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The Universal Life Church (or ULC) is a religious organization that offers anyone semi-immediate ordination as a ULC minister free of charge. The organization states that anyone can become a minister immediately, without having to go through the pre-ordination process required by other religious faiths. However the ordination application must be checked by a human in order to be official, therefore true ordination usually takes a few days. This organization, its ordinations, and its honorary doctorates (many of which do not require fulfilling any academic course or standard of achievement), are not generally recognized by larger traditional churches. Image File history File links Information. ...
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Ordination is the process in which clergy become authorized by their religious denomination and/or seminary to perform religious rituals and ceremonies. ...
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An Honorary degree (Latin: honoris causa ad gradum) is a degree awarded to someone by an institution that he or she may have never attended, it may be a bachelors, masters or doctorate degree - however, the latter is most common. ...
History
An example of the ULC credentials The ULC was founded in 1959 under the name "Life Church" by the Reverend Kirby J. Hensley. Disappointed with the Pentecostal church, Hensley decided to venture on his own to find his religion. After five years of studying various religions, according to his own statements, Hensley concluded that the proper religion may differ for each man, and everyone is entitled to choose his or her own religion. No one should be criticized or condemned for wanting to practice the belief of his or her choice. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1488x1184, 362 KB) Summary mine, thus i assume allowed Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1488x1184, 362 KB) Summary mine, thus i assume allowed Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Kirby James Hensley The President and Founder of The Universal Life Churches Reverend Kirby James Hensley, born 23July1911, in the mountains of western North Carolina. ...
The Pentecostal movement within Protestant Christianity places special emphasis on the gifts of the Holy Spirit. ...
In 1959, Hensley, with the help of his new wife, Lida, moved to Modesto, California and founded the first Universal Life Church as "Life Church", later incorporating with the State of California on the 2 May 1962 as "Universal Life Church". Hensley served as the minister of the congregation and President of the Board of Directors until his death in 1999, at which time there were many independent branches of the ULC worldwide. The Modesto congregation grew rapidly over the years. The Church spread throughout the West Coast, and today claims to have congregations located all over the United States and parts of Canada and many other parts of the world. The organization also claims to have a membership of 22 million ULC ministers worldwide. Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Modesto is the county seat of Stanislaus County in the U.S. state of California. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ...
May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ...
Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. ...
In relation to a company, a director is an officer (that is, someone who works for the company) charged with the conduct and management of its affairs. ...
This article is about the year. ...
Regional definitions vary from source to source. ...
During the 1960s and 1970s, many people became ministers in the ULC because they believed that being a minister either would help keep them from being drafted into military service during the Vietnam War or would enable them to get income tax relief as members of the clergy. Both of these beliefs have always been false, as merely being ordained does not exempt one from being drafted and ministers as individuals receive no tax benefit; only churches themselves are tax exempt. Ministers do have the choice of choosing not to pay social security taxes. However, once one has opted out of social security, one is never again allowed to receive social security benefits. Also, this law only applies to ministers whose income actually comes from religious services. “Conscript†redirects here. ...
Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000...
Tax rates around the world Tax revenue as % of GDP Economic policy Monetary policy Central bank Money supply Fiscal policy Spending Deficit Debt Trade policy Tariff Trade agreement Finance Financial market Financial market participants Corporate Personal Public Banking Regulation An income tax is a tax levied on the financial income...
A tax exemption is an exemption to the tax law of a state or nation in which part of the taxes that would normally be collected from an individual or an organization are instead forgone. ...
Social security primarily refers to a field of social welfare service concerned with social protection, or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment, families with children and others. ...
Social security primarily refers to a field of social welfare service concerned with social protection, or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment, families with children and others. ...
Upon Reverend Kirby Hensley's death, his wife Lida Hensley was elected and served as President until her death in 2006. On January 14th of 2007, the ULC's Board of Directors elected the Hensley's son André Hensley as President. André had previously been the office manager of the Headquarters, running the day to day business of the Church. Photo of Kirby and Lida Hensley Lida Hensley (January 14, 1925 - December 31, 2006) was the wife of Kirby J. Hensley and was for a period of seven years the President of the Universal Life Church from 1999 - 2006. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
January 14 is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
In relation to a company, a director is an officer (that is, someone who works for the company) charged with the conduct and management of its affairs. ...
Ordination and ULC clergy Actual ordination in the Universal Life Church is free, and what makes the ordination complete is its registry with the home church. People are drawn to the church for many different reasons. Some, including many who have already been ordained into the ranks of more traditional churches, join the ULC in order to express their support for the church's mission to preserve and protect freedom of religion. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guarantees freedom of religion, as long as religious activities do not infringe on public order in ways detrimental to society. ...
Others become ordained in order to officiate at the wedding of a friend or loved one. A number of ULC Ministers have become full-time independent wedding and funeral officiants after being ordained through the ULC, and some pursue advanced degrees in a related field to advance their religious education. Nuptial is the adjective of wedding. It is used for example in zoology to denote plumage, coloration, behavior, etc related to or occurring in the mating season. ...
Some people have turned to the Universal Life Church for ordination after being denied by their own church due to their gender or sexual orientation. Gender in common usage refers to the sexual distinction between male and female. ...
Sexual orientation refers to the direction of an individuals sexuality, normally conceived of as falling into several significant categories based around the sex or gender that the individual finds attractive. ...
Imitators have sprung up that charge a fee for ordination, either selling the free ULC ordination to unsuspecting new converts through sites like eBay, or by creating a knock-off of the ULC model in establishing similar churches. eBay headquarters in San Jose eBay North First Street satellite office campus (home to PayPal) eBay Inc. ...
Unlike most spin-off churches, the ULC holds weekly church services in a historic church building. ULC ministers are authorized by the church to officiate weddings and funerals, perform baptisms, hold services (also called meetings), and other sacraments and rites regularly performed by ordained members of clergy and part of the particular belief system the minister represents. In Christianity, a church service is a term used to describe a formalized period of worship, often but not exclusively occurring on Sunday, or Saturday in the case of a church practicing Sabbatarianism. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Underwater funeral in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea A funeral is a ceremony marking a persons death. ...
Baptism is a water purification ritual practiced in certain religions such as Christianity, Mandaeanism, Sikhism, and some historic sects of Judaism. ...
A ritual is a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value, which is prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community. ...
A rite is an established, ceremonious, usually religious act. ...
Advanced degrees The Universal Life Church offers a variety of doctorates, such as Doctor of Divinity, Doctor of Universal Life, and so forth.[1] Generally these doctorates require the recipient to take one or more courses, pay a modest fee, and in some cases pass a test. For example, the Doctor of Immortality degree is awarded upon the candidate reading the book "A New Life - Do You Want It?" by the Reverend Hensley, correctly answering 75% of a set of questions based on the book, and donating at least $29.99 US dollars.
Beliefs Dedicated ULC members state that they truly believe in freedom of religion. In other words, they want every member to be able to pursue their own spiritual beliefs without interference from the government, church agencies, or any other outside agency. Their one creed (or doctrine) is The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guarantees freedom of religion, as long as religious activities do not infringe on public order in ways detrimental to society. ...
It has been suggested that Ecclesia (Church) be merged into this article or section. ...
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Controversy, criticism, lawsuits, and taxes A major criticism of the ULC is that it accepts all peaceful religious beliefs, holds no views of its own, and is therefore not a "true" church. Various religious groups have spoken out against its practice of immediate ordination without any requirements, suggesting that such an ordination is not even worth the paper it is printed on. Supporters of "open ordination" point out that none of the founders of the world's major religions had advanced religious training. The disciples of Christ were mostly fishermen, for example. They also point to the Bible itself as authority, citing John 15:16 (KJV) as evidence that ordination has already been granted from God, from the beginning, and that the church merely records the ordination in the official records as a means by which worldly governments will acknowledge it. This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ...
This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ...
This page is about the version of the Bible; for the Harvey Danger album, see King James Version (album). ...
John 15:16 - Ye have not chosen me, but I have chosen you, and ordained you, that ye should go and bring forth fruit, and [that] your fruit should remain: that whatsoever ye shall ask of the Father in my name, he may give it you. In 2002 the Church sued the state of Utah regarding the legality of its Internet-based ordination process. Utah had passed a law banning ministers ordained by mail or over the Internet from officiating legal marriage. The court ruled in favor of the Church, declaring the statute unconstitutional and permanently barring the state from enforcing it, noting among other things that there is essentially no difference between an Internet-based application or mail-order application and one sent by courier, fax machine, phone, or done in person. Had the law been allowed to stand, it may well have had the unintended consequence of "defrocking" many ministers from traditional churches for purposes of officiating marriage, for the ULC is not the only church to conduct such business via U.S. mail. Also see: 2002 (number). ...
This article is about the U.S. state. ...
Marriage is an interpersonal relationship with governmental, social, or religious recognition, usually intimate and sexual, and often created as a contract, or through civil process. ...
The cover of the first Eatons catalog, published in 1884. ...
To defrock a priest is to deprive him of the right to exercise the functions of the priestly office. ...
USPS and Usps redirect here. ...
The United States government was, for a period of time, concerned that perhaps the Church had been founded as a way for Hensley to avoid paying taxes. In 1985, the ULC began a series of court battles against the IRS to prove its legitimacy as a church. The courts ruled that like any tax exempt organization, the ULC would qualify for exempt status year-by-year, based on its financial activities within the tax period. The ULC Headquarters was subsequently found to be tax exempt for some years and not in others. Tax exemption can only apply to organizations and not individual ministers. Each congregation within the ULC is legally independent and would require to establish its own exemption via 501(c)3 or rely on existing tax statutes to determine tax exempt status without regard to the Headquarters or any other ULC entity. The three main ULC sites all currently are not 501(c)3. The government of the United States, established by the United States Constitution, is a federal republic of 50 states, a few territories and some protectorates. ...
Seal of the Internal Revenue Service Tax rates around the world Tax revenue as % of GDP Part of the Taxation series “IRS†redirects here. ...
501(c) is a provision of the United States Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 501(c)), listing twenty-eight types of non-profit organizations exempt from some Federal income taxes. ...
Authority to solemnize marriage and other rites of the church A large number of people seeking ULC Ordination do so in order to be able to legally officiate at weddings or perform other spiritual rites. This aspect of the ULC has provided relief to interfaith couples experiencing difficulty in getting their union performed in a religious atmosphere. Some people living in remote areas also use their status as ordained ULC ministers to meet the marriage officiant needs of their communities. Interreligious marriage, traditionally (especially in the Catholic Church) called mixed marriage, is marriage (either religious or civil) between partners professing different religions. ...
Within the USA, all 50 states theoretically authorize ministers who are ordained and authorized by their church to officiate marriages. In most states, ordination as a minister is the only requirement for a minister to be able to officiate lawful weddings. Some states require additional documentation, such as a "letter of good standing" or that the minister present his or her credential of ordination and register. One state also requires that the minister must be a US citizen, and some states specify that the minister must be at least 18 years of age (although this is probably a presumed requirement in all states, since the minister will attest to a legal document). Ordination is the process in which clergy become authorized by their religious denomination and/or seminary to perform religious rituals and ceremonies. ...
// Possession of Citizenship U.S. citizens have the right to participate in the political system of the United States (with reservations for prisoners, ex-prisoners, and naturalized persons), are represented and protected abroad by the United States (through U.S. embassies and consulates), and are allowed to reside in the...
Legal instrument is a legal term of art that is used for any written legal document such as a certificate, a deed, a will, an Act of Parliament or a law passed by a competent legislative body in municipal (domestic) or international law. ...
Some states do not even require actual ordination, but permit those who declare themselves to be ministers to officiate marriage. ULC Ministers wishing to perform legal weddings should refer to the local authority in the jurisdiction where the marriage is to occur for specific information about jurisdictional issues and requirements. [2] This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Outside of the USA, some countries are very liberal in this regard. Japan, for example, will recognize anyone who claims him- or herself to be a minister, regardless of church affiliation. Many developing countries are also quite liberal in their restrictions and definitions. A developing country is a country with low average income compared to the world average. ...
On the other hand, several major countries are quite restrictive. In Canada, ULC ministers have been authorized to solemnize marriage only in a few local jurisdictions. In many other major countries, ULC ministers have no authority to solemnize lawful marriage. Some ministers avoid this complication by meeting requirements to solemnize a civil ceremony, which might include being registered as a notary public or a justice of the peace. In some places, such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Afghanistan, religion and government are one, and anyone caught promoting a religious practice outside of the government complex can be subjected to severe punishment. A US Embossed Notary Seal. ...
A justice of the peace (JP) is a puisne judicial officer appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace. ...
In some countries of continental Europe, as well as Turkey and the countries of the former Soviet Union, marriages performed by any religious authority, even of more traditional variety, are not recognized by the state. In such countries, legal marriage is defined strictly as the result of a civil ceremony, and religious rites have no legal significance. Couples often hold a religious ceremony in a church, at which a ULC minister can preside with equal authority to any other priest (which is to say, none). The marriage can become legally binding later when it is conducted at a civil ceremony at the appropriate government office. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
The Universal Life Church authorizes its ordained ministers to perform weddings, baptisms, and funerals. They may hold meetings and/or services. The church allows its ministers to perform other rites and sacraments to fulfill the needs of the congregation as well. The church also has a course which qualifies its ministers to provide religious counseling upon completion. The word counseling or counselling comes from the Middle English counseil, from Old French conseil, from Latin cÅnsilium; akin to cÅnsulere, to take counsel, consult. ...
Famous ULC ministers See List of Ministers of the Universal Life Church This is a list of notable ministers of the Universal Life Church. ...
Court cases involving the ULC's legal status
US Cases The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...
Utah - Universal Life Church vs. the State of Utah, 2002PDF (3.67 MiB) -- Internet-based minister ordination declared valid
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A mebibyte (a contraction of mega binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, abbreviated MiB. 1 MiB = 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 kibibytes 1 MiB = 1024 (= 210) kibibytes (KiB), and 1024 MiB equal one gibibyte (GiB). ...
Virginia - Cramer v Commonwealth of VirginiaPDF (3.67 MiB) The Supreme Court of Virginia held that a trial court did not err by rescinding the authority of ULC "ministers" to perform marriages based on Virginia Code section 20-23. The Court stated: "[w]e do not believe that the General Assembly ever intended to qualify, for licensing to marry, a minister whose title and status could be so casually and cavalierly acquired." 214 Va. 561, 567 (1974).
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A mebibyte (a contraction of mega binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, abbreviated MiB. 1 MiB = 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 kibibytes 1 MiB = 1024 (= 210) kibibytes (KiB), and 1024 MiB equal one gibibyte (GiB). ...
New York - Ranieri v Ranieri (New York State)PDF (11.4 MiB) Marriage annulled on basis that ULC minister lacked qualifications under New York Statutes (no congregation and not appointed by head of ecclesiastical order.)
- Ravenal v Ravenal (New York State)PDF (3.56 MiB) Marriage annulled on basis ULC minister lacked actual church or stated meeting place.
- Rubino v City of New YorkPDF (1.94 MiB) New York City right to deny license to ULC ministers upheld.
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A mebibyte (a contraction of mega binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, abbreviated MiB. 1 MiB = 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 kibibytes 1 MiB = 1024 (= 210) kibibytes (KiB), and 1024 MiB equal one gibibyte (GiB). ...
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A mebibyte (a contraction of mega binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, abbreviated MiB. 1 MiB = 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 kibibytes 1 MiB = 1024 (= 210) kibibytes (KiB), and 1024 MiB equal one gibibyte (GiB). ...
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A mebibyte (a contraction of mega binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, abbreviated MiB. 1 MiB = 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 kibibytes 1 MiB = 1024 (= 210) kibibytes (KiB), and 1024 MiB equal one gibibyte (GiB). ...
North Carolina - Lynch v. Universal Life Church (North Carolina)PDF (7.62 MiB) Individual accuses ULC of fraud, wins in district court.
- Fulton v. Vickery (North Carolina)PDF (22.2 KiB) Marriage by ULC minister upheld since marriage occurred prior to July 3, 1981 (see NC § 51-1.1)
- State of North Carolina v. LynchPDF (8.00 MiB) State convicts person married by ULC minister of bigomy in second marriage.
- ULC marriages prior to July 3, 1981 are validated. (NC § 51-1.1.) Marriages solemized after July 3, 1981 are questionable in legality due to the above case law
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A mebibyte (a contraction of mega binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, abbreviated MiB. 1 MiB = 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 kibibytes 1 MiB = 1024 (= 210) kibibytes (KiB), and 1024 MiB equal one gibibyte (GiB). ...
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A mebibyte (a contraction of mega binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, abbreviated MiB. 1 MiB = 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 kibibytes 1 MiB = 1024 (= 210) kibibytes (KiB), and 1024 MiB equal one gibibyte (GiB). ...
Mississippi The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A mebibyte (a contraction of mega binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, abbreviated MiB. 1 MiB = 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 kibibytes 1 MiB = 1024 (= 210) kibibytes (KiB), and 1024 MiB equal one gibibyte (GiB). ...
Opinions of Attorneys General Regarding the ULC's Legal Status The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A mebibyte (a contraction of mega binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, abbreviated MiB. 1 MiB = 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 kibibytes 1 MiB = 1024 (= 210) kibibytes (KiB), and 1024 MiB equal one gibibyte (GiB). ...
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A mebibyte (a contraction of mega binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, abbreviated MiB. 1 MiB = 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 kibibytes 1 MiB = 1024 (= 210) kibibytes (KiB), and 1024 MiB equal one gibibyte (GiB). ...
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ...
A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...
References - Ordained for the occasion
- Ashmore, Lewis (1977). The Modesto messiah: The famous mail-order minister. Universal Press. ISBN 0-9189-5001-5.
Lewis Ashmore was a member of the Board of Directors of the Universal Life Church founded by Kirby Hensley[1]. He runs a church in Tehachapi, California. ...
Notes - ^ http://www.skepticfiles.org/aj/courses.htm
- ^ Correll Law Marriage Laws Site http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/Table_Marriage.htm
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