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The Universal Product Code (UPC) is one of a wide variety of bar code languages called symbologies. The UPC was the original barcode widely used in the United States and Canada for items in stores. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A store is an enclosure for holding articles. ... Contents 1 History 2 Current code 3 U.P.C. Prefixes 4 Check Digit Calculation 5 Representation 6 Expansion 7 Superstition 8 External links 9 References [edit] History Wallace Flint proposed an automated checkout system in 1932 using punch cards. [1] Joseph Woodland patented a bull's-eye style code in 1952 and the first commercial use of barcodes was in 1966. [2] Wikipedia encoded in Code 128_B A barcode (also bar code) is a machine-readable representation of information in a visual format on a surface. ... In 1970 Logicon Inc. created the Universal Grocery Products Identification Code (UGPIC). In 1970 it was used by Monarch Marking in the United States and Plessey Telecommunications in the United Kingdom. [3] A group of grocery industry trade associations formed the Uniform Grocery Product Code Council which with consulting firm McKinsey & Company defined the predecessor to the Uniform Product Code. In 1973 George J. Laurer developed the Universal Product Code.[4] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... George J. Laurer developed the Uniform Product Code in 1973. ... The first item to be placed under a UPC scanner in a retail store was a 10-pack of Wrigley's Chewing Gum at a Marsh Supermarket in Troy, Ohio, on June 26, 1974.[1] Drawing of a self-service store. ... The Wm. ... Chewing gum Chewing gum is a type of confectionery which is designed to be chewed instead of swallowed. ... Marsh Supermarkets NASDAQ: MARSA NASDAQ: MARSB is a retail food chain headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, with stores throughout Indiana and parts of Ohio. ... Troy is a city in Miami County, Ohio, United States. ... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 188 days remaining. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... [edit] Current code In the UPC-A barcode, each digit is represented by a seven-bit sequence, encoded by a series of alternating bars and spaces. Guard bars, shown in green, separate the two groups of six digits. The UPC encodes twelve decimal digits as SLLLLLLMRRRRRRE, where S (start) and E (end) are the bit pattern 101, M (middle) is the bit pattern 01010 (called guard bars), and each L (left) and R (right) are digits, each one represented by a seven-bit code. This is a total of 95 bits. The bit pattern for each numeral is designed to be as little like the others as possible, and to have no more than four 1s or 0s in order. Both are for reliability in scanning. Illustration of how the numbers are encoded in an EAN.UCC-12 Universal Product Code. ... Illustration of how the numbers are encoded in an EAN.UCC-12 Universal Product Code. ... For other senses of the word code, see code (disambiguation). ... In mathematics and computer science, a numerical digit is a symbol, e. ... A bit (binary digit) refers to a digit in the binary numeral system, which consists of base 2 digits (ie. ... Reliability concerns quality or consistency. ... The UPC is only numerals, with no letters or other characters. The first L digit is the U.P.C. Prefix. The last digit R is a check digit, so that errors in scanning or manual entry can be detected. A numeral is a symbol or group of symbols that represents a number. ... A Specimen of typeset fonts and languages, by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ... A check digit is a form of redundancy check used for error detection, the decimal equivalent of a binary checksum. ... [edit] U.P.C. Prefixes 0, 1, 6, 7, 8, or 9 for most products 2 reserved for local use (store/warehouse), for items sold by variable weight. Variable-weight items, such as meats and fresh fruits and vegetables, are assigned a UPC by the store if they are packaged there. In this case, the LLLLL is the item number, and the _RRRR is either the weight or the price, with the first R determining which. 3 drugs by National Drug Code number. Pharmaceuticals in the U.S. have the remainder of the UPC as their National Drug Code (NDC) number; though usually only over-the-counter drugs are scanned at point-of-sale, NDC-based UPCs are used on prescription drug packages as well for inventory purposes. 4 reserved for local use (store/warehouse), often for loyalty cards 5 coupons, though many stores ignore this and use others. Likewise, coupons are supposed to have the coupon code in LLLLL, the amount to be taken off in _RRRR, and whether that amount is a percent or a literal amount encoded in the first R. By prefixing these with a 0, they become EAN-13 rather than UPC-A. This does not change the check digit. All point-of-sale systems can now understand both equally. In the physical sciences, weight is a measurement of the gravitational force acting on an object. ... Flesh redirects here. ... Fruit stall in Barcelona, Spain. ... Vegetables in a market Venn diagram representing the relationship between (botanical) fruits and vegetables. ... Oral medication Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world. ... Each medication listed under Section 510 of the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is assigned a unique 10-digit, 3-segment number. ... United States is the current Good Article Collaboration of the week! Please help to improve this article to the highest of standards. ... Each medication listed under Section 510 of the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is assigned a unique 10-digit, 3-segment number. ... Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines that may be sold without a prescription and without a visit to a medical professional, in contrast to prescription drugs. ... A prescription drug (or POM Prescription Only Medicine, in UK) is a licensed medicine that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained. ... In marketing generally and in retailing more specifically, a loyalty card, rewards card, points card, or club card is a plastic card, visually similar to a credit card or debit card, that identifies the card holder as a member in a commercial incentives programme. ... In marketing a coupon is a ticket or document that can be exchanged for a financial discount or rebate when purchasing a product. ... A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion, a ratio or a fraction as a whole number, by using 100 as the denominator. ... European Article Numbering-Uniform Code Council (EAN-UCC) is the international organization of product barcodes that are printed on almost everything that is sold in stores worldwide. ... A check digit is a form of redundancy check used for error detection, the decimal equivalent of a binary checksum. ... Point of sale at a Wal-Mart store. ... [edit] Check Digit Calculation In the UPC-A system, the check digit is calculated as follows: Add the digits in the odd-numbered positions (first, third, fifth, etc.) together and multiply by three. Add the digits in the even-numbered positions (second, fourth, sixth, etc.) to the result. Subtract the result modulo 10 from ten. The answer modulo 10 is the check digit. For instance, a UPC-A barcode (In this case, a UPC for a box of tissues) "03600029145X" where X is the check digit, X can be calculated by adding the odd-numbered digits (0+6+0+2+1+5 = 14), multiplying by three (14 × 3 = 42), adding the even-numbered digits (42+3+0+0+9+4 = 58), calculating modulo 10 (58 mod 10 = 8), subtracting from ten (10 - 8 = 2) and making modulo 10 (2 mod 10 = 2). The check digit is thus 2. A biological tissue is a group of biological cells that perform a similar function. ... [edit] Representation In the barcode, each number is represented by two bar and space configurations. One configuration is used in the "L" digits, while another is used in the "R" digits. This is done so that the barcode can be scanned forwards or backwards, and the scanner can determine from which direction the code is being scanned so that it can be registered correctly. If it were not for this, products could easily be registered incorrectly. Each digit in UPC-A has two forms. In EAN there are two additional forms so that each digit can be encoded with even or odd parity. For instance, the number 6 can be encoded as: A typical EAN-13 barcode A European Article Number (EAN) is a barcoding standard which is a superset of the original 12-digit Universal Product Code (UPC) system developed in North America. ... 0101111 (In the left half of a UPC-A barcode, or odd parity in the left half of an EAN barcode) 1010000 (In the right half of a UPC-A barcode, or odd parity in the right half of an EAN barcode) 0000101 (In even parity in the left half of an EAN barcode) 1111010 (In even parity in the right half of an EAN barcode) The first and second forms are the one's complement of each other, as are the third and fourth. In mathematics, signed numbers in some arbitrary base is done in the usual way, by prefixing it with a - sign. ... The (L) codes for the ten digits are: 0: 0001101 1: 0011001 2: 0010011 3: 0111101 4: 0100011 5: 0110001 6: 0101111 7: 0111011 8: 0110111 9: 0001011 The (R) codes are simply the one's complement of the (L) codes. The (R) codes: 0: 1110010 1: 1100110 2: 1101100 3: 1000010 4: 1011100 5: 1001110 6: 1010000 7: 1000100 8: 1001000 9: 1110100 Company Prefixes are assigned by a GS1 Member Organization, which is now using longer company codes (with shorter item codes) for smaller companies. GS1 is a global organization dedicated to the design and implementation of global standards and solutions to improve the efficiency and visibility of supply and demand chains globally and across multiple sectors. ... If you want to read barcodes yourself and not need to count one, zero, zero, one..., or have to memorize those, there is an easier "code" to reading barcodes. The bars and spaces in barcodes have four different lengths, or values. A digit in a UPC barcode consists of two spaces and 2 bars, the lengths of the digit always equalling seven. The lengths can be called 1, 2, 3 and 4. 1 is the thinnest, 2 is twice as wide as 1, 3 is as wide as three 1 bars, and 4 is the widest, equal to four 1 bars, or two 2 bars. (L) codes: 0 : 3-2-1-1 1 : 2-2-2-1 2 : 2-1-2-2 3 : 1-4-1-1 4 : 1-1-3-2 5 : 1-2-3-1 6 : 1-1-1-4 7 : 1-3-1-2 8 : 1-2-1-3 9 : 3-1-1-2 For example, let's say the first digit in a barcode, after the 1-1-1 start code, is one. You would see a space 2 long, a bar 2 long, a space 2 long, and a bar 1 long. After the first six digits, there are five 1's (space bar space bar space), this is to make sure the barcode ends in a bar, not a space. After that, the digits on the right start with a bar and end with a space, the inverse of the digits on the left. Then the ending 1-1-1 sequence, which is bar-space-bar again. [edit] Expansion EAN was developed as a superset of UPC, adding an extra digit to the beginning so that there would be plenty of numbers for the entire world. The prefix digit 0 has been reserved for UPC, and in fact the Uniform Code Council has mandated all retail systems be able to recognize both UPC and EAN by January 1, 2005. This means that products marked with an EAN will be accepted in the US and Canada in addition to those products already marked with a UPC. Any product marked with a UPC does not have to be remarked with an EAN. In addition, this also expands the numbers available for the U.S. and Canada by 40%, adding 10 to 13 to the 00 to 09 (0 to 9 in UPC) already in use. A is a subset of B, and B is a superset of A. In mathematics, especially in set theory, a set A is a subset of a set B, if A is contained inside B. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion. ... In linguistics, a prefix is a type of affix that precedes the morphemes to which it can attach. ... European Article Numbering-Uniform Code Council (EAN-UCC) is the international organization of product barcodes that are printed on almost everything that is sold in stores worldwide. ... Mandate can mean: An obligation handed down by an inter-governmental body; see mandate (international law) The power granted by an electorate; see mandate (politics) A League of Nations mandate To some Christians, an order from God; see mandate (theology) The decision of an appeals court; see mandate (law) The... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... [edit] Superstition In Greece during the time when the Schengen treaty was a hot topic in the news, opponents of the treaty started a fear campaign that referenced the UPC code. Flyers were pasted around town in Athens describing how the Schengen treaty was a sign that the world was coming to an end, citing that everyone would wear the number 666 on their forehead in the form of a national ID barcode, and equating this assertion to biblical references in the Book of Revelation as a sign of the times. First, these flyers would explain that in "computer language", the number 6 was represented by two thin bars, and would point to an example of the R side number 6 in the UPC code. The flyers would go on to relate these to the two thin bars at the beginning, middle, and end of each barcode, and equate these to the number 666. [2] Schengen Treaty members are in dark blue, while signatories (where it is not yet implemented) are in light blue. ... Evzones Athens (Greek: Αθήνα, Athína IPA: ) is the capital and largest city of Greece. ... God is victorious! Visions of John of Patmos, as depicted in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. ... [edit] External links I Need a U.P.C. For My Product(s) 25th Anniversary Review of U.P.C. Impact (pdf download) GS1 Check Digit Calculator George J. Laurer's personal web site — Extensive info from the inventor of the UPC barcode. The Barcode FAQ — Links to barcode related white papers. The Internet UPC Database How to Read 12 Digit UPC Barcodes - WikiHow UPC-A Encoding — Learn how it works, see how it converts to a barcode. UPC Wiki — A wiki product catalog of barcodes and retail goods. [edit] References ^ Alan Q. Morton (1994). "Packaging history: The emergence of the Uniform Product Code (UPC) in the United States". History and Technology 11 (1): 101. ^ Quark, Strangeness, and Charm Electronic ID, microchipping, the mark of the beast - some possible explanations Categories: Barcodes | Checksum algorithms | Identifiers | Universal Identifiers | Supply chain management

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	Universal Product Code - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (1265 words) The UPC was the original barcode widely used in the United States and Canada for items in stores. The first item to be placed under a UPC scanner in a retail store was a 10-pack of Wrigley's Juicy Fruit chewing gum at a Marsh supermarket in Troy, Ohio, on June 26, 1974. The prefix digit 0 has been reserved for UPC, and in fact the Uniform Code Council has mandated all retail systems be able to recognize both UPC and EAN by January 1, 2005. Universal Product Code - definition of Universal Product Code in Encyclopedia (791 words) The UPC invented by Deepak (Universal Product Code) was the original barcode widely used in the United States and Canada for items in stores. The first item to ever be placed under a UPC scanner in a retail store is a 10-pack of Wrigley's Juicy Fruit chewing gum at Marsh's supermarket in Troy, Ohio, June 24, 1974. The prefix digit 0 has been reserved for UPC, and in fact the Uniform Code Council has mandated all retail systems be able to recognize UPC and EAN together by the end of 2004.
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