, Tennessee. ... Joel Kovel (born August 27th 1936) is an American politician, academic, writer and Eco-socialist. ... Ralph Nader (born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney and political activist in the areas of consumer rights, humanitarianism, environmentalism and democratic government. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In American politics, the Green Party is a third party which has been active in some areas since the 1980s, but first gained widespread public attention for Ralph Naders presidential runs in 1996 and 2000. ...

Libertarian Party nomination

The (Libertarian Party's National Nominating Convention nominated Harry Browne of Tennessee and Art Olivier of California for Vice President. Browne was nominated on the first ballot and Olivier received the Vice Presidential nomination on the second ballot [4]. the Libertarian Party appeared on 50 of 51 ballots. Harry Browne Harry Browne (17 June 1933 â€“ 1 March 2006) was an American libertarian writer, politician, and free-market investment analyst. ... Jacob G. Hornberger (born in Laredo, Texas, USA) is a journalist and the founder and president of Future of Freedom Foundation, a nonprofit libertarian educational foundation based in Fairfax, Virginia. ... It is proposed that this article be deleted, because of the following concern: Because the article covers everything that is already said in the AZ statewide elections article: he was a candidate for governor with the Libertarian Party. ... The Libertarian Party is a United States political party created in 1971. ... Harry Browne Harry Browne (17 June 1933 â€“ 1 March 2006) was an American libertarian writer, politician, and free-market investment analyst. ... Art Olivier, former mayor of Bellflower, California, was the Libertarian candidate for Vice President in the United States presidential election in 2000. ...

Other nominations

There were two other candidacies on the majority of the 51 ballots (50 states plus the District of Columbia):

Howard Phillips (born February 6, 1941 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American conservative political figure. ... Dr. J. Curtis Frazier was the vice-presidential candidate of the Constitution Party in the U.S. presidential election, 2000, as the running-mate of Howard Phillips. ... The Constitution Party is a conservative United States political party. ... Dr. John Hagelin Dr. John Hagelin, scientist, educator, and three-time third-party candidate for President of the United States, is Professor of Physics, Director of the Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy at Maharishi University of Management, and Minister of Science and Technology of the Global Country of... A. Nathaniel Nat Goldhaber - An Internet entrepreneur and longtime associate the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, was the Natural Law Party nominee for Vice President in 2000 on the ticket headed by John Hagelin. ... The United States Natural Law Party was a United States political party affiliated with the international Natural Law Party. ...

The General Election campaign

In the campaign, Bush criticized the Clinton administration policy in Somalia, where 18 Americans died in 1993 trying to sort out warring factions, and in the Balkans, where United States peacekeeping troops perform a variety of functions. "I don't think our troops ought to be used for what's called nation-building". Bush said in the second presidential debate.^[3] Ralph Nader was the most successful of third-party candidates, drawing 2.74% of the popular vote. His campaign was marked by a traveling tour of "super-rallies"; large rallies held in sports arenas like Madison Square Garden, with retired talk show host Phil Donahue as master of ceremonies. After initially ignoring Nader, the Gore campaign made a big publicity pitch to (potential) Nader supporters in the final weeks of the campaign, downplaying Gore's differences with Nader on the issues and claiming that Gore's ideas were more similar to Nader's than Bush's were, noting that Gore had a better chance of winning than Nader. On the other side, the Republican Leadership Council ran pro-Nader ads in a few states in an effort to split the "left" vote.^[4] In the aftermath of the campaign, many Gore supporters blamed Nader for drawing enough would-be Gore votes to push Bush over Gore, labeling Nader a "spoiler" candidate. Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... This article or section should be merged with nation-building Nation building is the use of armed force in the aftermath of a conflict to underpin an enduring transition to democracy. ... Senator John F. Kennedy debates Vice President Richard M. Nixon in the first televised debates, 1960. ... Ralph Nader (born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney and political activist in the areas of consumer rights, humanitarianism, environmentalism and democratic government. ... Madison Square Garden, often abbreviated as MSG, known colloquially simply as The Garden, has been the name of four arenas in New York City, United States. ... Talk Show Host is a song written and performed by Radiohead. ... Phil Donahue Phillip John Donahue (b. ... The spoiler effect is a term to describe the effect a candidate can have on a close election, in which their candidacy results in the election being won by a candidate dissimilar to them, rather than a candidate similar to them. ...

The sharpest differences among partisan groups came on the topic of morality. Already by 1992, Republicans were campaigning much more vigorously and vociferously than Democrats or independents on "hot button" social issues concerning what some proclaimed as the moral decay of society, in the form of permissive attitudes toward sex, abortion, gays and lesbians, and secularism. The difference grew larger by 2000, especially if one adds together the moral decay category and the category having to do with corruption and scandals in Washington. Morality was mentioned most frequently by Republicans as the "single most important problem" facing the nation.^[5] Therefore during his campaign Bush frequently referred to restoring moral integrity not only to the White House but to the nation as a whole. Gore on the other hand studiously avoided the Clinton scandals, as did Lieberman, even though Lieberman had been the first Democratic senator to denounce Clinton's misbehavior. Gore avoided appearing with Clinton, who was shunted to low visibility appearances in areas where he was still popular. Moral decay is the deterioration of society due to obscene displays. ... This article is about sexual practices (i. ... Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ... This article is about secularism. ...

The election

As the returns came in on election night (November 7), it became clear that the presidential election was unusually close. With the exception of Florida, Bush carried the Southern states by comfortable margins, and he also scored wins in Ohio, Indiana, most of the rural Midwestern farming states, and most of the Rocky Mountain states. Gore balanced Bush by sweeping the Northeastern United States (with the sole exception of New Hampshire), most of the Upper Midwest, and the Pacific Coast states, including California. As the night wore on it became clear that while a handful of small-to-medium sized states were extremely close, it was the State of Florida that would decide the winner of the election. As the final national results were tallied the following morning, Bush had clearly won a total of 246 electoral votes, while Gore had clearly won 255 votes (270 votes were needed to win). Two smaller states - New Mexico (5 electoral votes) and Oregon (7 electoral votes) - were still too close to call. It was Florida (25 electoral votes), however, that the news media focused their attention on. Mathematically, Florida's 25 electoral votes became the key to an election win for both candidates, and although both New Mexico and Oregon were declared in favor of Gore over the next few days, Florida's statewide vote took center stage even as vote counting continued in western states. The outcome of the election was not known for more than a month after the balloting ended because of the extended process of counting and then recounting Florida's presidential ballots. Download high resolution version (757x1024, 93 KB)President Bush at a GOP Rally in St. ... Download high resolution version (757x1024, 93 KB)President Bush at a GOP Rally in St. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (533x800, 62 KB) Summary Al gore giving his global warming talk in Mountain View, CA on 7 April 2006. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (533x800, 62 KB) Summary Al gore giving his global warming talk in Mountain View, CA on 7 April 2006. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... For other uses, see Indiana (disambiguation). ... Regional definitions vary The Northeastern United States is a region of the United States. ... For other uses, see New Hampshire (disambiguation). ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Largest metro area Albuquerque metropolitan area Area Ranked 5th - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 kmÂ²) - Width 342 miles (550 km) - Length 370 miles (595 km) - % water 0. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... News media satellite up-link trucks and photojournalists gathered outside the Prudential Financial headquarters in Newark, New Jersey in August, 2004 following the announcement of evidence of a terrorist threat to it and to buildings in New York City. ...

Florida

At approximately 7:50 pm EST on election day, 10 minutes before the polls closed in the largely Republican Florida panhandle, some television news networks declared that Gore had carried Florida's 25 electoral votes. They based this prediction on exit polls. However, in the actual vote tally Bush took a wide early lead in Florida, and by 10 pm the networks had retracted their prediction of a Gore victory and placed Florida back into the "undecided" column. At approximately 2:30 am, with some 85% of the votes counted in Florida and Bush leading Gore by more than 100,000 votes, the networks declared that Bush had carried Florida, and had been elected President. However, most of the remaining votes to be counted in Florida were located in three heavily Democratic counties - Broward, Miami-Dade, and Palm Beach - and as their votes were reported Gore began to gain on Bush. By 4:30 am Gore had narrowed Bush's margin to less than 2,000 votes, and the networks retracted their predictions that Bush had won Florida and the Presidency. Gore, who had privately conceded the election to Bush, now withdrew his concession and announced that he would wait for a recount in Florida before making his next move. By the morning of Wednesday, November 8 Bush's margin in Florida had dwindled to about 500 votes, narrow enough to trigger a mandatory recount in that state. In addition, Gore asked for hand recounts in four counties (Broward, Miami Dade, Palm Beach, and Volusia), as provided under Florida state law. This set into motion a series of recounts (portions by machine, and portions by hand), questions about portions of the Florida vote, and finally lawsuits. The outcome of the United States presidential election, 2000 was not known for more than a month after the balloting, because of the extended process of counting and then recounting of Florida presidential ballots. ... An exit poll is a poll of voters taken immediately after they have exited the polling stations. ... Broward County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida. ... County slogan: Delivering Excellence Every Day Location of county in the state of Florida County Seat Miami, Florida Area - Total - Water 6,297 km² (2,431 mi²) 1,257 km² (485 mi²) 19. ... Location of county in the state of Florida County Seat West Palm Beach, Florida Area - Total - Water 6,181 km² (2,386 mi²) 1,068 km² (412 mi²) 17. ... is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Volusia redirects here. ...

These ultimately resulted in a December 12 5-4 United States Supreme Court decision that ended the Florida recounts and allowed Florida to certify its vote. The vote was certified by Katherine Harris, the Republican Secretary of State who had been the Florida co-chair of Bush's own campaign^[6]. Because Bush's younger brother, Jeb Bush, was the governor of Florida, there were allegations that Harris and Bush had somehow manipulated the election to favor the governor's brother.^[7]^[8] Bush's margin of victory in Florida was officially placed at 537 votes (out of more than 5.8 million cast), making it the closest presidential election in the history of the state. The nine members of the Supreme Court voted along ideological lines in the split decision with the two usually conservative swing voters^[9] (Justices O'Connor and Kennedy) siding with the three conservatives (Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justices Scalia, and Thomas) outvoting the Court's four liberals (Justices Ginsburg, Souter, Stevens, and Breyer). Due to all of these factors, the 2000 presidential campaign has become one of the most controversial, and disputed, elections in American history. is the 346th day of the year (347th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Holding In the circumstances of this case, any manual recount of votes seeking to meet the December 12 â€œsafe harborâ€ deadline would be unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. ... Katherine Harris (born April 5, 1957, Key West, Florida) is a former Secretary of State of Florida and member of the US House of Representatives. ... John Ellis Jeb Bush (born February 11, 1953), a Republican, is the forty-third and current Governor of Florida. ...

Post recount

After Florida was decided, Texas Governor George W. Bush became President-elect and began forming his transition committee. In a speech on December 13, Bush said he was reaching across party lines to bridge a divided America, stating that "the President of the United States is the President of every single American, of every race, and every background."^[10] For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On January 6, 2001, a joint-session of Congress met to certify the electoral vote. Twenty members of the House of Representatives, most of them Democratic members of the Congressional Black Caucus, rose one-by-one to file objections to the electoral votes of Florida. However, according to an 1877 law, any such objection had to be sponsored by both a representative and a senator, and no senator would co-sponsor these objections. Therefore, Gore, who was presiding in his capacity as President of the Senate, ruled each of these objections out of order. is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Congress in Joint Session. ... Electoral votes by state/federal district, for the elections of 2004 and 2008 The United States Electoral College is a term used to describe the 538 President Electors who meet every 4 years to cast the electoral votes for President and Vice President of the United States; their votes represent... Type Bicameral Speaker of the House of Representatives House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Steny Hoyer, (D) since January 4, 2007 House Minority Leader John Boehner, (R) since January 4, 2007 Members 435 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party... The Congressional Black Caucus is an organization representing African American members of the Congress of the United States. ... 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... The Vice President of the United States (sometimes referred to as VPOTUS[1] or Veep) is the first in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death, resignation, or removal of the president. ...

Bush took the oath of office on January 20, 2001. is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

In the aftermath of the election, independent recounts were conducted by The Miami Herald and USA Today, concluding that Bush would have won in all legally requested recount scenarios, and in all other scenarios except for "a fresh recount in all counties using the most generous standards,” which would have gone to Gore [5].

Additionally, The Media Consortium hired the National Opinion Research Center to examine 175,010 ballots that were never counted in Florida. [6] The investigation took 8 months and cost $900,000.^{[citation needed]} Their results showed that the winning candidate varied based on the method used to include or interpret ballots.^[11] For cases where all of their examiners agreed, the nine different recount scenarios resulted in Bush prevailing four times, and Gore prevailing in the other five. Ironically enough, under the recount rules initially requested by Gore, Bush would have won, and under the rules requested by Bush, Gore would have won.

National results

Though Gore came in second in the electoral vote, he received 543,816 more individual votes than Bush. Gore failed to win the popular vote in his home state, Tennessee, which both he and his father had represented in the Senate. Had he won Tennessee, he could have won the election without Florida. Gore was the first major-party presidential candidate to have lost his home state since George McGovern lost South Dakota in 1972. This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... George McGovern on May 8, 1972 cover of Time Magazine George Stanley McGovern, Ph. ... Official language(s) English Capital Pierre Largest city Sioux Falls Area Ranked 17th - Total 77,116[1] sq mi (199,905 kmÂ²) - Width 210 miles (340 km) - Length 380 miles (610 km) - % water 1. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ...

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. 2000 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (August 7, 2005). George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party, although one early citation described it as the Gallant Old Party) [1], is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... Richard Bruce Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941), is the 46th and current Vice President of the United States, serving under President George W. Bush. ... Official language(s) English Capital Cheyenne Largest city Cheyenne Area Ranked 10th - Total 97,818 sq mi (253,348 kmÂ²) - Width 280 miles (450 km) - Length 360 miles (580 km) - % water 0. ... This article is about the former Vice President of the United States. ... The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ... This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... Joseph Isadore Joe Lieberman (born February 24, 1942) is a United States Senator from Connecticut. ... Official language(s) English Capital Hartford Largest city Bridgeport[3] Largest metro area Hartford Metro Area[2] Area Ranked 48th - Total 5,543[4] sq mi (14,356 kmÂ²) - Width 70 miles (113 km) - Length 110 miles (177 km) - % water 12. ... Abstention is a term in election procedure for when a participant in a vote either does not goes to vote (on election day) or, in parliamentary procedure, isnt absent during the vote, but does not cast a ballot. ... Ralph Nader (born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney and political activist in the areas of consumer rights, humanitarianism, environmentalism and democratic government. ... This article is about the American political party, Green Party. ... Official language(s) English Capital Hartford Largest city Bridgeport[3] Largest metro area Hartford Metro Area[2] Area Ranked 48th - Total 5,543[4] sq mi (14,356 kmÂ²) - Width 70 miles (113 km) - Length 110 miles (177 km) - % water 12. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area Ranked 12th - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 kmÂ²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 400 miles (645 km) - % water 8. ... Patrick Joseph Buchanan (born November 2, 1938) is an American politician, author, syndicated columnist, and broadcaster. ... The Reform Party of the United States of America (abbreviated Reform Party USA or RPUSA) is a political party in the United States, founded by Ross Perot in 1995 who said Americans were disillusioned with the state of politics â€“ as being corrupt and unable to deal with vital issues â€“ and... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Ezola Broussard Foster (born August 9, 1938) is an African American conservative political activist. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Harry Browne Harry Browne (17 June 1933 â€“ 1 March 2006) was an American libertarian writer, politician, and free-market investment analyst. ... The Libertarian Party is an American political party founded on December 11, 1971. ... This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... Art Olivier, former mayor of Bellflower, California, was the Libertarian candidate for Vice President in the United States presidential election in 2000. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Howard Phillips (born February 6, 1941 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American conservative political figure. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Dr. J. Curtis Frazier was the vice-presidential candidate of the Constitution Party in the U.S. presidential election, 2000, as the running-mate of Howard Phillips. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Dr. John Hagelin Dr. John Hagelin, scientist, educator, and three-time third-party candidate for President of the United States, is Professor of Physics, Director of the Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy at Maharishi University of Management, and Minister of Science and Technology of the Global Country of... The United States Natural Law Party was a United States political party affiliated with the international Natural Law Party. ... The Reform Party of the United States of America (abbreviated Reform Party USA or RPUSA) is a political party in the United States, founded by Ross Perot in 1995 who said Americans were disillusioned with the state of politics â€“ as being corrupt and unable to deal with vital issues â€“ and... Official language(s) English Capital Des Moines Largest city Des Moines Largest metro area Des Moines metropolitan area Area Ranked 26th - Total 56,272 sq mi (145,743 kmÂ²) - Width 310 miles (500 km) - Length 199 miles (320 km) - % water 0. ... A. Nathaniel Nat Goldhaber - An Internet entrepreneur and longtime associate the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, was the Natural Law Party nominee for Vice President in 2000 on the ticket headed by John Hagelin. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Source (Electoral Vote): 2000 Electoral Vote Totals. Official website of the National Archives. (August 7, 2005). is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

^(a) One faithless elector from the District of Columbia, Barbara Lett-Simmons, abstained from voting in protest of the District's lack of voting representation in United States Congress. (D.C. has a non-voting delegate to Congress.) She had been expected to vote for Gore/Lieberman.
^(b) Candidates receiving less than 1/2000 of the total popular vote. A faithless elector is a member of the United States Electoral College who casts an electoral vote for someone other than the person whom they have pledged to elect. ... ... Barbara Lett-Simmons (born 1927) is an American politician. ... Demonstrators march in the street while protesting the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on April 16, 2005. ... Congress in Joint Session. ... A Delegate to Congress is a non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives who is elected from a U.S. territory or from the District of Columbia. ...

State results

Close states are listed below: United States presidential election, 2000 detailed results. ...

Aftermath

Electronic voting

Since the Presidential Election was so close in Florida, the United States Government and state governments pushed for election reform to be prepared by the 2004 United States Presidential Election. Many of Florida's year 2000 election night problems stemmed from voting machine issues like rejected ballots, "hanging chad", and the possibly confusing "butterfly ballot". A proposed solution to these problems was the installation of modern electronic voting machines. Election reform is a process for attempting to ensure more fair elections. ... The United States presidential election of 2004 was held on Election Day, Tuesday, November 2, 2004. ... Chads are paper particles created when holes are made in a computer punched tape or punch card. ... A ballot is a device used to record choices made by voters. ... Electronic voting machine by Premier Election Solutions (formerly Diebold Election Systems) used in all Brazilian elections and plebiscites. ...

Electronic voting was initially touted by many as a panacea for the ills faced during the 2000 election. The United States Presidential Election of 2000 spurred the debate about election and voting reform, but it did not end it. See Electronic voting: problems. The universal panacea (PAN-ah-see-ah), one of the goals sought by many alchemists, was a remedy that would cure all diseases and prolong life indefinitely. ... Electronic voting machine by Premier Election Solutions (formerly Diebold Election Systems) used in all Brazilian elections and plebiscites. ...

Exit polling and declaration of vote winners

The Voter News Service's reputation was badly tarnished by its treatment of Florida's presidential vote in 2000. Breaking its own guidelines, VNS called the state as a win for Gore 12 minutes before polls closed in much of the state. Although much of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone, at the time VNS called the state for Gore, the Florida panhandle, which is in the Central Time Zone, had not yet closed their polls. More seriously, inconsistent polling results caused the VNS to change its call twice, first from Gore to Bush, and then to "too close to call". A subsequent attempt by VNS to use computer tallying during the 2002 congressional election was also a failure, and the VNS was disbanded. The Voter News Service was a consortium whose mission was to provide results for United States Presidential elections, so that individual organizations and networks would not have to do exit polling and vote tallying in parallel. ... The Florida Panhandle is the region of the state of Florida which includes the westernmost 16 counties in the state. ...

More consequences

In the aftermath of the election, the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) was passed to help states upgrade their election technology in the hopes of preventing similar problems in future elections. Ironically, the electronic voting systems which many states purchased in order to comply with HAVA actually caused problems in the following presidential election of 2004. The Help America Vote Act was enacted on October 29, 2002. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Democrats blamed third party candidate Ralph Nader for taking the election away from Gore. Nader received some 97,000 votes in Florida. According to the Washington Post, exit polls there showed that "47 percent of Nader voters would have gone for Gore if it had been a two-man race, and only 21 percent for Bush," which would have given Gore a margin of some 24,000 votes over Bush.^[12] Some Democrats claim that had Nader not run, Gore would have won both New Hampshire and Florida and won the election with 296 electoral votes. (He only needed one of the two to win.) Defenders of Nader, including Dan Perkins, argued that the margin in Florida was small enough that Democrats could blame any number of third-party candidates for the defeat, including "Workers World Party" candidate Monica Moorehead, who received 1,500 votes.^[13] Nader's reputation was still hurt by this perception, and may have hindered his future goals as an activist. Nader's solution to the voters' dilemma regarding third-party candidates is to adopt an instant runoff voting system^[14], under which votes default to a second-choice candidate should a voter's first choice candidate be eliminated. Ralph Nader (born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney and political activist in the areas of consumer rights, humanitarianism, environmentalism and democratic government. ... For other uses, see New Hampshire (disambiguation). ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... Dan Perkins (born 1961 in Wichita, Kansas), better known by the pen name Tom Tomorrow, is an editorial cartoonist. ... Workers World Party (WWP) is a communist party in the United States founded in 1959 by Sam Marcy. ... Monica Moorehead is a frequent candidate of the Workers World Party, a U.S. left-wing party. ...

State Ballot Measures

Voters in California approved Proposition 36, which mandated probation and rehabilitation for those convicted of nonviolent drug offenses, by a margin of 60.8% to 30.2%. Californians also approved Proposition 39, lowering the voter approval requirement from a two-thirds majority to 55% for bonding for school projects, by a 53.3% to 46.7% margin.^[15] This article is about the U.S. state. ... California Proposition 36, the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000, also known as Prop 36, was an initiative statute that permanently changed state law to allow qualifying defendants convicted of non-violent drug possession offenses to receive a probationary sentence in lieu of incarceration. ...

By a margin of 65% to 35%, Connecticut voters approved Measure 1, which amended the state's constitution to eliminate the state's county sheriffs. Subsequent legislation established State Marshals to assume the duties performed by the county sheriffs.^[16] Official language(s) English Capital Hartford Largest city Bridgeport[3] Largest metro area Hartford Metro Area[2] Area Ranked 48th - Total 5,543[4] sq mi (14,356 kmÂ²) - Width 70 miles (113 km) - Length 110 miles (177 km) - % water 12. ... The Connecticut Constitution is the basic governing document of the U.S. state of Connecticut. ... Look up Sheriff in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

See also

The outcome of the United States presidential election, 2000 was not known for more than a month after the balloting, because of the extended process of counting and then recounting of Florida presidential ballots. ... Ralph Nader Ralph Nader ran for the office of President of the United States four times (1992 as a write-in candidate in the New Hampshire primary, 1996 and 2000 for the Green Party, and 2004 as an independent. ... As with many American elections, Canadians and people from across the western world paid much attention to the 2000 presidential election; however, Canada paid less attention than in previous years. ... Republican holds Republican pickups Democratic holds Democratic pickups The U.S. Senate election, 2000 was an election for United States Senate which coincided with the election of George W. Bush as president. ... This article is about the 2000 presidential campaign of George W. Bush, now the incumbent President of the United States, winner of the 2000 presidential election and re-elected in the 2004 election. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Many elections have been decided by narrow margins of less than 1 vote in 1000 (a margin of victory of less than 0. ... This article covers the history of the United States from 1988 through present. ... The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed and intense presidential elections in American history. ... Holding In the circumstances of this case, any manual recount of votes seeking to meet the December 12 â€œsafe harborâ€ deadline would be unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. ...

References

Books

Vincent Bugliosi (born August 18, 1934 in Hibbing, Minnesota) is an American attorney and author, best known for prosecuting Charles Manson and other defendants accused of the Tate-LaBianca murders. ... The Betrayal of America is a book by Vincent Bugliosi (Thunders Mouth Press, 2001, ISBN 156025355X), arguing that the U.S. Supreme Courts December 12, 2000 5‑4 decision in Bush v. ... Alan Morton Dershowitz (born September 1, 1938) is an American political figure and criminal law professor at Harvard Law School. ... Greg Palast is a New York Times-bestselling author[1] and a journalist for the British Broadcasting Corporation[2] as well as the British newspaper The Observer. ... The Best Democracy Money Can Buy (ISBN 0452283914, Penguin Plume USA) is a 2002 book written by left-wing investigative journalist Greg Palast. ... Bill Sammon is senior White House correspondent for the Washington Examiner (having left the same position at The Washington Times in February 2006), a political analyst for Fox News Channel, and the author of four New York Times bestsellers: At Any Cost: How Al Gore Tried to Steal the Election...

Journal articles

Papers

External links

Navigation

Categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since August 2007 | Cleanup from March 2007 | All pages needing cleanup | United States presidential elections by date Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal United States presidential elections determine who serves as president and vice president of the United... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The United States presidential election of 1789 was the first presidential election in the United States of America. ... The United States presidential election of 1792 was the second presidential election in the United States, and the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors (in addition to newly added states Kentucky and Vermont). ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... In the United States presidential election of 1800, sometimes referred to as the â€œRevolution of 1800â€, Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams. ... Presidential electoral votes by state The U.S. presidential election of 1804 pitted incumbent (Democratic-)Republican President Thomas Jefferson against Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... In the United States presidential election of 1824, John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825 after the election was thrown into the House of Representatives. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... The United States presidential election of 1844 saw Democrat James Knox Polk defeat Whig Henry Clay in a close contest that turned on foreign policy, with Polk favoring the annexation of Texas and Clay opposed. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. ... The United States presidential election of 1864 saw Abraham Lincoln, the Republican running on a coalition ticket, win by a landslide over the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Summary Incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant was easily elected to a second term in office despite a split within the Republican Party that resulted in a defection of many key Republicans to opponent Horace Greeley. ... The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed and intense presidential elections in American history. ... The U.S. presidential election of 1880 was largely seen as a referendum on the Republicans relaxation of Reconstruction efforts in the southern states. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... The United States presidential election of 1916 took place while Europe was embroiled in World War I. Public sentiment in the still neutral United States leaned towards the British and French (allied) forces, due to the harsh treatment of civilians by the German Army, which had invaded and occupied large... The United States presidential election of 1920 was dominated by the aftermath of World War I and the hostile reaction to Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic president. ... The United States presidential election of 1924 was won by incumbent President Calvin Coolidge, the Republican candidate. ... The United States presidential election of 1928 pitted Republican Herbert Hoover against Democrat Al Smith. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... The United States presidential election of 1948 is considered by most historians as the greatest election upset in American history. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... The United States presidential election of 1960 marked the end of Dwight D. Eisenhowers two terms as President. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... The United States presidential election of 1968 was a wrenching national experience, and included the assassination of Democratic candidate Robert F. Kennedy, the violence at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, and widespread demonstrations against the Vietnam War across American university and college campuses. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... The United States presidential election of 1976 followed the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon in the wake of the Watergate scandal. ... The United States presidential election of 1980 featured a contest between incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter and his Republican opponent, Ronald Reagan, along with third party candidates, the independent John B. Anderson and Libertarian Ed Clark. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... The United States presidential election of 1988 featured an open primary for both major parties. ... The United States presidential elections of 1992 featured a battle between Republican George Bush, the incumbent President; Democrat Bill Clinton, the governor of Arkansas; and independent candidate Ross Perot, a Texas businessman. ... Presidential electoral votes. ... The United States presidential election of 2004 was held on Election Day, Tuesday, November 2, 2004. ... The United States presidential election of 2008, scheduled to be held on November 4, 2008, will be the 55th consecutive quadrennial president and vice president of the United States. ... This is an incomplete list of United States presidential election results by state. ... United States presidential election, 2000 detailed results. ... The outcome of the United States presidential election, 2000 was not known for more than a month after the balloting, because of the extended process of counting and then recounting of Florida presidential ballots. ... This article is about the former Vice President of the United States. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... This article is about the 2000 presidential campaign of George W. Bush, now the incumbent President of the United States, winner of the 2000 presidential election and re-elected in the 2004 election. ... Katherine Harris (born April 5, 1957, Key West, Florida) is a former Secretary of State of Florida and member of the US House of Representatives. ... Theresa LePore Theresa LePore is a former Supervisor of Elections for Palm Beach County, Florida. ... David Boies (born March 11, 1941) is a lawyer and a managing partner of Boies, Schiller & Flexner (BSF). ... Theodore Olson Theodore Bevry Olson (born September 11, 1940) was the 42nd United States Solicitor General, serving from June 2001 to July 2004. ... James Addison Baker III (born April 28, 1930) served as the Chief of Staff in President Ronald Reagans first administration, Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 in the second Reagan administration, and Secretary of State in the administration of President George H. W. Bush. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Volusia error is an example of the problems with electronic voting from the 2000 US Presidential election. ... A ballot is a device used to record choices made by voters. ... The Florida Recount of 2000 was a period of vote re-counting that occurred following the unclear results of the 2000 US presidential election. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. ... Gore v. ... Holding In the circumstances of this case, any manual recount of votes seeking to meet the December 12 â€œsafe harborâ€ deadline would be unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. ... The Best Democracy Money Can Buy (ISBN 0452283914, Penguin Plume USA) is a 2002 book written by left-wing investigative journalist Greg Palast. ... The Betrayal of America is a book by Vincent Bugliosi (Thunders Mouth Press, 2001, ISBN 156025355X), arguing that the U.S. Supreme Courts December 12, 2000 5‑4 decision in Bush v. ... Fahrenheit 9/11 is a controversial, award-winning documentary film by American left-wing filmmaker Michael Moore which presents a critical look at the presidency of George W. Bush, the War on Terrorism, and its coverage in the American news media. ... Supreme Injustice: How the High Court Hijacked Election 2000 is a book by Alan M. Dershowitz relating to to the U.S. Presidential Election in 2000. ...

Contents

Nominations GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");