The House of Commons in the 18th century

The unreformed House of Commons is the name generally given to the British House of Commons as it existed before the Reform Act of 1832. The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and is now the dominant elected branch of Parliament. ... The British Reform Act of 1832 (2 & 3 Will. ...

(Until the Act of Union of 1707 joining the Kingdoms of Scotland and England (to form the Kingdom of Great Britain), Scotland had its own Parliament (see Scottish Parliament), and the term refers to the English House of Commons (which included representatives from Wales from the 16th century). From 1707 to 1832 the term refers to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Until the Act of Union of 1801 joining Ireland to Great Britain (to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland), Ireland also had its own Parliament (see Parliament of Ireland). From 1801 to 1832, therefore, the term refers to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.) Walter Thomas Monningtons 1925 painting called Parliamentary Union of England and Scotland 1707 hangs in the Palace of Westminster depicting the official presentation of the law that formed the United Kingdom of Great Britain. ... Events January 1 - John V is crowned King of Portugal March 26 - The Act of Union becomes law, making the separate Kingdoms of England and Scotland into one country, the Kingdom of Great Britain. ... Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within the UK Languages with Official Status1 English Scottish Gaelic Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Ethnicity... Kingdom of Great Britain The Union Flag (1606-1800) The Kingdom of Great Britain, also sometimes known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was created by the merging of the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England under the 1707 Act of Union to create a single kingdom... The Scottish Parliament (Pàrlamaid na h-Alba in Gaelic, Scots Pairlament in Scots) is the national unicameral legislature of Scotland. ... National motto: Cymru am byth (Welsh: Wales for ever) Waless location within the UK Official languages English(100%), Welsh(20. ... Events January 1 - John V is crowned King of Portugal March 26 - The Act of Union becomes law, making the separate Kingdoms of England and Scotland into one country, the Kingdom of Great Britain. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The 1800 Act of Union merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain (itself a merger of England and Scotland under the Act of Union 1707) to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801. ... 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Union Flag, in its modern form, was first adopted in 1801. ... This article is about the legislature abolished in 1801. ... 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

The House of Commons evolved long before the modern theory of democracy. In mediaeval political theory it was believed that sovereignty flowed from God, not from the people, and that monarchy was the form of government ordained by God. The King (or Queen) was "the Lord's anointed," and it was the duty of the people to obey the King as God's representative. Nevertheless, it was always recognised that the King had a corresponding duty to rule wisely and for the people's benefit, and from an early date it was accepted that this included the duty to listen to the advice of the people, as expressed by their chosen representatives. To this idea was added the practical consideration that it was easier for the King to collect the taxes he needed if the people consented to pay them. Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme authority over a geographic region, group of people or oneself. ... The term God is capitalized in the English language as a proper noun when used to refer to a Supreme Being. ... A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, one, and archein, to rule) is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. ...

Composition of the House

The House of Commons consisted entirely of men, entirely of men of substantial property, and (after the Glorious Revolution of 1688) entirely of Anglicans. All of these restrictions were in conformity with the dominant ideology of the time. Women could neither vote nor stand for election, and this was not questioned by any substantial number of people until well after 1832. Members of Parliament were not paid, which meant that only men of wealth could take the time to serve. In any case, candidates had to be electors, which meant that in most places they had to have substantial property, usually in the form of land. The term Glorious Revolution refers to the generally popular overthrow of James II of England in 1688. ... // Events A high-powered conspiracy of notables, the Immortal Seven, invite William and Mary to depose James II of England. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Virtually all members representing county seats (see below) were landed gentlemen. Many were relatives or dependants of peers, but others took pride in being independent squires who did not have titles. These independent country gentlemen, sometimes called "the country party" although they were not an organised party, were often the only source of opposition to the government of the day, since they had no need to gain government favour through their votes in the House. A peer is a person of the same age, status, or ability as another specified person. ... In medieval times a squire was a man-at-arms in the service of a knight, often as his apprentice. ...

Members for borough seats (see below) were sometimes also local squires, but were more frequently merchants or urban professionals such as lawyers. A large number of borough members were placed in their seats by the government of the day in order to provide support to the government: these were known as "placemen," and it was a long-standing objective of parliamentary reformers to get the placemen out of the House of Commons. Some borough members were men of little means, sometimes in debt or insolvent, who agreed to become placemen in return for government funds. All 18th century governments depended on this corrupt element to maintain their majorities. Some boroughs were under the control of particular ministers or government departments. The members representing the Cinque Ports, for example, were traditionally dependants of the Admiralty and spoke for the interests of the Royal Navy. Formally, in Kent and Sussex there are five Head Ports making up the Confederation of the Cinque Ports. ... Old Admiralty House, Whitehall, London, Thomas Ripley, architect, 1723-26, was not admired by his contemporaries and earned him some scathing couplets from Alexander Pope The Admiralty was historically the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. ... The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the senior service of the British armed services, being the oldest of its three branches. ...

Although there was no religious restriction on the right to vote, in practice most Catholics were prevented from voting between the reign of Elizabeth I and the first Catholic Relief Act of 1778, because they could not own or inherit land, making them unable to meet the property requirement (although many Catholic families circumvented this prohibition). Even after 1778, eligibility for election to the House of Commons was restricted by the fact that members had to take an Anglican oath to take their seats. This excluded Catholics, non-Anglican Protestants (known as Dissenters), Jews and atheists from the House. (This restriction did not apply to Presbyterians in Scotland, where the Church of Scotland was the established church.) Elizabeth I ( WOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOT TEST7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603 ) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. ... 1778 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1778 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Protestantism is a movement within Christianity, representing a split from the Roman Catholic Church during the mid to late Renaissance in Europe —a period known as the Protestant Reformation. ... Atheism is the state either of being without theistic beliefs, or of actively believing in the non-existence of deities. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within the UK Languages with Official Status1 English Scottish Gaelic Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... The Church of Scotland (CofS sometimes known as the Kirk) is the national church of Scotland. ...

It is a widely held view that the quality of members of the House of Commons declined over the 250 years before its reform in 1832, and this belief was one of the stimulants for reform. Sir John Neale could say of the county members in the reign of Elizabeth I: "It was not sufficient for candidates to belong to the more substantial families… They usually had to show some initiative and will." In the boroughs, he wrote, "competition tended to eliminate the less vigorous, less intelligent and unambitious." This would not be accepted as a description of the situation in the reign of George III, when it was frequently said that the House of full of lazy time-servers, talentless dependants of peers, and corrupt placemen and government agents. 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... George III (George William Frederick) (4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain, and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801, and thereafter King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. ...

What did not change was the numerical dominance of country gentlemen in the House. In 1584 they comprised 240 members in a House of 460. Two hundred years later this proportion had hardly changed, even though the social composition of Britain had changed radically over that time. But the proportion of independent members had declined. The proportion of these members who were sons or close relatives of peers rose considerably over this period. In 1584 only 24 members were sons of peers: by the end of the 18th century this number had risen to about 130 (in a House of 659), a four-fold proportional increase. Events June 1 - With the death of the Duc dAnjou, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre becomes heir-presumptive to the throne of France. ... Events June 1 - With the death of the Duc dAnjou, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre becomes heir-presumptive to the throne of France. ...

In the 18th century about 50 members of the House held ministerial or similar government offices. These included a number of officials who today would be career civil servants: the Secretary of the Admiralty, for example. As well, a number of members were given ceremonial Court appointments, usually sinecures, as a means of ensuring their loyalty. These included such archaic posts as eight Clerks of the Green Cloth and a dozen Grooms of the Bedchamber. Many more members held other sinecures of various kinds, mostly clerkships in government departments, posts which usually involved no actual work. This was not necessarily regarded as corrupt – in an age when Members received neither payments nor pensions, a sinecure position was regarded as a legitimate reward for service, but it also served to keep the recipient loyal. More clearly corrupt was the payment of secret pensions to Members by the Treasury. In 1762 sixteen Members were thus secretly in the pay of the government. A sinecure (from Latin sine, without, and cura, care) means an office which requires or involves little or no responsibility, labour, or active service. ... 1762 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Opposition rhetoric at the time, however, tended to exaggerated the corruption of the 18th century House of Commons and the extent to which governments controlled the House by corrupt means. John Brooke's studies of division lists led him to comment: "The majority of Members voting with Government held no office and did so through honest conviction." The lists show, he said "that Members were given office because they voted with Government, not that they voted with Government in order to obtain office." As he points out, at a time when there were no formal political parties and hence no party discipline in the House, governments had to resort to other expedients to secure a majority and allow the continuity of government.

County members

England had been divided into counties (or shires) since Anglo-Saxon times, and these formed the first basis of representation. Two knights of the shire were chosen to represent each county – England has 40 traditional counties (see list below), making a total of 80 knights of the shire. These "knights" were local landowners who did not hold peerages (in which case they would be members of the House of Lords). When Wales was formally annexed to England in the 16th century, each of the 12 Welsh counties elected one knight of the shire, making a total of 92. Originally, a county was the land under the jurisdiction of a count (in Great Britain, an earl, though the original earldoms covered larger areas) by reason of that office. ... For information on the fictional Shire of J. R. R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings, see Shire (Middle-earth) A shire is an administrative area of Great Britain. ... The Anglo-Saxons refers collectively to the groups of Germanic tribes who achieved dominance in southern Britain from the mid-5th century, forming the basis for the modern English nation. ... In English and British politics from mediaeval times until the Representation of the People Act 1884, Knights of the Shire were representatives of counties sent to advise the government of the day. ... The British Isles are divided into the following traditional counties (also vice counties or historic counties). ... The Peerage is a system of titles of nobility which exists in the United Kingdom and is one part of the British honours system. ... This article is about the British House of Lords. ...

In order to be either a candidate or an elector for a county seat, a man had to own (not rent) freehold property valued for the land tax at two pounds a year. (Women could neither vote nor be elected.) This was known as "the 40 shilling freehold." (There were 20 shillings to the pound). This rule was established by an act of 1430, and as the value of money gradually declined over subsequent centuries, an increasing number of landowners were admitted to the franchise. By the early 19th century, for example, Yorkshire had more than 20,000 electors, while Kent, Lancashire and Somerset had nearly 10,000 each. By 1831 the English county electorate was estimated at about 190,000. Freehold is a term used in real estate or real property law, land held in fee simple, as opposed to leasehold, which is land which is leased. ... Land Value Taxation (LVT) is the policy of raising state revenues by charging each landholder a portion of the assessed site-only value of the unimproved land. ... The pound sterling, which strictly speaking refers to basic currency unit of sterling, now the pound, is the currency of the United Kingdom (UK). ... The shilling (or informally: bob) was a British coin first issued in 1548 for Henry VIII, although arguably the testoon issued about 1487 for Henry VII was the first shilling. ... Events May 23 - Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne The Ottoman Empire captures Thessalonica from the Venetians Year in topics 1430 in art Births Robert Morton, English composer, approximate date Antoine Busnois, Burgundian composer, approximate date Deaths Christine de Pizan... Yorkshire as a traditional county. ... Kent is a county in England, south-east of London. ... Lancashire (archaically, the County of Lancaster) is a county palatine of England, lying on the Irish Sea. ... Somerset is a county in the south-west of England. ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

County members were usually elected without an actual ballot taking place. Only at times of acute party strife did many counties see contested elections. In every county there was a group of landowning families, usually with a peer at their head, and these families would informally agree on who would stand for the county at a given election. They were frequently relatives or allies of the leading peers of the county. Some counties were represented by the same two or three families for centuries (the Lowthers of Westmorland being a good example). Sometimes a county would not see a contest for generations. Nottinghamshire, for example, did not see a contested election between 1722 and 1832. Westmorland is one of the 39 traditional counties of England. ... Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is an English county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire and Derbyshire. ... Events Abraham De Moivre states De Moivres theorem connecting trigonometric functions and complex numbers Publication of the first book of Bachs Well-Tempered Clavier Fall of Persias Safavid dynasty during a bloody revolt of the Afghani people. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Borough members

Even in mediaeval times a significant proportion of the King's revenue came from taxes paid by people living in towns, and thus the House of Commons had representatives of boroughs as well as counties from an early date. A borough was a town which had a Royal charter giving it the right to elect two members (known as burgesses) to the House of Commons. (Five English boroughs elected only one member, while two boroughs – the City of London and the double borough of Weymouth and Melcombe Regis in Dorset – elected four members each.) From the 16th century 12 boroughs in Wales elected one member each. A borough IPA: (  listen) is a political division originally used in England. ... In the United Kingdom and Canada a Royal Charter is a charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy Council, which creates or gives special status to an incorporated body. ... This article is about a small section of central London. ... Location within the British Isles Weymouth is a town in Dorset, England, situated on a sheltered bay -Weymouth Bay- at the mouth of the River Wey on the English Channel coast. ... Melcombe Regis is an area of central Weymouth in Dorset, England. ... Dorset (pronounced Dorsit, sometimes in the past called Dorsetshire) is a county in the southwest of England, on the English Channel coast. ...

Mediaeval kings could and did grant and revoke charters at their pleasure, often to create seats in the House for his supporters, and frequently regardless of the size or importance of the town. Thus there were "rotten boroughs" (boroughs with very few voters) from very early times, but they increased in number over the years as many old towns lost population. The two most famous examples were Old Sarum, which by the 18th century had no residents at all, and Dunwich in Suffolk, most of which had fallen into the sea. The number of English boroughs fluctuated over time, until the last new borough charter was issued in 1674. From then on the number was fixed at 203, electing 405 members (see list below). The term rotten borough (or pocket borough, as they were seen as being in the pocket of a patron) refers to a parliamentary borough or constituency in the Kingdom of England (pre-1707), the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707-1801), the Kingdom of Ireland (1536-1801) and the United Kingdom... Woodcut of Old Sarum as it was during its height Old Sarum is the site of the earliest settlement of Salisbury, England, with evidence of human habitation as early as 300 BC. It sits on a hill about two miles (3km) north of modern Salisbury on the west side of... This article is about the village and former city of Dunwich in England. ... Suffolk (pronounced suffuk) is a large traditional and administrative county in the East Anglia region of eastern England. ... Events February 19 - England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster. ...

The franchise for borough seats varied enormously. In some boroughs, virtually all adult homeowners could vote. In others, only a handful of landowners could vote. In still others, no-one could vote and the borough's members were chosen by its corporation (council), which was usually elected by a small group of property-owners. A corporation is a legal entity (distinct from a natural person) that often has similar rights in law to those of a Civil law systems may refer to corporations as moral persons; they may also go by the name AS (anonymous society) or something similar, depending on language (see below). ...

The types of borough franchise were as follows:

Householder boroughs: These were commonly known as "potwalloper" boroughs, because (it was said) anyone who owned a pot could vote. In these boroughs all resident male householders who were not receiving alms or poor relief could vote. There were 12 of these boroughs, including Northampton which had over 1,000 voters even in the 17th century, Preston and other substantial towns, although some were very small, such as St. Germans in Cornwall, which had only 20 voters. This article is about Northampton in England; for other places of the same name see Northampton (disambiguation) Northampton Guild Hall, built 1861-4, E.W. Godwin, architect Northampton is a large market town and a local government district in central England upon the River Nene, and the county town of... Preston is a city and local government district in North West England. ... Motto: Onan hag oll (Cornish: One and all) Englands Great Toe Geography Status Ceremonial and (smaller) Administrative county Traditional county Duchy of Cornwall Region South West England Area - Total - Admin. ...

While the householder boroughs were in theory the most democratic, they were in practice very corrupt, notorious for bribery of voters by candidates and their patrons, frequently with liquor, which made for riotous and expensive elections. At Aylesbury in 1761, the successful candidate simply paid the electors five pounds each for their votes. Sometimes the voters banded together and openly sold the borough to the highest bidder. This usually meant that only the rich and the corrupt could win these seats. Map sources for Aylesbury at grid reference SP818138 Aylesbury is the county town of Buckinghamshire, in south central England, with a population in the 2001 census of 65,173. ... 1761 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Freeman boroughs: These were boroughs in which the franchise was restricted to "freemen of the borough." There were 92 of these, the largest single group of boroughs. The property qualifications to be a freeman varied widely from place to place. The City of London had about 7,000 freemen in the 18th century, and about 25 other freeman boroughs had at least 1,000 electors, but about 30 boroughs had fewer than 200 electors, and these boroughs were in practice under the control of the town corporation.

In practice the larger freeman boroughs were the most democratic part of the unreformed political system. They were contested at most elections, and the contests were frequently about political issues rather than just about who had the most money to spend. Some of these boroughs were corrupt, and other were controlled by aristocratic patrons, but many freeman boroughs valued their independence. Bristol, the seat of Edmund Burke, was the most notable of these. Most of the larger county towns such as Chester, Gloucester, Leicester, Norwich, Nottingham, Worcester and York were of this type. But some large freeman boroughs, such as Cambridge, had small and undemocratic electorates because the right to be a freeman was restricted to a small group. Bristol is an English city and county and one of the two administrative centres of South West England (the other being Plymouth). ... Edmund Burke The Right Honourable Edmund Burke (January 12, 1729 – July 9, 1797) was an Anglo-Irish statesman, author, orator and political philosopher, who served for many years in the British House of Commons as a member of the Whig party. ... Chester is the county town of Cheshire in the north-west of England, close to the border with Wales. ... Gloucester (pronounced ) is a city and district in south-west England, close to the Welsh border. ... Leicester (pronounced ) is the largest city in the English East Midlands, on the River Soar. ... Norwich (pronounced variously Norritch or Norridge) is a city in East Anglia, in Eastern England, and the regional administrative centre and county town of Norfolk. ... Nottingham is a city located in Nottinghamshire, in the East Midlands of England. ... The city of Worcester (pronounced ) is the county town of Worcestershire in England; the river Severn runs through the middle, with the citys large Worcester Cathedral overlooking the river. ... York is a city in northern England, at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss. ... The city of Cambridge is an old English university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire. ...

Scot and lot boroughs: These were 37 boroughs in which the franchise was restricted to those paying scot and lot, a form of municipal taxation. These boroughs ranged in size from the most democratic borough of all, Westminster, which had 12,000 famously radical voters in the late 18th century and was held by the Whig leader Charles James Fox, down to a rotten borough such as Gatton in Surrey, which in 1831 had a grand total of two voters. Some of these boroughs were in practice owned by aristocratic patrons, while others were notoriously corrupt. Westminster is the area located immediately to the west of the ancient City of London, in the centre of the wider conurbation of London. ... This article is about the British Whig party. ... The Right Honourable Charles James Fox (13 January 1749–13 September 1806) was a British Whig politician. ... Surrey is a county in southern England, one of the Home Counties. ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Corporation boroughs: These 27 boroughs restricted the right to vote to members of the borough corporation. In none of them was the electorate larger than 60, and in most it was much smaller. Apart from Salisbury and Bath, they were mostly small towns. As a result these boroughs were rarely contested, since the corporation members usually decided among themselves who would be elected. They were usually known as "pocket boroughs" because they were frequently "in the pocket" of a wealthy patron, although they were not as corrupt as the rotten boroughs. Salisbury Cathedral from the Cathedral Yard High Street Market Great West Front of Salisbury Cathedral Salisbury (pronounced Solsbree or Sauls-bree) is a small cathedral city in Wiltshire, England. ... Palladian Pulteney Bridge and the weir at Bath Bath is a city in south-west England, most famous for its baths fed by three hot springs. ...

Burgage boroughs: In these 29 boroughs, the right to vote was attached to ownership of certain properties known as burgages – whoever owned a certain house or field had a vote in the borough. Since burgage properties could be bought and sold, these were the easiest boroughs for wealthy patrons to control. In a small burgage borough, a patron who bought all the burgages had absolute control. At election time he would simply convey the burgages to his relatives and friends, and thereby in effect nominate two members of Parliament. These boroughs included the notorious Old Sarum, which had no resident voters at all. As a result these boroughs were rarely contested, and even more rarely successfully contested. a tenure under which property in England and Scotland was held under the king or a lord of a town was maintained for a yearly rent or for rendering a service such as watching and warding This article is a stub. ... Conveyancing is the act of transferring the ownership of a property from one person to another. ...

Freeholder boroughs: In the remaining six boroughs, the right to vote was held by all freeholders. This was in theory quite democratic, but since they were all small towns none of them had electorates larger than 300 even in 1831. 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

It is not possible to calculate the size of the borough electorate with any accuracy, since many boroughs were rarely contested, and no records were made of eligible voters unless there was a contest. As well, many people owned property in more than one borough and could thus vote more than once (this was called plural voting). One estimate is that there were 170,000 eligible borough voters in 1831. This would give a total English electorate of about 360,000 at the time of the Reform Act, or about 10% of adult males. 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

University members

The two ancient universities of Cambridge and Oxford elected two members each from 1603. The franchise was restricted to holders of doctoral and masters degrees, which excluded the great bulk of graduates (mostly Anglican clergy) holding bachelor's degrees. Both universities had about 500 electors in the 18th century, rising to 800 by 1832, but at most elections a much smaller number actually voted. After the Act of Union of 1801, Dublin University also elected one member. REDIRECT [1] ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... King James I of England/VII of Scotland, the first monarch to rule the Kingdoms of England and Scotland at the same time Events March 24 - Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England April... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin or more commonly Trinity College, Dublin (TCD) was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I, is the only constituent college of the University of Dublin, Irelands oldest university. ...

Welsh members

The twelve Welsh counties elected one member each, on the same franchise as English counties. Since Wales was a lot poorer than England, however, the county electorates were much smaller. The Welsh county electorate was about 19,000 in 1800. The twelve Welsh boroughs also elected one member each. Until the late 18th century all of them except Cardiff were very small towns. The franchise for the Welsh boroughs was a mix of freemen, scot and lot and corporation, but in practice there were all under the control of local patrons and contested elections were rare. 1800 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Cardiff (Welsh: Caerdydd) is the capital and largest city of Wales. ...

Scottish members

The Act of Union of 1707 brought 45 Scottish members to the House of Commons. Of these 30 were elected by the 33 Scottish counties, while 15 were elected from the Scottish boroughs (called burghs in Scotland). The electoral system which had operated in the Scottish Parliament since its creation was preserved for the election of Scotland's representatives at Westminster. Events January 1 - John V is crowned King of Portugal March 26 - The Act of Union becomes law, making the separate Kingdoms of England and Scotland into one country, the Kingdom of Great Britain. ... The Traditional counties of Scotland are historic and cutural divisions of Scotland. ...

Twenty-seven counties elected one member each (this included Orkney and Shetland, which were strictly speaking not counties but fiefs of the Crown, but were treated as if they were a county). The six smallest counties were grouped together into three groups of two (Buteshire and Caithness, Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire, and Nairnshire and Cromartyshire), with one of each pair electing a member at alternate elections. The Orkney Islands form one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and are a Lieutenancy Area. ... See Shetland (disambiguation) for other meanings. ... Under the system of feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud or fee, consisted of heritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a vassal knights service (usually fealty, military service, and security). ... Alternate meaning: Bute (mythology) Bute, sometimes known as Buteshire, is a small traditional county of Scotland. ... Caithness (Gallaibh in Gaelic) is a traditional county and former administrative county within the Highland area of Scotland. ... Clackmannanshire (Siorrachd Chlach Mhannainn in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and a Lieutenancy area, bordering onto the areas of Perth and Kinross, Stirling and Fife. ... Kinross-shire is a small traditional county of Scotland. ... Nairnshire (Siorrachd Inbhir Narann in Gaelic) is a small traditional county of Scotland, centred around Nairn, the traditional county town. ... Cromartyshire (Siorrachd Chromba in Gaelic) is a traditional county in the north of Scotland, consisting of a series of enclaves within Ross-shire. ...

The Scottish county franchise was even more restrictive than for the English counties. A voter either had to own land worth the equivalent of two pounds sterling "of old extent" – meaning that the land had to have had that value since the creation of the Scottish Parliament in the 14th century - or to hold as a Crown tenant land to the value of 35 pounds sterling. This restricted the franchise to a handful of wealthy landowners, and in most counties there were fewer than 100 voters. In some it was far fewer: in Sutherlandshire the Duke of Sutherland owned almost the entire county, and all the voters were his tenants, while in Orkney and Shetland there were seven voters in 1759. The total Scottish county electorate was fewer than 3,000 in 1800. This article is about the Scottish county of Sutherland. ... 1759 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1800 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

The 15 Scottish burghs consisted of the city of Edinburgh, where the 33 members of the city corporation elected a member, and 14 groups of four or five smaller burghs, each group electing one member between them. The franchise in the groups of burghs was held by the corporations of each of the burghs making up the group. Each burgh corporation would chose a delegate, and the delegates would then meet to elect the member. The representation tended to rotate among the burghs in each group. Since most of the burghs were little more than villages, the leading county families could usually bribe the corporation members to get their nominees elected. It has been suggested that Areas of Edinburgh be merged into this article or section. ...

For many years the Scottish representation was manipulated by Henry Dundas, the Scottish agent of the Tory party, who spent government funds liberally ensuring that Tories were elected. This was one reason why the Scottish members were unpopular at Westminster, being regarded as corrupt even by the standards of the day, as well as uncouth. Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville (April 28, 1742 - May 28, 1811) was a British statesman. ...

Irish members

The Act of Union of 1801 brought 100 Irish members to the House of Commons. The 32 Irish counties elected two members each, while 33 boroughs elected 34 members (all elected one member except Dublin and Cork, which elected two). The remaining seat was given to Dublin University. The franchise in the counties was the same as for England, and the total Irish county electorate, at about 220,000 in 1801, was actually larger than the English county electorate (Ireland had a larger population relative to England than it does today, and had a larger rural gentry). But the franchise was drastically raised in 1829 when Catholics were allowed to sit in the House of Commons, to deprive the mass of Irish Catholics of the vote and minimise the impact of this concession). 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The island of Ireland has 32 counties, with Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland being nicknamed respectively the six counties and the twenty-six counties. ... Dublin (Irish: Baile Átha Cliath),is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Ireland, located near the midpoint of Irelands east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and at the centre of the Dublin region. ... Cork (Corcaigh in Irish) is the second city of the Republic of Ireland. ... 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Of the Irish boroughs, only Dublin, Cork, Kilkenny, Londonderry and Waterford had any real democratic electorate. Belfast’s member was elected by the city corporation and the seat was never contested. Dublin (Irish: Baile Átha Cliath),is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Ireland, located near the midpoint of Irelands east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and at the centre of the Dublin region. ... Cork (Corcaigh in Irish) is the second city of the Republic of Ireland. ... Kilkenny (Irish: Cill Chainnigh) is the county seat of County Kilkenny, Ireland, with a population (including environs) of 20,735. ... Derry or Londonderry (in Irish , Doire Cholm Chille or Doire), often called the Maiden City, is a city in Northern Ireland. ... Waterford (Irish: Port Lairge) is, historically, the capital of County Waterford in Ireland, though today the city is administered separately from the county, the latter having its seat in Dungarvan. ... Belfast (Béal Feirste in Irish) is a city in the United Kingdom. ...

The exclusion of Catholics from the House of Commons was of most consequence in Ireland, where 80 percent of the population were Catholic. At the time of the Act of Union, the Irish were promised that the restriction on Catholics would be lifted, but this promise was broken because of the opposition of George III. This meant that except in the Protestant northern counties, most Irish, no matter how wealthy, were excluded from politics until Catholic Emancipation was finally achieved in 1829. Catholic Emancipation was a process in Great Britain and Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th century which involved reducing and removing many of the restrictions on Roman Catholics which had been introduced by the Act of Uniformity and the Test Acts. ... 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Unrepresented towns

Since the distribution of seats in the House of Commons among the boroughs did not change after the 17th century, no account was taken of the massive demographic changes that took place in the wake of the industrial revolution of the 18th century. While an uninhabited hill such as Old Sarum elected two members of Parliament, great cities such as Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield, Bolton, Bradford and Huddersfield had no direct representation. Residents of these cities who met the 40 shilling freehold test could vote in their respective counties, and this explains why the county electorate in industrial counties like Yorkshire and Lancashire grew rapidly, but the bulk of the fast-growing urban middle class remained voteless. The Industrial Revolution was the major technological, socioeconomic and cultural change in the late 18th and early 19th century resulting from the replacement of an economy based on manual labor to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture. ... Manchester is a city in the north-west of England. ... This article is about the city in England. ... Leeds Coat Of Arms Map sources for Leeds at grid reference SE297338 Leeds is a city in the county of West Yorkshire, in the north of England. ... Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in the north of England. ... This page is about the town of Bolton in Greater Manchester, England. ... Location within the British Isles Bradford is the major settlement in the City of Bradford Metropolitan District, in the north of England in the county of West Yorkshire. ... // Huddersfield viewed from Castle Hill Huddersfield is a large town in the county of West Yorkshire in England, near the confluence of the River Colne and the River Holme. ...

In addition, Glasgow, a major industrial and commercial centre, although technically represented in the House of Commons, was part of a district of burghs that meant it was in practise without representation, and since none of its citizens met the county franchise none of them had a direct vote. Some other industrial towns which elected members but with a very narrow franchise were in the same situation: Wigan, for example, had 10,000 people in 1800 but only 100 electors. Residents of the fast-growing London suburbs were also unrepresented unless they met the county franchise to vote in Middlesex, Surrey or Kent. Glasgows location in Scotland Glasgow (or Glaschu in Gaelic) is Scotlands largest city, situated on the River Clyde in the countrys west central lowlands. ... Map sources for Wigan at grid reference SD583055 Wigan is a large town in the north-western part of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, north west England, although traditionally lying in the historic county of Lancashire. ... 1800 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Middlesex as a traditional county before 1888. ... Surrey is a county in southern England, one of the Home Counties. ... Kent is a county in England, south-east of London. ...

Movements for reform

During the English Revolution of the 1640s, the electoral system for the House of Commons was scrapped (and the House of Lords abolished). The revolutionary governments considered various alternative methods of election a legislature. The English Civil War (or Wars) refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651, specifically to the first (1642–1645) and second (1648–1649) civil wars between the supporters of Charles I of England and the supporters...

At the Putney debates of 1647, representatives of various factions of the victorious Parliamentary army debated whether to adopt a more democratic franchise. The radicals led by Thomas Rainborough argued for manhood suffrage. The conservatives, led by Oliver Cromwell and Henry Ireton, argued that since the great majority of Englishmen were peasant tenants, if given the vote they would vote as their landlords directed, and this would lead to the restoration of the monarchy. // Events March 14 - Thirty Years War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm. ... Suffrage is the civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right. ... Unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper, 1657. ... Henry Ireton Henry Ireton (1611 - November 26, 1651), English was a general in the army of Parliament during the English Civil War. ...

In the circumstances of the time, this proved a persuasive argument, and proposals for a wider franchise or a redistribution of representation were rejected. But no other acceptable basis could be found for electing the House of Commons, and there was no functioning legislature during most of Cromwell’s regime. The Restoration of 1660 restored the pre-revolutionary system in its entirety. The English Restoration or simply Restoration was an episode in the history of Great Britain beginning in 1660 when the monarchy was restored under King Charles II after the English Civil War. ... Events Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces. ...

Following the Restoration there was a long period during which any challenge to the system of representation was equated with republicanism and treason. At the time of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 there was no attempt to re-open the question. A reform movement began in the mid 18th century. Although the Whig party was ambivalent in its attitude to reform, some Whig leaders like Fox and Earl Grey raised the issue many times, but nothing was achieved in the face of Tory resistance. After 1789 the English reaction against the excesses of the French Revolution stifled all attempts to raise the issue until the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. Republicanism is the view that a republic is the best form of government. ... In law, treason is the crime of disloyalty to ones nation. ... The term Glorious Revolution refers to the generally popular overthrow of James II of England in 1688. ... // Events A high-powered conspiracy of notables, the Immortal Seven, invite William and Mary to depose James II of England. ... Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, (March 13, 1764 - July 17, 1845), a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister. ... The term Tory applied to the Tory Party, the ancestor of the modern UK Conservative Party. ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... During the French Revolution (1789–1799) democracy and republicanism overthrew the absolute monarchy in France, and the French portion of the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. ... The Napoleonic Wars was a series of wars fought during Napoleon Bonapartes rule of France. ... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Between 1815 and 1832 pressure for reform mounted steadily. The Napoleonic Wars had greatly strengthened the urban middle classes, and their leaders, mainly Dissenting businessmen and editors from northern England, mounted an increasingly vociferous campaign. There was also a radical working-class campaign which demanded manhood suffrage (or even universal suffrage), annual Parliaments and other radical changes, but the mainstream reform leaders did not support these demands. The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Universal suffrage (also general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of suffrage, or the right to vote, to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, belief or social status. ...

Unable to challenge the system of representation successfully, reformers had to content themselves with bringing in bills to abolish specific particularly corrupt boroughs. The Tories regularly rejected these bills until 1826, where Lord Liverpool's government surprised the reformers by accepting a bill to disfranchise Grampound in Cornwall, when the borough's patron had been convicted of bribery. The reformers, led by Lord John Russell, wanted to transfer Grampound's two seats to Leeds, but Liverpool would not accept this precedent. So the seats were given to Yorkshire, which thus elected four county members from 1826 to 1832. A few years later East Retford was also disfranchised, but its seats were transferred to the neighbouring hundred of Bassetlaw rather than to one of the new cities. 1826 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool (June 7, 1770 - December 4, 1828) was a British statesman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1812 to 1827. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: it is patent nonsense. ... Motto: Onan hag oll (Cornish: One and all) Englands Great Toe Geography Status Ceremonial and (smaller) Administrative county Traditional county Duchy of Cornwall Region South West England Area - Total - Admin. ... John Russell, 1st Earl Russell (August 18, 1792 - May 28, 1878), known as Lord John Russell before 1861, was a Whig politician who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. ... Leeds Coat Of Arms Map sources for Leeds at grid reference SE297338 Leeds is a city in the county of West Yorkshire, in the north of England. ... 1826 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Retford is a town on the River Idle, in the Nottinghamshire, England district of Bassetlaw. ... The word hundred can mean: The word form of the number 100 Hundred (division) Hundred (word) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Bassetlaw is the northernmost district of Nottinghamshire, England, with a population according to the 2001 UK census of 107,713. ...

The grant of additional seats to Yorkshire was a recognition of the pressure for reform coming from the county landowners in those counties which contained the unrepresented cities, such as Yorkshire, who were increasingly finding themselves outvoted in their own counties by urban voters. By the early 19th century, for example, Middlesex was more than 60% urban, and a dozen other counties were more than 30% urban. Middlesex as a traditional county before 1888. ...

It is important to recognise that few of those who were pushing for reform of the House of Commons were doing so in order to make the political system more democratic. "Democracy" in the 1820s was still a term associated with mob rule and the excesses of the French Revolution. Nearly all political actors accepted that the House of Commons should represent interests (that is to say, property), rather than numbers. One of the leading reformers, Lord John Russell, said in 1831: "Elections carried by money, treating and an appeal to low passions will produce such disorder, and such disgust, that an arbitrary monarchy will sooner or later be the consequence. Our object should rather be to place the power of choice in men of property and intelligence… If you place the franchise too low… you run the risk of creating more evils on the one side than you put down on the other." John Russell, 1st Earl Russell (August 18, 1792 - May 28, 1878), known as Lord John Russell before 1861, was a Whig politician who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

But by the beginning of the 19th century it was widely felt that the House no longer represented property effectively. It represented only a fragment of property: mostly landed property in the counties. Finance and manufacturing capital, the dominant form of property after the industrial revolution, was not represented. This, and not a desire for democracy, was why most Whigs and even some Tories turned against the old system during the 1820s.

End of the Unreformed House

The issue which finally brought the reform issue to a head was Catholic emancipation in 1829, which removed barriers to Catholics being elected to the House of Commons. Many Protestant conservatives came to favour a wider franchise, and particularly the enfranchisement of the heavily Protestant cities of the northern England, Wales and Scotland, as a means of reducing Catholic influence and safeguarding British rule in Ireland. This finally led the conservative Whigs to support a moderate reform. Catholic Emancipation was a process in Great Britain and Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th century which involved reducing and removing many of the restrictions on Roman Catholics which had been introduced by the Act of Uniformity and the Test Acts. ... 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

It is a paradox of the old system that when the political class finally decided to accept reform, the electoral system they had denounced for decades as completely unrepresentative readily allowed them to do so. At the August 1830 election, the Tory administration of the Duke of Wellington lost 40 to 50 seats to the Whigs. On one estimate, of the 250 seats in which there was any kind of genuine electorate, the Tories won only about 80. This setback led to Wellington's resignation in November, and Earl Grey formed a ministry pledged to reform. 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Most Noble Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, PC, FRS (1 May 1769–14 September 1852) was an Anglo-Irish soldier and statesman, widely considered one of the leading military and political figures of the 19th century. ... Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, (March 13, 1764 - July 17, 1845), a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister. ...

When Grey's reform bill was narrowly defeated, he dissolved and sought a fresh mandate in April 1831. At this election the Whigs had a landslide victory. They won both seats in 35 of the 40 English counties, and made an almost clean sweep of the boroughs with genuine electorates. Of the 230 seats the Tories held, most were in rotten or "closed" boroughs, or else in Scotland, which had almost no genuine electorate. By one reckoning, the Tories could claim to represent only 50,000 voters, while the four Whig members for Yorkshire alone represented 100,000 voters. Faced with this decisive verdict, the House of Lords and the King gave way and the Great Reform Act was passed. 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The British Reform Act of 1832 (2 & 3 Will. ...

The Reform Act extended the franchise only slightly (from about 500,000 to about 750,000 voters). But it took the first vital steps towards reform: disfranchising the rotten boroughs (56 boroughs were abolished, while another 30 were reduced from two seats to one), giving seats to 50 new boroughs and to the more populous counties, completely reforming the electoral system in Scotland, and introducing a uniform borough franchise. Although the new arrangements were still a far cry from democracy, the Reform Act was the decisive step in ending the old system and paving the way for further reform.

Table of counties and boroughs

• In the following tables, the size of the electorate is shown as it was estimated to be in about 1800. These figures are estimates only, particularly in seats which were rarely contested.

• In England, Scotland and Wales, there were 29 general elections between 1700 and the Reform Act of 1832. In Ireland, there were 11 elections between the Act of Union in 1801 and 1832. The figure under “Times contested” is the number of general elections at which the seat was contested during these periods. By-elections are not counted.

• The dominant families in the counties gradually changed over time. They are shown as they were around 1800.

1800 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Events January 1 - Russia accepts Julian calendar. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1800 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

English counties

Bedfordshire is a county in England. ... The titles of Earl or Duke of Bedford were created several times in the peerage of England. ... For other places named Berkshire, see: Berkshire (disambiguation) Berkshire (IPA: or  ; sometimes abbreviated to Berks) is a county in the south of England, to the west of London and also bordering on Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Greater London, Surrey, Wiltshire and Hampshire. ... Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is a county in South East England. ... The titles Marquess and Duke of Buckingham have been created several times in the peerages of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom. ... Events January 8 - Premiere of George Frideric Handels opera Ariodante at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Cambridgeshire (abbreviated Cambs) is a county in England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. ... The Duke of Rutland is a title in the peerage of England. ... 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the English county. ... Events January 8 - Premiere of George Frideric Handels opera Ariodante at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Motto: Onan hag oll (Cornish: One and all) Englands Great Toe Geography Status Ceremonial and (smaller) Administrative county Traditional county Duchy of Cornwall Region South West England Area - Total - Admin. ... The word Cumberland may have a variety of possible meanings. ... Derbyshire (pronounced Dar-bee-shur) is a county in the East Midlands of England, which boasts some of Englands most attractive scenery. ... The Dukes of Devonshire are members of the aristocratic Cavendish family in the United Kingdom. ... Devon is a county in South West England, bordering on Cornwall to the west, Dorset and Somerset to the east. ... Events January 1 - Russia accepts Julian calendar. ... 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... John Russell, 1st Earl Russell (August 18, 1792 - May 28, 1878), known as Lord John Russell before 1861, was a Whig politician who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. ... Dorset (pronounced Dorsit, sometimes in the past called Dorsetshire) is a county in the southwest of England, on the English Channel coast. ... Events June 11 - George, Prince of Wales becomes King George II of Great Britain. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... County Durham is a county in north-east England. ... Essex is an administrative county in the East of England. ... Gloucestershire (pronounced [ ˈglɒstəʃəʳ]; GLOSS-ter-sher) is a ceremonial and administrative county in southwest England. ... Arms of the Duke of Beaufort The title of Duke of Beaufort in the Peerage of England was created by Charles II in 1682 for [[Henry Somerset, 1st Duke of Beaufort|Henry Somerset, 3rd Marquess of Worcester]], a descendant of Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, illegitimate son of Henry... 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Hampshire (abbr. ... The titles of Earl or Duke of Bedford were created several times in the peerage of England. ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Herefordshire is a county in the West Midlands region of England. ... 1802 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Hertfordshire (pronounced Hartfordshire or Harfordshire and abbreviated as Herts) is an inland county in the United Kingdom, officially part of the East of England Government region. ... The title Marquess of Salisbury is a British title of Peerage, created in 1789 for James Cecil, 7th Earl of Salisbury. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Huntingdonshire (abbreviated Hunts) is a part of England around Huntingdon, which is currently administered as a local government district of Cambridgeshire. ... The Earl of Sandwich is a title in the peerage of England, created by Charles II and bestowed upon Sir Edward Montagu. ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Kent is a county in England, south-east of London. ... Lancashire (archaically, the County of Lancaster) is a county palatine of England, lying on the Irish Sea. ... The Earl of Derby is a title in the peerage of England. ... Leicestershire (abbreviated Leics) is a landlocked county in central England. ... The Duke of Rutland is a title in the peerage of England. ... Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the East Midlands of England. ... Duke of Newcastle is a title which has been created several times in the peerages of England and Great Britain. ... // Events April 10 - The worlds first copyright legislation became effective, Britains Statute of Anne Ongoing events Great Northern War (1700-1721) War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) Births January 4 - Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer (d. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Middlesex as a traditional county before 1888. ... 1800 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Statue of Fred Wilkes (Fetter Lane London) Fred Wilkes (17 October 1727 – 26 December 1797) was an English radical, journalist and politician. ... This article needs copyediting (checking for proper English spelling, grammar, usage, etc. ... Joseph Hume (January 22, 1777 - February 20, 1855) was a British doctor and politician, born in Montrose, Scotland. ... Monmouthshire (Welsh: Sir Fynwy) is a traditional county and principal area in south-east Wales. ... Arms of the Duke of Beaufort The title of Duke of Beaufort in the Peerage of England was created by Charles II in 1682 for [[Henry Somerset, 1st Duke of Beaufort|Henry Somerset, 3rd Marquess of Worcester]], a descendant of Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, illegitimate son of Henry... Events June 11 - George, Prince of Wales becomes King George II of Great Britain. ... For alternative meanings see: Norfolk (disambiguation) Norfolk (pronounced NOR-fk) is a low-lying county in East Anglia in the east of southern England. ... Northamptonshire (abbreviated Northants or Nhants) is a landlocked county in central England with a population of 629,676 (2001 census). ... The title Earl Spencer was created in 1765 in the Peerage of Great Britain for John Spencer, 1st Viscount Spencer, a great-grandson of the 1st Duke of Marlborough. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... John Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer (1782-1845), known during his fathers lifetime by his courtesy title Viscount Althorp, was an English statesman. ... For other places with this name, see Northumberland (disambiguation) Northumberland is a ceremonial and administrative county in northern England. ... The title Duke of Northumberland was created in 1551 for John Dudley. ... Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, (March 13, 1764 - July 17, 1845), a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister. ... 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is an English county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire and Derbyshire. ... Duke of Newcastle is a title which has been created several times in the peerages of England and Great Britain. ... The Duke of Portland is a peerage title created in 1716 for Henry Bentinck, who was already Earl of Portland. ... Events Abraham De Moivre states De Moivres theorem connecting trigonometric functions and complex numbers Publication of the first book of Bachs Well-Tempered Clavier Fall of Persias Safavid dynasty during a bloody revolt of the Afghani people. ... Oxfordshire (abbreviated Oxon, from Latin Oxonia) is a county in South East England, bordering on Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Gloucestershire and Warwickshire. ... The coat of arms of the Dukes of Marlborough The Dukedom of Marlborough (pronounced Maulbruh) is an hereditary title of British nobility in the Peerage of England. ... Blenheim Palace, The Great Court. ... Events January 1 - Russia accepts Julian calendar. ... 1826 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Rutland is traditionally Englands smallest county and is bounded on the west and north by Leicestershire, northeast by Lincolnshire, and southeast by Northamptonshire. ... The Duke of Rutland is a title in the peerage of England. ... 1761 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Shropshire (abbreviated Salop or Shrops) is a county in the West Midlands region of England, bordering Cheshire, Staffordshire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire, and the Welsh counties of Powys and Clwyd. ... Somerset is a county in the south-west of England. ... Staffordshire (abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. ... Suffolk (pronounced suffuk) is a large traditional and administrative county in the East Anglia region of eastern England. ... Surrey is a county in southern England, one of the Home Counties. ... 1826 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Sussex is a traditional county in southern England, divided for administrative purposes into West Sussex and East Sussex and the city of Brighton and Hove. ... Duke of Newcastle is a title which has been created several times in the peerages of England and Great Britain. ... The title Duke of Richmond has been created several times in the Peerage of England. ... The Rt. ... Events Abraham De Moivre states De Moivres theorem connecting trigonometric functions and complex numbers Publication of the first book of Bachs Well-Tempered Clavier Fall of Persias Safavid dynasty during a bloody revolt of the Afghani people. ... // Events January 31 - The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Dock Hospital April 9 - The Scottish Jacobite Lord Lovat was beheaded by axe on Tower Hill, London, for high treason; he was the last man to be executed in this way in Britain May 14 - First battle of Cape... Warwickshire (pronounced worrickshur or worricksheer) is a landlocked county in central England. ... Events Construction begins on Blenheim Palace, in Oxfordshire, England. ... 1774 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the city in England. ... Westmorland is one of the 39 traditional counties of England. ... 1818 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Lord Henry Peter Brougham Baron Brougham & Vaux sitting as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (September 19, 1778 - May 7, 1868) was Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. ... Wiltshire (abbreviated Wilts) is a large southern English county. ... Worcestershire (pronounced /ˈwÊŠstÉ™.təʃə/ or /ˈwÊŠstÉ™.təʃiːɜː/ or /ˈwÊŠstÉ™.təʃaɪə/; abbreviated Worcs) is a county, located in the West Midlands region of central England. ... The title of Earl Beauchamp was created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1815. ... Yorkshire as a traditional county. ... 1784 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1784 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... William Wilberforce William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 - 29 July 1833) was an English parliamentarian and leader of the campaign against the slave trade. ... 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Lord Henry Peter Brougham Baron Brougham & Vaux sitting as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (September 19, 1778 - May 7, 1868) was Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. ...

English boroughs

In alphabetical order by county

The city of Worcester (pronounced ) is the county town of Worcestershire in England; the river Severn runs through the middle, with the citys large Worcester Cathedral overlooking the river. ... Aldeburgh is a town in Suffolk, East Anglia, England. ... Location within the British Isles Arms of Beverley Beverley is a market town in the East Riding of Yorkshire, north of Kingston-upon-Hull, east of Market Weighton and west of Hornsea. ... Map sources for Boroughbridge at grid reference SE3966 Boroughbridge is a small town 13 miles northwest of York in North Yorkshire in England. ... Hedon is a town in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, five miles east of Kingston Upon Hull. ... Hull or Kingston upon Hull is a British city situated on the north bank of the Humber estuary. ... Map sources for Knaresborough at grid reference SE3557 Knaresborough is a historical market town and spa town in North Yorkshire, England, located four miles east of Harrogate. ... Map sources for Malton at grid reference SE7871 Malton is a markettown in North Yorkshire, England, lying on the River Derwent. ... Map sources for Northallerton at grid reference SE3794 Northallerton is the county town of North Yorkshire, England. ... Pontefract Castle in its heyday Pontefract (from the Latin for Broken Bridge) is a town in the county of West Yorkshire, England, near the A1, or Great North Road, the M62 motorway and Castleford. ... The town of Richmond as seen from the top of the keep of Richmond Castle Richmond is an attractive Georgian market town on the River Swale in North Yorkshire. ... Map sources for Ripon at grid reference SE3171 Ripon is a cathedral city in North Yorkshire, England, 214 miles NNW from London. ... Map sources for Scarborough at grid reference TA0388 The South Bay at Scarborough Scarborough lies on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, England. ... Thirsk town centre St. ... York is a city in northern England, at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss. ...

Welsh counties

[The Isle of] Anglesey or Anglesea (Welsh: [Ynys] Môn, pronounced as U-niss Mawn, in IPA), is an island and county at the north western extremity of North Wales. ... The title of Marquess of Anglesey was created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1815 for the Henry William Paget, 2nd Earl of Uxbridge, a hero of the Battle of Waterloo. ... Brecknockshire, also known as Breconshire or, in Welsh, as Sir Frycheiniog is an inland traditional county of Wales, bounded N. by Radnorshire, E. by Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, S. by Monmouthshire and Glamorgan, and W. by Carmarthenshire and Cardiganshire. ... Tredegar is a town in the county borough of Blaenau Gwent, traditional county of Monmouthshire, lying on the Sirhowy River in southern Wales, United Kingdom. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Cardiganshire (Sir Aberteifi in Welsh) was a traditional county in Wales that existed between 1282 and 1974. ... 1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... // Events April 10 – Austrian army attack troops of Frederick the Great at Mollwitz December 19 – Vitus Bering dies in his expedition east of Siberia December 25 – Anders Celsius develops his own thermometer scale Celsius William Browning invents mineral water Elizabeth of Russia became czarina. ... Carmarthenshire (Welsh: Sir Gaerfyrddin) is a county in Wales. ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Caernarfonshire, also known as Carnarvonshire or, in Welsh, as Sir Gaernarfon, is a maritime traditional county of Wales. ... 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Denbighshire (Welsh: Sir Ddinbych) is a county in North Wales. ... 1796 was a leap year starting on Friday. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Flintshire (Welsh Sir y Fflint) is a county in northern Wales. ... 1837 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Glamorgan or Morgannwg is a maritime traditional county of Wales, UK, and was previously a medieval kingdom or principality. ... The title of Marquess of Bute was created in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1796 for the 4th Earl of Bute (in the Peerage of Scotland). ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Merionethshire (Meirionnydd in Welsh) is a traditional county of Wales. ... 1836 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Montgomeryshire (Welsh: Sir Drefaldwyn) is an inland traditional county of Wales. ... Events January 1 - Russia accepts Julian calendar. ... 1836 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Pembrokeshire (Welsh: Sir Benfro) is a county in the southwest of Wales in the United Kingdom. ... Baron Milford is a British peerage title. ... 1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Radnorshire (Welsh: Sir Faesyfed) is an inland traditional county of Wales, bounded to the north by Montgomeryshire and Shropshire, to the east by Herefordshire, to the south by Brecknockshire and to the west by Cardiganshire. ...

Welsh boroughs

Beaumaris, Anglesey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Brecon is a historic market town in mid Wales, with a population of roughly 8,000 with around 6,000 in the surrounding area. ... Caernarfon, 2002 Caernarfon (the original Welsh spelling is now normally used in preference over the Anglicised form, Caernarvon or Carnarvon) is a Royal Town in Gwynedd in north-west Wales. ... Conwy (formerly anglicised as Conway) is a town in Conwy county borough, North Wales, UK, which faces the resort of Llandudno across the Conwy Estuary. ... Criccieth (Welsh Cricieth) is a town on the LlÅ·n or Lleyn peninsula in Gwynedd, traditional county of Caernarfonshire, north Wales. ... Pwllheli is the main market town of the Lleyn peninsula in the administrative county of Gwynedd, traditional county of Caernarfonshire, northwestern Wales. ... Aberavon is a parliamentary constituency of south Wales, on the right bank of the river Afan, near its mouth in Swansea Bay, the original village of Aberavon or Aberafan nowadays being a district of Port Talbot. ... Cardiff (Welsh: Caerdydd) is the capital and largest city of Wales. ... Cowbridge (Welsh: Y Bont-faen) is a market town in the Vale of Glamorgan, south Wales. ... Kenfig (Welsh: Cynffig) is a village in Bridgend County Borough, Wales, lying on Swansea Bay north of Porthcawl. ... Llantrisant is a town in the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taff, traditional county of Glamorgan, south Wales, lying on the River Ely and the River Clun. ... Loughor (Welsh: Casllwchwr) is a town in the City of Swansea, traditional county of Glamorgan, south Wales. ... Neath is a town with a population of approximately 60,000, located on the river of the same name in the traditional county of Glamorgan, south Wales. ... Swansea (Welsh: Abertawe - aber river-mouth + river Tawe) is a city and county in South Wales, situated on the coast immediately to the east of the Gower peninsula. ... Aberystwyth (from the Welsh Mouth of the Ystwyth) is a historic market town, administrative centre and seaport of Ceredigion (Cardiganshire), Mid Wales. ... Cardigan (Welsh: Aberteifi) is the county town of Cardiganshire (Ceredigion) in west Wales. ... Lampeter (Welsh: Llanbedr Pont Steffan) is a town in Ceredigion, Wales, United Kingdom, lying on the River Teifi, which meets the Irish Sea at Cardigan. ... Carmarthen (Welsh Caerfyrddin - caer fort + Myrddin Moridunum, Merlin) is the county town of Carmarthenshire, Wales. ... Denbigh (Welsh: Dinbych) is the county town of the traditional county of Denbighshire, Wales. ... Ruthin (Welsh: Rhuthun), pronounced RITH-in (SAMPA rITIn), is the county town of Denbighshire in North Wales located at approx. ... Caergwrle is a small town in northern United Kingdom. ... Flint (Welsh: Y Fflint) is the county town of Flintshire, north Wales, lying on the estuary of the River Dee. ... Overton-on-Dee is a town in Flintshire, North Wales, UK, on the river Dee. ... Rhuddlan is a town in the administrative county of Denbighshire, traditional county of Flintshire, north Wales, lying on the River Clwyd. ... Haverfordwest (Welsh: Hwlffordd) is a small market town in south-west Wales. ... Montgomery (Welsh: Trefaldwyn) is the county town of Montgomeryshire, lying in Powys, Wales. ... Knighton (Welsh: Tref-y-clawdd) is a town in Powys, traditional county of Radnorshire, mid Wales, lying on the River Teme. ... New Radnor is a village in Powys, Wales. ... Rhayader (Welsh: Rhaeadr Gwy) is a town in the traditional county of Radnorshire, Powys, mid Wales, lying on the River Wye. ... Pembroke (Welsh: Penfro) is a town in west Wales. ... Harbour of Tenby in Nov, 2001 Tenby (Welsh: Dinbych-y-Pysgod, fortlet of the fishes) is a town in Pembrokeshire, west Wales, lying on Carmarthen Bay. ...

Scottish counties

Aberdeenshire can refer to two local authorities in Scotland with this name. ... The title Duke of Gordon has been created once in the Peerage of England and again in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. ... Argyll, sometimes called Argyllshire, is one of the traditional counties of Scotland. ... Arms of the Duke of Argyll since 1406 The title Duke of Argyll was created in the peerage of Scotland in 1701 and in the peerage of the United Kingdom in 1892. ... Ayrshire (Scottish Gaelic, Siorrachd Inbhir Àir) is a traditional county in south-west Scotland, located on the shores of the Firth of Clyde. ... Banffshire (Siorrachd Bhanbh in Gaelic) is a small traditional county in the north of Scotland. ... The title of Earl of Fife was created several times in the Peerages of Scotland, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. ... Berwickshire (Siorrachd Bhearaig in Gaelic) is a traditional county and Lieutenancy area of Scotland, on the border with England. ... 1784 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Alternate meaning: Bute (mythology) Bute, sometimes known as Buteshire, is a small traditional county of Scotland. ... Caithness (Gallaibh in Gaelic) is a traditional county and former administrative county within the Highland area of Scotland. ... The title of Marquess of Bute was created in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1796 for the 4th Earl of Bute (in the Peerage of Scotland). ... John Archibald Sinclair, 3rd Viscount Thurso (born September 10, 1953), known as John Thurso, is a British businessman and Liberal Democrat politician. ... Clackmannanshire (Siorrachd Chlach Mhannainn in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and a Lieutenancy area, bordering onto the areas of Perth and Kinross, Stirling and Fife. ... Kinross-shire is a small traditional county of Scotland. ... Cromartyshire (Siorrachd Chromba in Gaelic) is a traditional county in the north of Scotland, consisting of a series of enclaves within Ross-shire. ... Nairnshire (Siorrachd Inbhir Narann in Gaelic) is a small traditional county of Scotland, centred around Nairn, the traditional county town. ... Dumfriesshire (Siorrachd Dhùn Phris in Gaelic) is a traditional county of Scotland. ... The title Duke of Queensberry was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1684. ... Dunbartonshire is one of the Traditional counties of Scotland, in that part of the country formerly called Lennox (which was a title of nobility). ... Arms of the Duke of Argyll since 1406 The title Duke of Argyll was created in the peerage of Scotland in 1701 and in the peerage of the United Kingdom in 1892. ... The title of Duke of Montrose was created in the peerage of Scotland in 1488 for David Lindsay. ... Midlothian is one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and a Lieutenancy Area. ... Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville (April 28, 1742 - May 28, 1811) was a British statesman. ... 1774 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Morayshire or Elginshire is one of the traditional counties of Scotland, bordering Nairnshire to the west, Inverness-shire to the south, and Banffshire to the east. ... This article is about the area in Scotland. ... Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville (April 28, 1742 - May 28, 1811) was a British statesman. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the region in Scotland. ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... East Lothian or Haddingtonshire is one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and a Lieutenancy Area. ... The title Earl of Haddington was created in 1627 for Sir Thomas Hamilton in the Peerage of Scotland, Earl of Melrose. ... Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville (April 28, 1742 - May 28, 1811) was a British statesman. ... Inverness-shire (Siorrachd Inbhir Nis in Gaelic) is one of the traditional counties of Scotland. ... 1802 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Kincardineshire, also known as The Mearns (from A Mhaoirne meaning The Stewartry) is a traditional county on the coast of Northeast Scotland. ... Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville (April 28, 1742 - May 28, 1811) was a British statesman. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Kirkcudbrightshire (pronounced Kir-COO-bri-shir, also known as the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright or as East Galloway, and Siorrachd Chille Chuithbheirt in Gaelic) is a traditional county of south-western Scotland, bounded on the north and north-west by Ayrshire, on the west and southwest by Wigtownshire, on the south... The title Earl of Galloway was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1623 for Alexander Stewart. ... Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville (April 28, 1742 - May 28, 1811) was a British statesman. ... 1826 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Lanarkshire (Siorrachd Lannraig in Gaelic) is a traditional county of Scotland. ... The Mausoleum of the Dukes of Hamilton sits in the grounds of the old Hamilton Palace in Hamilton The Duke of Hamilton is a title in the Peerage of Scotland created in 1643. ... 1802 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... West Lothian or Linlithgowshire is one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and a Lieutenancy Area. ... 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville (April 28, 1742 - May 28, 1811) was a British statesman. ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Orkney Islands form one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and are a Lieutenancy Area. ... See Shetland (disambiguation) for other meanings. ... 1826 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Peebleshire (Siorrachd nam Pùballan in Gaelic) is a traditional county in Scotland. ... The title Duke of Queensberry was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1684. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Perthshire is an traditional county in central Scotland, which extends from Strathmore in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west, and Aberfoyle in the south. ... Renfrewshire (Siorrachd Rinn Friù in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary authority regions in Scotland. ... Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville (April 28, 1742 - May 28, 1811) was a British statesman. ... Ross-shire (Siorrachd Rois in Gaelic), a traditional county of Scotland, borders on Sutherland, Cromartyshire (of which it contains many enclaves), Inverness-shire and on an exclave of Nairnshire. ... Earl of Seaforth, a Scottish title held by the family of Mackenzie from 1623 to 1716, and again from 1771 to 1781. ... 1796 was a leap year starting on Friday. ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Roxburghshire (Siorrachd Rosbroig in Gaelic) is a traditional county of Scotland. ... The title of Duke of Buccleuch (IPA ) was created in the Peerage of Scotland on 20 April 1663 for the Duke of Monmouth, eldest illegitimate son of Charles II of England, who had married Anne Scott, 4th Countess of Buccleuch. ... Selkirkshire (Siorrachd Shalcraig in Gaelic) is a traditional county of Scotland. ... The title of Duke of Buccleuch (IPA ) was created in the Peerage of Scotland on 20 April 1663 for the Duke of Monmouth, eldest illegitimate son of Charles II of England, who had married Anne Scott, 4th Countess of Buccleuch. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Stirlingshire (Siorrachd Sruighlea in Gaelic) is a traditional county of Scotland, based around Stirling, the traditional county town. ... 1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Mausoleum of the Dukes of Hamilton sits in the grounds of the old Hamilton Palace in Hamilton The Duke of Hamilton is a title in the Peerage of Scotland created in 1643. ... This article is about the Scottish county of Sutherland. ... The title Duke of Sutherland was created for George Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Marquess of Stafford, in 1833. ... Wigtownshire is a small traditional county in the south west of Scotland. ... The title Earl of Galloway was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1623 for Alexander Stewart. ... 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Scottish boroughs

Aberdeens location in Scotland Aberdeen (Obar Dheathain in Scottish Gaelic) is Scotlands third largest city, with a population of 212,125. ... The ruined Arbroath Abbey, built from local red sandstone. ... Brechin is a burgh in Angus, Scotland. ... Montrose is a minor port and tourist resort in the county of Angus on the east coast of Scotland. ... Crail is a burgh in Fife, Scotland. ... Pittenweem is a small village in the County of Fife on the East Coast of Scotland. ... Location within the British Isles Ayr (Scottish Gaelic, Inbhir Àir) in the south-west of Scotland is a town situated on the Firth of Clyde. ... Campbeltown is a burgh in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, located by Campbeltown Loch on the Kintyre peninsula. ... Inveraray is a burgh in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, located on the western shore of Loch Fyne near its head, and on the A83 road. ... Irvine is a coastal new town in Ayrshire, Scotland, administered by North Ayrshire council. ... The town of Rothesay is the principal town on the Isle of Bute, in the county of Bute, Scotland. ... The town of Annan stands on the River Annan in the region of Dumfries and Galloway on the Solway Firth in the south of Scotland. ... Location within the British Isles. ... Sanquhar is a town in the south of Scotland in Dumfries and Galloway, on the River Nith. ... Burntisland is a burgh in Fife, Scotland on the Firth of Forth. ... Dysart is a small village in Fife, Scotland found on the northern shore of the Firth of Forth. ... Categories: UK geography stubs | Scottish seaside resorts ... Kirkcaldy is currently the largest town in Fife, Scotland. ... It has been suggested that Areas of Edinburgh be merged into this article or section. ... Banff and Macduff are twin burghs in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. ... Cullen is a village in Morayshire, Scotland, on the North Sea coast 20 miles east of Elgin. ... Elgin is a city in north-east Scotland, 35 miles east of Inverness and 70 miles west of Aberdeen. ... Inverurie is a burgh in Aberdeenshire, Scotland approximately 16 miles north east of Aberdeen along the A96 road. ... Dumbarton is a town in Scotland, lying on the north bank of the River Clyde. ... Glasgows location in Scotland Glasgow (or Glaschu in Gaelic) is Scotlands largest city, situated on the River Clyde in the countrys west central lowlands. ... Renfrew (Rinn Friù in Scottish Gaelic) is a small town, located six miles west of Glasgow on the west coast of Scotland. ... Rutherglen (An Ruadh Ghleann in Scottish Gaelic) is a town bordering on the city of Glasgow, Scotland. ... Dunbar - High Street Belhaven beach, John Muir Country Park, Dunbar, Scotland Dunbar is a burgh in East Lothian on the southeast coast of Scotland, approximately 30 miles east of Edinburgh. ... Haddington is a burgh in East Lothian. ... Location within the British Isles. ... Lauder is a Royal Burgh in the Scottish Borders. ... North Berwick North Berwick is a small Scottish seaside town in East Lothian, on the south shore of the Firth of Forth, about 25 miles east of Edinburgh. ... Suenos Stone in Forres Forres, an ancient Royal Burgh Town, is situated in the North of Scotland on the Moray Coast. ... Fortrose is a burgh in the Scottish Highlands, located on the Moray Firth, approximately ten kilometres north east of Inverness. ... Inverness (Inbhir Nis in Scottish Gaelic) is the only city in the Scottish Highlands. ... Nairn (Scottish Gaelic: Inbhir Narann) is a burgh in the Scottish Highlands, lying about fifteen miles east of Inverness. ... Lanark is also the title of a novel by Alasdair Gray and a county in Ontario (Lanark County, Ontario) Lanark is a small town in the central belt of Scotland, and functioned as the county town of the former county of Lanarkshire. ... Linlithgow - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... Old Parish Church, Peebles Location within the British Isles Peebles is a burgh in the traditional county of Peeblesshire (of which is it the county town), in the Scottish Borders, lying on the River Tweed. ... Map sources for Selkirk at grid reference NT469286 Selkirk is a royal burgh in the Scottish Borders, and historically the county town of Selkirkshire. ... Cupar is a burgh in Scotland and is the capital of Fife. ... Dundees location in Scotland Dundee (Dùn Dèagh in Gaelic) is Scotlands fourth largest city, population 154,674 (2001), situated on the North bank of the Firth of Tay. ... Forfar is a town of approximately 13,500 people, located in the unitary authority of Angus in Scotland. ... Perths location in Scotland Perth (Scottish Gaelic, Peairt), otherwise known as The Fair City, is situated on the banks of the River Tay, in the Scottish Lowlands. ... St. ... Culross Culross (pronounced Coo-ros) is a burgh in Fife, Scotland. ... Inverkeithing is a burgh in Fife, Scotland, located on the Firth of Forth. ... South Queensferry, originally a Royal Burgh in West Lothian is now part of the City of Edinburgh, Scotland. ... Stirling (Sruighlea in Gaelic) is a city in Central Scotland, in the district of Stirling. ... Location within the British Isles. ... Dornoch is a royal burgh and seaside resort in Sutherland on the east coast of the Scottish Highlands, and the north shore of the Dornoch Firth. ... Kirkwall is the largest town and capital of the Orkney Islands, in northern Scotland. ... You may be looking for an article on the Táin Bó Cuailnge, often referred to simply as the Táin. Tain is a burgh in the Scottish Highlands, on the main rail and A9 road routes to the north coast. ... Location within the British Isles Wick is an estuary town in Caithness, in the Highland area of Scotland, on the main highway (the A99-A9 road) linking John O Groats with southern Britain. ... New Galloway is a village in Dumfries and Galloway, southwest Scotland. ... Stranraer (An t-Sròn Reamhar in Gaelic) is a town in the south of Scotland in the west of the region of Dumfries and Galloway and was formerly in the county of Wigtownshire. ... Whithorn is a small burgh in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, about ten miles south of Wigtown. ... Wigtown is a town in the south of Scotland in Dumfries and Galloway, south of Newton Stewart and east of Stranraer. ...

Irish counties

County Antrim (Contae Aontroma in Irish) is the 9th largest of the 32 traditional counties of Ireland in terms of area, and 2nd in terms of population behind Dublin. ... The titles of Earl of Hertford and Marquess of Hertford have been created several times in the peerages of England and Great Britain. ... County Armagh (Contae Ard Mhacha in Irish) is a county in Ulster, Ireland. ... The title of Viscount Charlemont was created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1665. ... Carlow (Ceatharlach in Irish) is a county located towards the south east of Ireland, in the province of Leinster. ... 1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Cavan (Irish: An Cabhán) is a county in the Republic of Ireland. ... The title of Baron Farnham was created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1756. ... 1826 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Poulnabrone Dolmen in the Burren, County Clare, Ireland, 2004. ... 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Daniel OConnell Daniel OConnell (August 6, 1775 – May 15, 1847), known as The Liberator or The Emancipator, was Irelands predominant politician in the first half of the nineteenth century. ... Catholic Emancipation was a process in Great Britain and Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th century which involved reducing and removing many of the restrictions on Roman Catholics which had been introduced by the Act of Uniformity and the Test Acts. ... County Cork (Contae Chorcaí in Irish) is the most southwesterly and the largest of the modern counties of Ireland. ... The title of Earl of Shannon was created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1756. ... 1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Dukes of Devonshire are members of the aristocratic Cavendish family in the United Kingdom. ... 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Donegal (disambiguation) Donegal (Irish: Dún na nGall) is a county in the northwest of Ireland. ... The title Duke of Abercorn was created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1868 and bestowed upon James Hamilton, 2nd Marquess of Abercorn. ... The title of Marquess Conyngham (pronounced Cunningum)was created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1816. ... 1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... County Down, (An Dún in Irish) is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland, covering an area of 2,448 km² (945 square miles). ... The Marquess of Downshire is a marquess in the Peerage of Ireland. ... The title of Marquess of Londonderry (pronounced Lundundry) is a title in the Peerage of Ireland created in 1816 for Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Londonderry, father of Lord Castlereagh, the Foreign Secretary at the time. ... Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry, (June 18, 1769 - August 12, 1822), known until 1821 by his courtesy title of Viscount Castlereagh, was an Anglo-Irish politician born in Dublin who represented the United Kingdom at the Congress of Vienna. ... 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Dublin (Irish Áth Cliath) is the area that contains the City of Dublin, the capital and largest city of the Republic of Ireland; and the counties of Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin. ... The Church of Ireland is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating seamlessly in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. ... 1826 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... County Fermanagh (Contae Fear Manach in Irish) is the westernmost of the six counties that form Northern Ireland. ... Earl of Enniskillen is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. ... County Galway (Contae na Gaillimhe in Irish) is located on the west coast of Ireland. ... Earl of Clanricarde is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. ... The title of Earl of Clancarty has been created twice in the Peerage of Ireland, first in 1658, that title being attainted in 1690, and then in 1803. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... County Kerry (Irish: Ciarraí) is a county in the southwest of Ireland, in the Munster province of the Republic of Ireland, informally referred to as The Kingdom. ... The title of Earl of Kenmare was created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1801. ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... County Kildare (Irish: Cill Dara) is an Irish county located to the southwest of Dublin in the province of Leinster. ... Arms of the Duke of Leinster The Duke of Leinster (named after Leinster and, unlike the Province, pronounced Linster) is Irelands premier peer. ... County Kilkenny (Cill Chainnigh in Irish) is located in the south east of Ireland in the province of Leinster. ... The peerage title Earl of Ormonde has a long and complex history. ... Earl of Bessborough is a peerage title in the Peerage of Ireland. ... Kings County is the name of several counties aorund the world: Kings County, Nova Scotia, Canada Kings County, New Brunswick, Canada Kings County, California, United States of America Kings County, Ireland is the former name of County Offaly. ... The title Earl of Rosse has been created twice in the Peerage of Ireland. ... 1826 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Leitrim (Irish: Liatroim) is one of the counties of the island of Ireland and of the Republic of Ireland and is part of the province Connacht, in the west of the island. ... The title of Earl of Leitrim was created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1795. ... Limerick (Luimneach in Irish) is an Irish county in the province of Munster, located in the Mid-west of Ireland with County Clare to the north, County Cork to the south and County Kerry to the west. ... The title of Earl of Clare (in England) was created in the Peerage of England in 1624, and again in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1715. ... County Londonderry or County Derry (Doire in Irish) is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland. ... The title of Marquess of Londonderry (pronounced Lundundry) is a title in the Peerage of Ireland created in 1816 for Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Londonderry, father of Lord Castlereagh, the Foreign Secretary at the time. ... The Marquess of Waterford is the senior marquess in the Peerage of Ireland. ... County Longford (Irish: Longphort) is a county situated in the Irish Midlands, in northwest Leinster. ... The title Earl of Rosse has been created twice in the Peerage of Ireland. ... County Louth (An Lú in Irish) is a county on the east coast of Ireland. ... 1826 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... County Mayo (Irish: Maigh Eo, the plain of the yews) is a county on the west coast of Ireland. ... Marquess of Sligo is a title in the Peerage of Ireland created in 1800 for the Earl of Altamont. ... The title of Viscount Dillon was created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1622. ... Meath (An Mhí in Irish) is a county in the Republic of Ireland, often informally called The Royal County. ... Marquess of Headfort is a title in the Peerage of Ireland, created in 1800 for the Earl of Bective. ... 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Monaghan (Irish: Contae Muineachán) is a county in the Republic of Ireland. ... Baron Rossmore is a title in both the Peerage of Ireland and the Peerage of the United Kingdom. ... 1818 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Queens County is the name of several counties around the world: Queens County, New York, United States Queens County, New Brunswick, Canada Queens County, Nova Scotia, Canada Queens County, Prince Edward Island, Canada Queens County, Ireland now known as County Laois This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid... The Dukedom of Wellington, derived from Wellington in Somerset, is a hereditary title and the senior Dukedom in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... County Roscommon (Ros Comáin in Irish) is a county located in central Ireland. ... Earl of Kingston is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. ... Sligo (Sligeach in Irish) is a county in the province of Connacht in the west of Ireland. ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Earl of Kingston is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. ... County Tipperary (Tiobraid Árann in Irish) is a traditional county in the Republic of Ireland, in the province of Munster. ... The title of Earl of Llandaff was created in 1797 in the Peerage of Ireland for Francis Mathew, 1st Viscount Llandaff, who had been created Baron Llandaff in 1783 and Viscount Llandaff in 1797. ... 1818 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... This article is about County Tyrone. ... The title Duke of Abercorn was created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1868 and bestowed upon James Hamilton, 2nd Marquess of Abercorn. ... Earl Belmore is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. ... 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... County Waterford (Port Láirge in Irish) is a county in the province of Munster on the south coast of Ireland. ... The Dukes of Devonshire are members of the aristocratic Cavendish family in the United Kingdom. ... County Westmeath (An Iarmhí in Irish) is a county situated in the Irish Midlands, in the western part of the province of Leinster. ... The title of Earl of Belvidere was created in 1756 in the Peerage of Ireland. ... The title Earl of Longford was first bestowed upon Francis Aungier in 1677. ... 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Wexford (Loch Garman in Irish) is a maritime county in the southeast of Ireland, in the province of Leinster. ... The Marquess of Ely is a marquess in the Peerage of Ireland. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Wicklow (Cill Mhantáin in Irish) is a county on the east coast of Ireland, immediately south of Dublin. ... The title of Earl Fitzwilliam was created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1716, and in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1746. ...

Irish boroughs

Armagh is a city in Northern Ireland, the capital of County Armagh. ... Remains of the abbey at Athlone. ... Belfast (Béal Feirste in Irish) is a city in the United Kingdom. ... Carlow (Ceatharlach in Irish, meaning four-part lake) is an inland town in the south-east of Ireland in County Carlow, 84 km from Dublin. ... Carrickfergus (Carraig Fhearghais, meaning Rock of Fergus, in Irish) is a town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. ... Cashel (Irish: An Caisleán) is a town in County Tipperary, Republic of Ireland, located south of the midlands of Ireland. ... Clonmel (Cluain Meala in Irish) is a medium-sized town situated in south County Tipperary, Ireland. ... Arms of Coleraine Coleraine (Cúil Raithin in Irish) is a town in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland at the mouth of the river Bann. ... Cork (Corcaigh in Irish) is the second city of the Republic of Ireland. ... Downpatrick (Dún Phádraig in Irish, meaning Fort of Patrick) is a town in County Down in Northern Ireland with about 10,113 inhabitants. ... Drogheda (Droichead Átha in Irish, meaning Bridge of the Ford) is an industrial and port town in County Louth on the east coast of Ireland, 56 km north of Dublin. ... Dublin (Irish: Baile Átha Cliath),is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Ireland, located near the midpoint of Irelands east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and at the centre of the Dublin region. ... Dundalk (Irish: Dún Dealgan) is a town in County Louth in the Republic of Ireland, close to the border with Northern Ireland. ... Dungannon (Dún Geanainn in Irish) is a town in County Tyrone in Northern Ireland. ... Dungarvan (Dún Garbháin in Irish) is a town and harbour on the south coast of Ireland in the province of Munster. ... Ennis (Irish: Inis) is the county town of Clare in the Republic of Ireland. ... Enniskillen (Inis Ceithleann in Irish) is the county town of Fermanagh in Northern Ireland. ... Galway (official Irish name: Gaillimh) is the only city in the province of Connacht in Ireland and capital of County Galway. ... Kilkenny (Irish: Cill Chainnigh) is the county seat of County Kilkenny, Ireland, with a population (including environs) of 20,735. ... Market Street in Kinsale, one of the towns oldest thoroughfares Kinsale (Cionn tSáile in Irish) is a town in County Cork, Ireland. ... Limerick (Irish: Luimneach) is a city and the county seat of County Limerick in the province of Munster, in the midwest of the Republic of Ireland. ... Lisburn is a city split between County Antrim & County Down, Northern Ireland. ... Mallow (Mala, Magh Ealla, and other variations in Irish) is the Crossroads of Munster and the administrative capital of north County Cork, in Ireland. ... New Ross (Ros Mhic Thriúin in Irish) is a town in southwest County Wexford, Republic of Ireland, in the southeast of Ireland. ... Newry is a city in Northern Ireland. ... Portarlington (Cúil an tSúdaire in Irish, meaning Tanners Corner) is a town in County Laois, straddling the border with County Offaly in the midlands of Ireland. ... Sligo (Sligeach in Irish) is the county town of County Sligo in the Republic of Ireland. ... Tralee (Irish: Trá Lí) is the county town of County Kerry in Ireland. ... Waterford (Irish: Port Lairge) is, historically, the capital of County Waterford in Ireland, though today the city is administered separately from the county, the latter having its seat in Dungarvan. ... Wexford (Irish: Loch Garman) is the county town of County Wexford in the Republic of Ireland. ... Youghal (pronounced or ; Irish Eochaill ) is a seaport in County Cork, Ireland. ...

University seats

REDIRECT [1] ... The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin or more commonly Trinity College, Dublin (TCD) was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I, is the only constituent college of the University of Dublin, Irelands oldest university. ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ...

References

• John Brooke, The House of Commons 1754-1790 (Oxford University Press, 1964)
• John Cannon, Parliamentary Reform 1640-1832 (Cambridge University Press, 1973)
• J.E. Neale, The Elizabethan House of Commons (Jonathan Cape, 1949)
• R.G. Thorne, The House of Commons 1790-1820 (Volume II, Constituencies) (Secker and Warburg, 1986)