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For others meanings of universal or universality, see Universal page. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...
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Look up universal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Universality is the quality ascribed to that which is universal, and considered then as in existence everywhere, throughout the Universe. In philosophy, universalism is a doctrine or school in which it is claimed that universal facts can be discovered and which is understood then as being in opposition to relativism. This sense of universal is more restricted, in that it refers to what is universal amongst humans. Rights, for example in natural rights, or in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, for those heavily influenced by the philosophy of the Enlightenment and its conception of a human nature, could be considered as universal. The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights is inspired by such principles. Universalism refers to any concept or doctrine that applies to all persons and/or all things for all times and in all situations. ...
Compare Moral relativism, Aesthetic relativism, Social constructionism and Cultural relativism. ...
Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) in the family Hominidae (the great apes). ...
For the direction right, see left and right or starboard. ...
Natural rights are universal rights that are seen as inherent in the nature of people and not contingent on human actions or beliefs. ...
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: Revolutionary patriotism borrows familiar iconography of the Ten Commandments Wikisource has original text related to this article: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: La...
The Age of Enlightenment (French: ; German: ) was an eighteenth-century movement in European and American philosophy, or the longer period including the Age of Reason. ...
For other uses, see Human nature (disambiguation). ...
Bold text Eleanor Roosevelt with the Spanish version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. ...
In logic, or the consideration of valid arguments, a proposition is said to have universality if it can be conceived as being true in all possible contexts without creating a contradiction. Some philosophers have referred to such propositions as universalizable. Truth is considered to be universal if it is valid in all times and places. In this case, it is seen as eternal or as absolute. The relativist conception denies the existence of universal truths (there being grades of relativism), though relativists generally deny the existence of universal moral values, (thus moral relativists). Mathematics is a field in which those truths discovered, in relation to the field of mathematics, are considerered of universal scope. Usage of the word truth has various domains of application, relativism does not necessarily apply to all of them. This article is about the word proposition as it is used in logic, philosophy, and linguistics. ...
Broadly speaking, a contradiction is an incompatibility between two or more statements, ideas, or actions. ...
The concept of universalizability is one which was set out by the 19th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant as part of his work, the Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals. ...
A common dictionary definition of truth is agreement with fact or reality.[1] There is no single definition of truth about which the majority of philosophers agree. ...
Eternal can refer to: The British R&B group Eternal Eternals, the Marvel Comics characters created by Jack Kirby The eternity puzzle The concept of eternity The philosophical notion of the incorporeal, or immaterial realm. ...
Look up absolute in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Compare Moral relativism, Aesthetic relativism, Social constructionism and Cultural relativism. ...
In philosophy, moral relativism is the position that moral or ethical propositions do not reflect objective and/or universal moral truths, but instead make claims relative to social, cultural, historical or personal circumstances. ...
Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ...
Universal propositions
A universal proposition is one that affirms a property of all the members of a set. For instance, the proposition that all dogs are mortal and the proposition that all cows can fly are universal propositions, the former (assumedly) true and the latter false.[citation needed] A universal proposition is logically equivalent to the negation of an existential proposition. Thus, claiming that all cows can fly is equivalent to denying that there is a cow that cannot fly. The word property, in philosophy, mathematics, and logic, refers to an attribute of an object; thus a red object is said to have the property of redness. ...
In mathematics, a set can be thought of as any collection of distinct objects considered as a whole. ...
Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ...
COW is an acronym for a number of things: Can of worms The COW programming language, an esoteric programming language. ...
An existential proposition is one that affirms the existence of a member of a collection that possesses a specified property. ...
It may be noted, along the lines of Humean causal scepticism, that the only universal propositions that must be true are those that exist a priori, drawn from definitions (i.e. "All dogs are mammals"). Universal propositions that are drawn a posteriori, from one's experience of the world (i.e. "All dogs are born with four legs"), can never be confirmed as true, simply supported to be true (though such propositions are falsifiable). David Hume (April 26, 1711 – August 25, 1776)[2] was a Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian. ...
Skepticism (Commonwealth spelling: Scepticism) can mean: Philosophical skepticism - a philosophical position in which people choose to critically examine whether the knowledge and perceptions that they have are actually true, and whether or not one can ever be said to have absolutely true knowledge; or Scientific skepticism - a scientific, or practical...
The terms a priori and a posteriori are used in philosophy to distinguish between two different types of propositional knowledge. ...
A Posteriori is the title of the musical project Enigmas sixth studio album, released in September 2006. ...
This page discusses how a theory or assertion is falsifiable (disprovable opp: verifiable), rather than the non-philosophical use of falsification, meaning counterfeiting. ...
Universality in metaphysics In metaphysics, a universal is a type, a property, or a relation. The noun universal contrasts with individual, while the adjective universal contrasts with particular or sometimes with concrete. The latter meaning, however, may be confusing since Hegelian and neo-Hegelian (e.g. British idealist) philosophies speak of concrete universals. Plato (Left) and Aristotle (right), by Raphael (Stanza della Segnatura, Rome) Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the ultimate nature of reality, being, and the world. ...
A type is a category of being. ...
In metaphysics (in particular, ontology), the different kinds or ways of being are called categories of being or simply According to the Aristotelian tradition, a being is anything that can be said to be in the various senses of this word. ...
In metaphysics (in particular, ontology), the different kinds or ways of being are called categories of being or simply According to the Aristotelian tradition, a being is anything that can be said to be in the various senses of this word. ...
As commonly used, individual refers to a person or to any specific object in a collection. ...
In metaphysics, particulars are, one might say, identified by what they are not: they are not abstract, not multiply instantiated. ...
This article is about the philosophical term . ...
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 - November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. ...
British idealism was a philosophical movement that was influential in Britain during the mid to late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. ...
A universal may have instances, known as its particulars. For example, the type dog (or doghood) is a universal, as are the property red (or redness) and the relation betweenness (or being between). Any particular dog, red thing, or object that is between other things is not a universal, however, but is an instance of a universal. That is, a universal type (doghood), property (redness), or relation (betweenness) inheres a particular object (a specific dog, red thing, or object between other things). Substance theory, or substance attribute theory, is an ontological theory about objecthood, positing that a substance is distinct from its properties. ...
Platonic realism holds universals to be the referents of general terms, i.e. the abstract, nonphysical entities to which words like "doghood", "redness", and "betweenness" refer. By contrast, particulars are the referents of proper names, like "Fido", or of definite descriptions that identify single objects, like the phrase, "that apple on the table". By contrast, other metaphysical theories merely use the terminology of universals to describe physical entities. Platonic realism is a philosophical term usually used to refer to the idea of realism regarding the existence of universals after the Greek philosopher Plato who lived between c. ...
In general, a reference is something that refers or points to something else, or acts as a connection or a link between two things. ...
abstraction in general. ...
The problem of universals is an ancient problem in metaphysics concerning the nature of universals, or whether they exist. Part of the problem involves the implications of language use and the complexity of relating language to ontological theory. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
In philosophy, ontology (from the Greek , genitive : of being (part. ...
Most ontological frameworks do not consider classes to be universals, although some prominent philosophers, such as John Bigelow, do. Philosophers sometimes distinguish classes from types and kinds. ...
Others The term universality also refers to the medieval concept of an absolute, all-encompassing morality that justified a universal secular rule by one all-powerful Holy Roman Emperor, and also justified as universal the religious rule by one all-powerful all-encompassing (hence the term catholic) church. In the 17th century, the doctrine of universality gave way to the doctrine of raison d'état or national interest. Universality is comparable, but not equivalent, to the concept of the Mandate of Heaven in Chinese history. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...
The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ...
The national interest, often referred to by the French term raison détat, is a countrys goals and ambitions whether economic, military, or cultural. ...
The national interest, often referred to by the French term raison détat, is a countrys goals and ambitions whether economic, military, or cultural. ...
Mandate of Heaven (天命 PÄ«nyÄ«n: TiÄnmìng) was a traditional Chinese sovereignty concept of legitimacy used to support the rule of the kings of the Zhou Dynasty and later the Emperors of China. ...
As a state (truth) Absolutism contends that in a particular domain of thought, all statements in that domain are either absolutely true or absolutely false: none is true for some cultures or eras while false for other cultures or eras. These statements are called absolute truths. A common reaction by those who newly criticize absolutism is the absolute truth statement: Absolute truths do not exist.
The statement, 'Absolute truths do not exist.', reveals the characteristic of absolute truth. Absolute truth does not apply to reality, existence, belief, or to human intelligence. In the logic of dichotomy of true-not true, application is without respect to what is absolutely true. Certainly, absolute truth does not define material existence, but supports material existence, position, and state of being. Absolute truth is as applicable to 'not true' as it is to 'true'. The double negative reveals this monistic status of absolute truth. The non-existence of absolute truth would, if true, be as true as the existence of absolute truth in an absolute sense. To postulate the non-existence of truth, however, is to violate the most fundamental capacity of mind. It is as though a snake could swallow itself by starting at the tail. Therein lies the value of absolute truth for thought. Violation of truth value in an absolute sense, validates the truth value of existence versus non-existence. Some say, "If I see it I believe it." Others say, "I believe it if I know it." If the sense of knowing is little better than the sense of sight, little can be made of the analogy. The acuity of the sense of absolute truth may not be good enough for most to clearly distinguish the difference between what is true and truth itself.
One could ask, 'Is it true that truth exists?' One can also ask, 'Is it true that truth does not exist?' The first can be affirmed by mind, while the latter cannot be affirmed without a gross distortion of sense. If truth does not exist, it would certainly be true that truth does not exist. That is the quality of absolute truth. If the negation were true, one could not ask the question and expect a true answer. Absolute truth is the essence of thought and distinguishes the capacity of the sapient being.
As an action (verity) In action form, absolute truth most closely represents verity. This form can be likened to the action usage of metaphysical truth, but not its state usage (which represent metaphysical truths in state form). Absolute truth in action form is considered by many to be metaphysical only, and therefore the same as the action usage of metaphysical truth. Some believe the outcome of absolute truth (verity) can be metaphysical truths, physical truths or both, but by definition not any form of a lie. An example of this truth is keeping information you do not feel ready to share written down in a journal. (PAUL IM NOT TELLING YOU) Look up lie in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Examples A particularly confusing absolute truth in state form (but good for example) is: - Absolute truth cannot be a lie.
Some interpret this to mean: - The outcome of absolute truth cannot be a lie.
But that refers specifically to the action form of absolute truth. Others interpret it as: - Absolute truth statements cannot be lies.
But that refers specifically to the state form of absolute truth. The original statement can be interpreted as either the state or action form. In the state form the statement is not true, but in the action form it is true. Either way the statement is an absolute truth in state form.
A potential example of absolute truth in action form is:
- The words you are reading exist because of absolute truths in action form supporting their ability to exist.
Attentive readers will recognize the previous statement as an absolute truth in state form describing absolute truth in action form. Whether or not the statement is true is left as an exercise for the reader.
An interesting paradox arises when someone refutes the existence of any absolute truths. Their statement might be something along the lines of:
- There are no absolute truths.
If this statement were true, it would imply that it is an absolute truth itself. And if this statement is an absolute truth, it would contradict its original statement and mean that the statement is in fact false. Therefore it is impossible to prove that there are absolutely no absolute truths. However, some claim that this doesn’t necessarily imply that they exist. The paradox could be removed by turning the sentence into a relative truth: - To say that there are no absolute truths is the closest possible thing to an absolute truth.
A more proper way of stating it would be to say that "Relative truth is correct". Although this seems to be an absolute statement, it is in fact not, because it does not exclude that "Absolute truth is also correct". To a relativist, whose culture holds this as a tenet; relativism is indeed correct. But a relativist can also allow that to one raised in a culture of absolutism, it would be incorrect. In other words, the relativist is saying "From my perspective, relativism is true, whereas from a different perspective, relativism may be false."
Quotes "What is absolutely true is always correct, everywhere, all the time, under any condition. An entity's ability to discern these things is irrelevant to that state of truth." - Steven Robiner Steven Robiner received his MFA from the University of Southern California, having supervised and co-produced the first ever digital visual effects motion picture created featuring the Marvel comic book super-hero Silver surfer during his post graduate at USC. After high acclaim and awards for that short, he was...
See also Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (April 22, 1724 – February 12, 1804) was a Prussian philosopher, generally regarded as one of Europes most influential thinkers and the last major philosopher of the Enlightenment. ...
The categorical imperative is the central philosophical concept of the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant, and of modern deontological ethics. ...
Bold text Eleanor Roosevelt with the Spanish version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. ...
It is proposed that this article be deleted, because of the following concern: Limited information sources, article is object for nothing but original research If you can address this concern by improving, copyediting, sourcing, renaming or merging the page, please edit this page and do so. ...
A common dictionary definition of truth is agreement with fact or reality.[1] There is no single definition of truth about which the majority of philosophers agree. ...
Compare Moral relativism, Aesthetic relativism, Social constructionism and Cultural relativism. ...
Universalism refers to any concept or doctrine that applies to all persons and/or all things for all times and in all situations. ...
References - http://www.unesco.org/opi2/philosophyandethics/intro.htm
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