At the time of the American revolution and beyond, the technology and industry of the United States was lagging behind that of its European counterparts, although not by much. In the next century and a half, however, several waves of invention and growth would sweep the fledgeling nation, making its economy one of the largest and most modern in the world. The American continent ranges from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean and includes outlying areas as well. ... This is a timeline of United States history. ... For other American colonies, see European colonization of the Americas or British colonization of the Americas. ... // Era overview In the year AD 1776, war was beginning. ... This article covers the History of the United States from 1789 through 1849. ... This period of U.S history saw the breakdown of the ability of white Americans of the North and South to reconcile fundamental differences in their approach to government, economics, society and African Americans. ... // Era Overview At the end of the Civil War, the United States was still bitterly divided. ... // Red Scare from 1918 to 1921 Main article: Red Scare The roots of the Red Scare lie in the efforts of the U.S. government to suppress dissent and engineer pro-war opinion in the preparation for the American entry into World War I. After the war, fear and hysteria... // Era Overview The period of U.S. history 1945-1964 is seen as a period of foreign and domestic stalemate. ... // Civil rights The assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 changed the political mood of the country. ... // Changing demographics and the growth of the Sun Belt The most widely discussed demographic phenomenon of the 1970s was the rise of the Sun Belt, the Southwest, Southeast, and especially Florida and California (surpassing New York as the nations most populous state in 1964). ... This article covers the history of the United States from 1988 through present. ... This is a list of articles related to the History of the United States. ... The United States have rich and complicated diplomatic histories. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... After expanding across North America in the early and mid-nineteenth century, the United States soon began to expand overseas, emerging after World War II as a leading world power. ... The military history of the United States spans a period of less than two and a half centuries. ... Per-capita GDP from 1790-2005 illustrates huge productivity growth in the US economy. ... The cultural history of the United States is a broad topic, covering or having influence in many of the worlds cultural aspects. ... The history of the Southern United States reaches back thousands of years and included the Mississippian peoples, well known for their mound building. ... This article is the current Esperanza Collaboration of the Month. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ...

Early industrialism

Until the 1820s, the United States was almost completely pre-industrial, with most manufacturing being done in individual households - the British Industrial revolution had not yet begun to trickle into America. The first step in this direction was Francis Cabot Lowell's visit to Britain in 1811, where he managed to memorize the secret to constructing a power loom. He and his associates founded several textile plants in Boston based on this new technology, the most famous of which was created at Lowell, Massachusetts in 1822. The Lowell system employed a large force of "mill girls" living in dormitories in order to run the factory. New England quickly became the home of a growing textile industry, the first area of the United States to feel the effects of industrialization. Industrialized growth also occurred in the Pennsylvania iron industry and the manufacture of small arms. Although America was still for the most part an agricultural nation, the seeds for an industrial base were sown. 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... A Watt steam engine in Madrid. ... , Waltham, Massachusetts Francis Cabot Lowell (April 7, 1775 - April 10, 1817) was the American business man for whom the city of Lowell, Massachusetts, United States is named. ... 1811 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Some of the 1200 power looms at the Plevna factory building, completed in 1877, at the Finlayson & Co cotton mills in Tampere, Finland The power loom was designed in 1784 by Edward Cartwright and first built in 1785. ... Sunday textile market on the sidewalks of Karachi, Pakistan. ... Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1, Athens of America, The Cradle of Revolution, Puritan City, Americas Walking City Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino(D) Area    - City 232. ...   Settled: 1653 â€“ Incorporated: 1826 Zip Code(s): 01852 â€“ Area Code(s): 351 / 978 Official website: http://www. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The states marked in red show New England. ... Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 160 miles (255 km)  - Length 280 miles (455 km)  - % water 2. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... Small arms captured in Fallujah, Iraq by the US Marine Corps in 2004 The term small arms generally describes any number of smaller infantry weapons, such as firearms that an individual soldier can carry. ...

Technology and invention

During the first half of the nineteenth century, from about the 1810s to the 1860s, the direction of American progress began to change. Although factories continued to expand during this period, much greater strides were being taken in invention. The efficiency and quality of American manufacturing and agriculture during this period was improved by a wide range of practical inventions. Here are some of the more important inventors of the period (arranged by approximate order of patent): Events and Trends End of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe (1803 - 1815). ... // Events and trends Technology The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States is built in the six year period between 1863 and 1869. ... An invention an object, patent, process, or technique which displays an element of novelty. ... Manufacturing, a branch of industry which accounts for about one-quarter of the worlds economic activity, is the application of tools and a processing medium to the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale. ... An inventor is a person who creates new inventions, typically technical devices such as mechanical, electrical or software devices or methods. ... A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a patentee (the inventor or assignee) for a fixed period of time in exchange for the regulated, public disclosure of certain details of a device, method, process or composition of matter (substance) (known as an invention) which...

• Richard Chenaworth — Invented the cast-iron plow using three separate pieces, allowing the replacement of individual parts
• John Deere — Invented the steel plow, keeping the soil from sticking to the plow and making it easier to farm in the rich prairies of the Midwest
• Eli Whitney — Invented both the cotton gin, which made cotton a profitable stable crop in the South, and the jig for guiding tools, which was a major step towards the development of interchangeable parts
• Samuel Colt — Invented the revolver, the first repeating pistol
• Samuel Morse — Invented the telegraph, revolutionizing long-range communication
• Elisha Otis — Invented the passenger elevator, which would eventually allow for the development of skyscrapers
• George Pullman — Created the Pullman sleeping car, the first train car made for long-distance travel

General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... For the constellation known as The Plough see Ursa Major. ... John Deere For information on the John Deere manufacturing company, please see the Deere & Company article. ... The old Steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon content between 0. ... Prairie refers to an area of land of low topographic relief that historically supported grasses and herbs, with few trees, and having generally a mesic (moderate or temperate) climate. ... The Midwest is a common name for a region of the United States of America. ... Eli Whitney Elias (Eli) Whitney (December 8, 1765, Westborough, Massachusetts – January 8, 1825, New Haven, Connecticut) was an American manufacturer. ... Cotton gin The cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seedpods and the sometimes sticky seeds. ... Cotton ready for harvest. ... The jig (sometimes seen in its French language or Italian language forms gigue or giga) is a folk dance type as well as the accompanying dance tune type, popular in Ireland and Scotland. ... Samuel Colt (19th century engraving) God created men; Colonel Colt made them equal. ... rEVOLVEr (2004) is the fourth studio album release by Swedish thrash metal band The Haunted. ... A Browning 9 millimeter Hi-Power Ordnance pistol of the French Navy, 19th century, using a Percussion cap mechanism Derringers were small and easily hidden. ... Portrait of Samuel F. B. Morse by Mathew Brady, between 1855 and 1865 Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American inventor, and painter of portraits and historic scenes; he is most famous for inventing the electric telegraph and Morse code. ... Telegraphy (from the Greek words tele = far away and grapho = write) is the long distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters, originally over wire. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A set of elevators or lifts, in the lower level of a London Underground station. ... George Mortimer Pullman (March 3, 1831 – October 19, 1897) was an American inventor and industrialist. ... The interior of a Pullman car on the Chicago and Alton Railroad circa 1900. ...

Post-Civil War industrialism

During the last half of the nineteenth century, after the American Civil War, United States industry began to boom at an unheard-of rate. Northern business entrepreneurs flourished - their main domestic rivals, the Southern planter class, no longer had political power, the tariff was high, and government on every level was eager to see the expansion of business. The changes that these innovators created in American society had a swift and dramatic influence. Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Lincoln, President Ulysses S. Grant, General Jefferson Davis, President Robert E. Lee, General Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action... A tariff is a tax on foreign goods. ...

Railroads

Railroads were necessary to transport goods throughout the country. People in the south would transport cotton, which had become a big industry due to the invention of the cotton gin, and other goods, and the north would buy them or use them to trade with Britain. Cotton gin The cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seedpods and the sometimes sticky seeds. ...

Moreover, the railroads were a crucial link between the First Industrial Revolution and the Second Industrial Revolution. While the First Industrial Revolution created the factory which began the concept of large scale production, it was railroads which provided the convenient, inexpensive and reliable transportation network so necessary for the full expression of the concept of Industrial Revolution. Using the mass distribution provided by railroads, the Second Industrial Revolution was able to realize the ultimate industrial goal of mass production. A Watt steam engine in Madrid. ... The Second Industrial Revolution (1871–1914) involved significant developments for society and the world. ...

• Trunklines – Baltimore and Ohio Erie Railroad Pennsylvania Railroad

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad or B&O was a 19th century railroad which operated in the east coast of the United States and was the first railroad to offer commercial transportation of both people and freight. ... The Erie Railroad (AAR reporting mark ERIE) was a railroad that operated in New York State, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, connecting New York City with Lake Erie, and extending west to Cleveland, Ohio, Cincinnati, Ohio and Chicago, Illinois. ... 1893 map The Pennsylvania Railroad (AAR reporting mark PRR) was an American railroad that was founded in 1846 and merged in 1968 into Penn Central Transportation. ...

Growth of corporations

1920s

• Henry Ford
  • Model T
  • Assembly line