Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages      Yukaghir      Samoyedic      Ugric      Finnic

The Uralic languages (pronounced: /jʊˈɹɑlɪk/) form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. The name of the language family refers to the location of the family’s suggested Urheimat (homeland), which is often placed close to the Ural mountains. Countries that are home to a significant number of speakers of Uralic languages include Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Romania, Russia, Serbia, and Sweden. The healthiest Uralic languages in terms of the number of native speakers are Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Map of Eastern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... Northern Europe is marked in dark blue Northern Europe is a name of the northern part of the European continent. ... Regions of Asia:  Northern Asia  Central Asia  Western Asia  Southern Asia  Eastern Asia  Southeastern Asia North Asia or Northern Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Current distribution of Human Language Families A language family is a group of related languages said to have descended from a common proto-language. ... It has been suggested that Altaic hypothesis be merged into this article or section. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages The Samoyedic languages are spoken on both sides of the Ural mountains, in northernmost Eurasia, by perhaps 30,000 speakers altogether. ... Approximate geographical distribution of areas where indigenous Finno-Ugric languages are spoken. ... , drawn after Ruhlen, Merritt, A Guide to the Worlds languages, Stanford, California (1987), p. ... , drawn after Ruhlen, Merritt, A Guide to the Worlds languages, Stanford, California (1987), p. ... Geographical distribution of Yukaghir, Finnic, Ugric and Samoyedic languages The Yukaghir languages are a family of related languages spoken in Russia by the Yukaghir, a Siberian people, living in the basin of the Kolyma River. ... Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages The Samoyedic languages are spoken on both sides of the Ural mountains, in northernmost Eurasia, by perhaps 30,000 speakers altogether. ... Ugric languages or Ugrian languages are generally held to be a branch of Finno-Ugric languages. ... Geographical distribution of Finno-Ugric (Finno-Permic in blue, Ugric in green). ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Most languages are known to belong to language families (families hereforth). ... Urheimat (German: ur- original, ancient; Heimat home, homeland) is a linguistic term denoting the original homeland of the speakers of a proto-language. ... Map of the Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: , Uralskiye gory) (also known as the Urals, the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, and known as the Stone Belt) are a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ... Anthem Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian language 1 Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn 2 Albanian 3 Government Semi-presidential republic  -  President Boris Tadić  -  Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment  -  Formation 8th century   -  First unified state c. ...

Family Tree

While the internal structure of the Uralic family has been under debate since the family was originally proposed, two subfamilies, Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic, are usually recognized as being distinct from one another. However, some researchers maintain that Samoyedic is only one of several branches of the Uralic family, and that Finno-Ugric is not a valid node in the Uralic family tree. In any case, the ultimate ancestor of all Samoyed and Finno-Ugric languages is Proto-Uralic. The researchers who assume a distinction between Samoyed and Finno-Ugric argue that Proto-Uralic originally split into Proto-Samoyed and Proto-Finno-Ugric. Approximate geographical distribution of areas where indigenous Finno-Ugric languages are spoken. ... Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages The Samoyedic languages are spoken on both sides of the Ural mountains, in northernmost Eurasia, by perhaps 30,000 speakers altogether. ... Proto-Uralic is the hypothetical language ancestral to the Uralic languages, including the modern Samoyedic and Finno-Ugric languages. ... Proto-Samoyed or Proto-Samoyedic is the reconstructed ancestral language of the Samoyed languages, i. ... Proto-Finno-Ugric is the reconstructed protolanguage for the Finno-Ugric languages, that is the ancestor of the Samic languages or Finnic languages, such as Finnish, and the Ugric languages, whose best known example is Hungarian. ...

Many efforts have been made to identify the relationship between the Uralic languages and languages generally thought to belong to the world’s other major language families. According to a frequently cited but controversial hypothesis the Uralic languages could be related to Yukaghir; this theory has failed to win wide acceptance, however. Theories proposing a special relationship with the Altaic languages have formerly been popular, based on shared vocabulary as well as grammatical and phonological features (e.g., agglutination, vowel harmony), but are now generally rejected by most linguists, who view such similarities as resulting from coincidence or language contact. Geographical distribution of Yukaghir, Finnic, Ugric and Samoyedic languages The Yukaghir languages are a family of related languages spoken in Russia by the Yukaghir, a Siberian people, living in the basin of the Kolyma River. ... Altaic is a proposed language family which includes 66 languages [1] spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia. ... For the music festival, see Agglutination Metal Festival. ... Vowel harmony (also metaphony) is a type of long-distance assimilatory phonological process involving vowels. ...

Theories that include the Uralic family as a node in a proposed superfamily include the following:

• Uralo-Yukaghir
• Eurasiatic
• Ural-Altaic
• Uralo-Dravidian
• Uralo-Indo-European/Indo-Uralic
• Uralo-Siberian
• Nostratic

Uralic-Yukaghir (or Uralo-Yukaghir) is a hypothetical language family that attempts to relate Yukaghir, a group of dialects spoken in Siberia, with Uralic, a much larger and popular language family to which Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian belong. ... Eurasiatic is a hypothetical macro-family proposed by the late Joseph Greenberg that groups together several language families of Europe, Asia, and North America. ... It has been suggested that Altaic hypothesis be merged into this article or section. ... Indo-Uralic is a hypothetical language family consisting of Indo-European and Uralic. ... Uralo-Siberian is a hypothetical language family proposed by Michael Fortescue in his book Language Relations across Bering Strait in 1998. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Classification of Languages

The traditional classification of the Uralic languages is as follows. Obsolete names are displayed in italics.

Samoyedic Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages The Samoyedic languages are spoken on both sides of the Ural mountains, in northernmost Eurasia, by perhaps 30,000 speakers altogether. ...

• Northern Samoyedic
  • Enets (Yenets, Yenisei-Samoyed) — Nearly extinct
  • Nenets (Yurak)
  • Nganasan (Tavgy, Tavgi, Tawgi, Tawgi-Samoyed)
  • Yurats
• Southern Samoyedic
  • Kamassian (Kamas) — Extinct (20th century)
  • Mator (Motor) — Extinct (19th century)
  • Selkup (Ostyak-Samoyed)

Finno-Ugric Northern Samoyedic languages are a subgroup of the Samoyedic languages. ... Enets is a language spoken by the Enets people in North Russia. ... Nenets (autonym: ненёця вада) is a language spoken by the Nenets people in northern Russia. ... Nganasan language, also known as the Tavgy, Tavgi, Tawgi, Tawgi-Samoyed language (Нганасанский язык, or Тавгийский, Тавгийско-самоедский язык in Russian) is a language of the Nganasan people. ... Yurats is a Samoyedic language formerly spoken in the Siberian tundra west of the Yenisei River. ... The Southern Samoyedic languages are a subgroup of the Samoyedic languages. ... Kamassian is an extinct Uralic language belonging to the southern group of the Samoyedic languages. ... Mator or Motor is a Uralic language. ... Selkup language is a language of the Selkups. ... Approximate geographical distribution of areas where indigenous Finno-Ugric languages are spoken. ...

• Ugric (Ugrian)
  • Hungarian (Magyar)
    • Hungarian
  • Ob Ugric (Ob Ugrian)
    • Khanty (Ostyak)
    • Mansi (Vogul)
• Finno-Permic (Permian-Finnic)
  • Permic (Permian)
    • Komi (Komi-Zyrian, Zyrian)
    • Komi-Permyak
    • Udmurt (Votyak)
  • Finno-Volgaic (Finno-Cheremisic, Finno-Mari, Volga-Finnic)
    • Mari (Cheremisic)
      • Mari (Cheremis)
    • Mordvinic (Mordvin, Mordvinian)
      • Erzya
      • Moksha
    • Extinct Finno-Volgaic languages of uncertain position
      • Merya (17th century)
      • Muromian
      • Meshcherian
    • Finno-Lappic (Finno-Saamic, Finno-Samic)
      • Sami (Samic, Saamic, Lappic, Lappish)
        • Western Sami (Western Samic)
          • Southern Sami
          • Ume Sami — Nearly extinct
          • Lule Sami
          • Pite Sami — Nearly extinct
          • Northern Sami
        • Eastern Sami (Eastern Samic)
          • Kainuu Sami — Extinct
          • Kemi Sami — Extinct
          • Inari Sami
          • Akkala Sami — Extinct (21st century)
          • Kildin Sami
          • Skolt Sami
          • Ter Sami — Nearly extinct
      • Baltic-Finnic (Balto-Finnic, Balto-Fennic, Finnic, Fennic)
        • Estonian
          • Võro (Voro, Võru, Voru; including Seto or Setu)
        • Finnish (including Meänkieli or Tornedalian Finnish, Kven Finnish, and Ingrian Finnish)
        • Ingrian (Izhorian) — Nearly extinct
        • Karelian
          • Karelian proper
          • Lude (Ludic, Ludian)
          • Olonets Karelian (Livvi, Aunus, Aunus Karelian, Olonetsian)
        • Livonian (Liv) — Nearly extinct
        • Veps (Vepsian)
        • Votic (Votian, Vod) — Nearly extinct

The term Volgaic, used to denote a branch previously believed to include Mari and Mordvinic, has now become obsolete. Modern linguistic research has shown that it was a geographic classification rather than a linguistic one. The Mordvinic languages are more closely related to the Finno-Lappic languages than they are to the Mari languages. Ugric languages or Ugrian languages are generally held to be a branch of Finno-Ugric languages. ... Khanty or Xanty language, also known as the Ostyak language, is a language of the Khant peoples. ... Mansi language, also known as Vogul language (Мансийский язык, Вогульский язык in Russian), is a language of the Mansi people. ... The Finno-Permic languages are a large branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. ... Komi-Zyrian, (Коми Кыв - Komi Kyv) or simply Zyrian or Zyryan, is a Finno-Ugric language of the Permic branch spoken by the Komi-Zyrians ethnic group in Komi Republic and some other parts of Russia. ... Коми-Пермяцкӧй (Komi-Permjacköj) Komi-Permyak is spoken in the Autonomous district of the Komi-Permyaks, Russia, in the basin of the Kama River. ... Udmurt (удмурт кыл, udmurt kyl) is a Finno-Ugric language spoken by the Udmurts, natives of the Russian constituent republic of Udmurtia, where it is co-official with the Russian language. ... The Mari language (Mari: марий йылме, Russian марийский язык), spoken by more than 600,000 people, belongs to the Finno-Ugric language group and is part of the Volgaic subgroup of the Finnic languages together with Mordvin (though this relationship is contested; see Klima 2004 for discussion). ... The Mordvinic languages are a subgroup of the Finno-Volgaic languages. ... Erzyan (Эрзянь Кель (Erzjanj Kelj)) is spoken in the northern and eastern parts of the republic of Mordovia and adjacent Nizhniy Novgorod, Chuvashia, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan in Russia. ... The Mokshan language (Moksha), мокшень кяль (Mokshanj kälj) is spoken in West part of the Republic of Mordovia and adjacent Penza, Ryazan, Tambov, Saratov, Samara, Orenburg oblasts, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan republics, Siberia, Far East of Russia and also in Armenia and USA. The number of speakers is around 500,000. ... The Merya language was the Finno-Ugric language spoken by the Merya tribe, which lived in what is today the Moscow region. ... Muromian was the Finno-Ugric language spoken by the Muromian tribe, in what is today the Murom region in Russia. ... Meshcherian was the Finno-Ugric language spoken by the Meshchera tribe, in what is today the Oka River basin in Russia. ... Sami is a general name for a group of Uralic languages spoken in parts of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and extreme northwestern Russia, in Northern Europe. ... Southern Saami is divided into two main dialects: Southern Saami sensu stricto and Ume Saami. ... Ume Sami is a Sami language spoken in Sweden and Norway. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Pite Sami, also known as Arjeplog Sami, is a Sami language spoken in Sweden and Norway. ... Northern or North Sami (also written Sámi or Saami; formerly Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely spoken of all Sami languages. ... Kemi Sami is a Sami language that was originally spoken in the southernmost district of Finnish Lapland as far south as the Sami siidas around Kuusamo. ... Inari Sami (anarâškielâ) is a Finno-Ugric, Sami language spoken in Finland by some 300-400 people, the majority of which are middle-aged or older and live in the town of Inari. ... Akkala Sami is a Sami language that was spoken in the Sami villages of A´kkel and ÄŒu´kksuâl, in the inland parts of the Kola Peninsula in Russia. ... Kildin Sami (also spelled Sámi or Saami; formerly Lappish) is a Sami language spoken by approximately 500 people in the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia. ... Skolt Sami (Sää´mÇ©iõll) is a Finno-Ugric, Sami language spoken in Finland and nearby parts of Russia. ... Ter Sami is a Sami language spoken in the eastern region of the Kola peninsula. ... Baltic-Finnic languages are a subgroup of Finno-Ugric languages, spoken around the Baltic Sea by about 6 million people. ... The Vyronian language (võro kiil) is a language belonging to the Baltic-Finnic branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. ... Seto or Setu language is a dialect of the Finnic South Estonian or Võro language (or a separate language, which is a disputed claim) and also the name denoting its speakers, Seto people, who mostly inhabit the area near Estonias southeastern border with Russia, in the county of... Meänkieli (lit. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Ingrian Finns (inkeriläinen or inkerin suomalainen) is a Lutheran Finnic people traditionally inhabiting the Saint Petersburg area and Northern Estonia (Ingria). ... The Ingrian language (also called Izhorian) is a Finno-Ugric language spoken by the (mainly orthodox) Izhorians of Ingria. ... The Karelian language is a variety closely related to Finnish, with which it is not necessarily mutually intelligible. ... The Karelian language is a variety closely related to Finnish, with which it is not necessarily mutually intelligible. ... Ludic or Ludian is a Baltic Finnic language in the Uralic language family. ... Olonets-Karelian (East Karelian, Livvi) is the variety of Karelian language spoken by Olonets-Karelians, traditionally inhabiting the area of the Olonka River. ... Livonian (LÄ«võ kēļ) belongs to the Finnic branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. ... Veps language, spoken by the Vepses, belongs to the Baltic-Finnic group of the Finno-Ugric languages. ... Votic or Votian is the language spoken by the Votes of Ingria. ...

Typology

Structural characteristics generally said to be typical of Uralic languages include:

• extensive use of independent suffixes, a.k.a. agglutination.
• a large set of grammatical cases (13–14 cases on average; mainly coincidental: Proto-Uralic had 6 cases) , e.g.:
  • Erzya: 12 cases
  • Estonian: 14 cases (and one is still under some debate)
  • Finnish: 15 cases
  • Hungarian: 18 cases (and some more case-like suffixes)
  • Inari Sami: 9 cases
  • Komi: in certain dialects as many as 27 cases
  • Moksha: 13 cases
  • Nenets: 7 cases
  • North Sami: 6 cases
  • Udmurt: 16 cases
  • Veps: 24 cases
• unique Uralic case system, from which all modern Uralic languages derive their case systems.
  • nominative singular has no case suffix.
  • accusative and genitive suffixes are nasal sounds (-n, -m, etc.)
  • three-way distinction in the local case system, with each set of local cases being divided into forms corresponding roughly to "from", "to", and "in/at"; especially evident, e.g., in Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian, which have several sets of local cases, such as the "inner", "outer" and "on top" systems in Hungarian, while in Finnish the "on top" forms have merged to the "outer" forms.
  • Uralic locative suffix exists in all Uralic languages in various cases, e.g., Hungarian superessive, Finnish essive, North Sami essive, Erzyan inessive, and Nenets locative.
  • Uralic lative suffix exists in various cases in many Uralic languages, e.g., Hungarian illative, Finnish lative, Erzyan illative, Komi approximative, and Northern Sami locative.
• vowel harmony (recently lost in standard Estonian, but exists in dialects).
• a lack of grammatical gender.
• negative verb, which exists in almost all Uralic languages, e.g., Nganasan, Enets, Nenets, Kamassian, Komi, Meadow Mari, Erzya (in the first preterite, the conjunctional, optative and imperative moods, sometimes there are alterations in choice of negative verb stems), North Sami (and other Samic languages), Finnish, Estonian, Karelian, etc. (Some innovative languages have lost this feature, e.g., Hungarian.)
• palatalization of consonants; in this context, palatalization means a secondary articulation, where the middle of the tongue is tense. For example, pairs like [ɲ] - [n], or [c] - [t] are contrasted in Hungarian, as in hattyú [hɒccuː] "swan". Some Sami languages, for example Skolt Sami, distinguish three degrees: plain <l> [l], palatalized <'l> [lʲ], and palatal <lj> [ʎ], where <'l> has a primary alveolar articulation, while <lj> has a primary palatal articulation. Original Uralic palatalization is phonemic, independent of the following vowel and traceable to the 6000-year-old Proto-Uralic. It is different from Russian palatalization, which is of more recent origin. Baltic-Finnic languages have lost palatalization, but eastern varieties have reacquired it, so Baltic-Finnic palatalization (where extant) was originally dependent on the following vowel.
• lack of phonologically contrastive tone.
• lots of postpositions (prepositions are very rare).
• basic vocabulary of about 200 words, including body parts (e.g., eye, heart, head, foot, mouth), family members (e.g., father, mother-in-law), animals (e.g., viper, partridge, fish), nature objects (e.g., tree, stone, nest, water), basic verbs (e.g., live, fall, run, make, see, suck, go, die, swim, know), basic pronouns (e.g., who, what, we, you, I), numerals (e.g., two, five); derivatives increase the number of common words.
• possessive suffixes.
• no possessive pronouns.
• dual, which exists, e.g., in the Samoyedic, Ob Ugrian and Samic languages.
• plural markers -j (i) and -t (-d) have a common origin (e.g., in Finnish, Estonian, Erzya, Samic languages, Samoyedic languages). Hungarian, however, has -i- before the possessive suffixes and -k elsewhere. In the old orthographies, the plural marker -k was also used in the Samic languages.
• no verb for "have". Note that all Uralic languages have verbs with the meaning of "own" or "possess", but these words are not used in the same way as English "have". Instead, the concept of "have" is indicated with alternative syntactic structures. For example, Finnish uses existential clauses; the subject is the possession, the verb is "to be" (the copula), and the possessor is grammatically a location and in the adessive case: "Minulla on kala", literally "I_on is fish", or "I have a fish (some fish)". In addition, Finnish can also employ possessive suffixes, e.g. "Minulla on kalani", literally "I_on is fish_my", or "I do have my own fish". In Hungarian: "Van egy halam", literally "Is a fish_my", or "I have a fish".
• expressions that include a numeral are singular if they refer to things which form a single group, e.g., "négy csomó" in Hungarian, "njeallje čuolmma" in Northern Sami, "neli sõlme" in Estonian, and "neljä solmua" in Finnish, each of which means "four knots", but the literal approximation is "four knot". (This approximation is inaccurate for Finnish and Estonian, where the singular is in the partitive case, such that the number points to a part of a larger mass, like "four of knot(s)".)
• the stress is always on the first syllable, except for the Mari, Udmurt and Komi-Permyak languages. The Erzya language can vary its stress in words to give specific nuances to sentential meaning.

Look up Suffix in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the music festival, see Agglutination Metal Festival. ... In grammar, the case of a noun or pronoun is its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause; such as the role of subject, of direct object, or of possessor. ... The Superessive case is a grammatical declension indicating location on top of something. ... The essive or similaris case carries the meaning of a temporary state of being, often equivalent to the English as a. ... The essive or similaris case carries the meaning of a temporary state of being, often equivalent to the English as a. ... Inessive case (from Latin inesse to be in or at) is a locative grammatical case. ... Locative is a case which indicates a location. ... Lative is a case which indicates motion to a location. ... Illative case in the Finno-Ugric languages Illative (from Latin inferre to bring in) is, in the Finnish language, Estonian language and the Hungarian language, the third of the locative cases with the basic meaning of into (the inside of). An example from Hungarian would be a házba (into... Lative is a case which indicates motion to a location. ... Illative case in the Finno-Ugric languages Illative (from Latin inferre to bring in) is, in the Finnish language, Estonian language and the Hungarian language, the third of the locative cases with the basic meaning of into (the inside of). An example from Hungarian would be a házba (into... Locative is a case which indicates a location. ... Vowel harmony (also metaphony) is a type of long-distance assimilatory phonological process involving vowels. ... In linguistics, grammatical gender is a morphological category associated with the expression of gender through inflection or agreement. ... A negative verb is a verb with help of which negative forms of verbs are formed. ... Palatalization means pronouncing a sound nearer to the hard palate, making it more like a palatal consonant; this is towards the front of the mouth for a velar or uvular consonant, but towards the back of the mouth for a front (e. ... Skolt Sami (Sää´mǩiõll) is a Finno-Ugric, Sami language spoken in Finland and nearby parts of Russia. ... Proto-Uralic is the ancestor language of the Uralic languages, including the hypothetical families of the Samoyedic languages and the Finno-Ugric languages. ... Baltic-Finnic languages are a subgroup of Finno-Ugric languages, spoken around the Baltic Sea by about 6 million people. ... It has been suggested that Tonal language be merged into this article or section. ... The possessive suffix is an feature unique to Finno-Ugric languages. ... A possessive pronoun is a word that attributes ownership to someone or something without using a noun. ... Common Slavic had a complete singular-dual-plural number system, although the dual paradigms showed considerable syncretism. ... Look up Plural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. ... Syntactic Structures is the name of an influential book by Noam Chomsky first published in 1957. ... Existential clauses are clauses, which indicate only an existence. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In the Finnish language, Estonian language and Hungarian language the adessive case (from Latin adesse to be present) is the fourth of the locative cases with the basic meaning of on. For example, Estonian laud (table) and laual (on the table), Hungarian asztal and asztalon (on the table). ... A numeral is a symbol or group of symbols that represents a number. ... The basic meaning of the Partitive case is partialness, without result or without specifying identity. In the Finnish language, its used to express unknown identities and irresultative actions. ...

Selected cognates

The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Uralic family, which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved. This is not a list of translations: cognates have a common origin, but their meaning may be shifted and loanwords may have replaced them. This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Proto-Uralic is the ancestor language of the Uralic languages, including the hypothetical families of the Samoyedic languages and the Finno-Ugric languages. ... Northern or North Sami (also written Sámi or Saami; formerly Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely spoken of all Sami languages. ... Erzyan (Эрзянь Кель (Erzjanj Kelj)) is spoken in the northern and eastern parts of the republic of Mordovia and adjacent Nizhniy Novgorod, Chuvashia, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan in Russia. ... The Mari language (Mari: марий йылме, Russian марийский язык), spoken by more than 600,000 people, belongs to the Finno-Ugric language group and is part of the Volgaic subgroup of the Finnic languages together with Mordvin (though this relationship is contested; see Klima 2004 for discussion). ... . Komi language edition of Wikipedia The Komi language, also known as Zyrian, or Komi-Zyrian, is a language spoken by the Komi peoples in the northeastern European part of Russia. ... Khanty or Xanty language, also known as the Ostyak language, is a language of the Khant peoples. ... Mansi language, also known as Vogul language (Мансийский язык, Вогульский язык in Russian), is a language of the Mansi people. ... Nenets (autonym: ненёця вада) is a language spoken by the Nenets people in northern Russia. ...

Bibliography

• Abondolo, Daniel (ed., 1998), The Uralic Languages, London and New York, ISBN 0-415-08198-X.
• Collinder, Björn (1957), Survey of the Uralic Languages, Stockholm.
• Collinder, Björn (1960), An Etymological Dictionary of the Uralic Languages, Stockholm.
• Décsy, Gyula (1990), The Uralic Protolanguage: A Comprehensive Reconstruction, Bloomington, Indiana.
• Hajdu, Péter, (1963), Finnugor népek és nyelvek, Gondolat kiadó, Budapest [Transl. G. F. Cushing as Finni-Ugrian Languages and Peoples (1975), André Deutsch, London].
• Laakso, Johanna (1992), Uralilaiset kansat (Uralic Peoples), Porvoo – Helsinki – Juva, ISBN 951-0-16485-2.
• Rédei, Károly (ed.) (1986-88), Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Uralic Etymological Dictionary), Budapest.
• Sammallahti, Pekka, Matti Morottaja (1983): Säämi – suoma – säämi škovlasänikirje (Inari Sami – Finnish – Inari Sami School Dictionary). Helsset/Helsinki: Ruovttueatnan gielaid dutkanguovddaš/Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus, ISBN 951-9475-36-2.
• Sammallahti, Pekka (1988): Historical Phonology of the Uralic Languages In: Denis Sinor (ed.): The Uralic Languages, pp. 478-554. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
• Sammallahti, Pekka (1993): Sámi – suoma – sámi sátnegirji (Northern Sami – Finnish – Northern Sami Dictionary). Ohcejohka/Utsjoki: Girjegiisá, ISBN 951-8939-28-4.
• Sauvageot, Aurélien (1930), Recherches sur le vocabulaire des langues ouralo-altaïques (Research on the Vocabulary of the Uralo-Altaic Languages), Paris.
• Önija komi kyv. (Modern Komi language) Morfologia/Das’töma filologijasa kandidat G.V.Fed'un'ova kipod ulyn. — Syktyvkar: Komi n’ebög ledzanin, 2000. — 544 s. ISBN 5-7555-0689-2.

This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... NY redirects here. ... Founded 1346 Province Southern Finland Region Eastern Uusimaa Sub-region Porvoo Area - Of which land - Rank 663. ... Nickname: Location of Helsinki in Northern Europe Coordinates: Country Finland Province Southern Finland Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki Charter 1550 Capital city 1812 Government  - Lord Mayor Jussi Pajunen  - Mayor Pekka Korpinen  - Mayor Ilkka-Christian Björklund  - Mayor Pekka Sauri  - Mayor Paula Kokkonen Area  - City 187. ... Juva is a municipality of Finland. ... Inari Sami (anarâškielâ) is a Finno-Ugric, Sami language spoken in Finland by some 300-400 people, the majority of which are middle-aged or older and live in the town of Inari. ... Inari Sami (anarâškielâ) is a Finno-Ugric, Sami language spoken in Finland by some 300-400 people, the majority of which are middle-aged or older and live in the town of Inari. ... Helsinki (pronounced with the stress on the first syllable in Finnish &#8212; think Helsin Ki), or Helsingfors in Swedish, is the capital of Finland. ... Nickname: Location of Helsinki in Northern Europe Coordinates: Country Finland Province Southern Finland Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki Charter 1550 Capital city 1812 Government  - Lord Mayor Jussi Pajunen  - Mayor Pekka Korpinen  - Mayor Ilkka-Christian Björklund  - Mayor Pekka Sauri  - Mayor Paula Kokkonen Area  - City 187. ... Northern or North Sami (also written Sámi or Saami; formerly Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely spoken of all Sami languages. ... Northern or North Sami (also written Sámi or Saami; formerly Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely spoken of all Sami languages. ... Utsjoki (Ohcejohka in Northern Sami) is a municipality in Finland. ... Utsjoki (Ohcejohka in Northern Sami, Uccjokk in Skolt Sami) is a municipality in Finland. ... . Komi language edition of Wikipedia The Komi language, also known as Zyrian, or Komi-Zyrian, is a language spoken by the Komi peoples in the northeastern European part of Russia. ...

See also

• Altaic languages
• Ural-Altaic languages
• Japonic languages
• Austronesian languages
• Indo-European languages
• Language family
• List of languages

Altaic is a proposed language family which includes 66 languages [1] spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia. ... It has been suggested that Altaic hypothesis be merged into this article or section. ... The Japonic languages or Japanese-Ryukyuan languages constitute a language family that is agreed to have descended from a common ancestral language known as Proto-Japonic or Proto-Japanese-Ryukyuan. ... The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ... Current distribution of Human Language Families A language family is a group of related languages said to have descended from a common proto-language. ... This list of languages is alphabetical by English name. ...

External links

• Ethnologue’s Uralic Family Tree
• The Untenability of the Finno-Ugrian Theory from a Linguistic Point of View by Dr. László Marácz, a minority opinion on the language family.
• "The Ugric-Turkic Battle": A Critical Review (PDF) by Angela Marcantonio (Rome), Pirjo Nummenaho (Naples) and Michela Salvagni (Rome)
• Linguistic Shadow-Boxing by Johanna Laakso — A book review of Angela Marcantonio’s "The Uralic language family. Facts, myths and statistics"
• The Finno-Ugrics, The Economist, Dec. 20, 2005