NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Uranium in the environment

Uranium in the environment, this page is devoted to the science of uranium in the environment and in animals (including humans). The legal and social issues associated with uranium are discussed elsewhere. This page is a subpage of actinides in the environment. For the periodical, see Science (journal) Science in the broadest sense refers to any knowledge or trained skill, especially (but not exclusively) when this is attained by verifiable means. ... General Name, Symbol, Number uranium, U, 92 Chemical series actinides Group, Period, Block n/a, 7, f Appearance silvery gray metallic; corrodes to a spalling black oxide coat in air Atomic mass 238. ... This article is about law in society. ... // Latin root meaning The term social is derived from the Latin word socius, which as a noun means an associate, ally, companion, business partner or comrade and in the adjectival form socialis refers to a bond between people (such as marriage) or to their collective or connected existence. ... This article about actinides in the environment is about the sources, environmental behaviour and effects of actinides in the environment. ...

Occurrence

From the land

Uranium is a naturally occurring element found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. This is the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on earth. According to the UN the normal concentration of uranium in soil is 300 μg Kg^-1 to 11.7 mg Kg^-1. (United Nations Scientific Committe on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, 1993, Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes, New York) Uranium ore. ... Uranium ore. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ...

It is considered to be more plentiful than antimony, beryllium, cadmium, gold, mercury, silver, or tungsten and is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. It is found in many minerals including uraninite (most common uranium ore), autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from these sources). Uranium mining is the process of extraction of Uranium from the ground. ... General Name, Symbol, Number antimony, Sb, 51 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous grey Atomic mass 121. ... General Name, Symbol, Number beryllium, Be, 4 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 2, s Appearance white-gray metallic Atomic mass 9. ... General Name, Symbol, Number cadmium, Cd, 48 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 5, d Appearance silvery gray metallic Atomic mass 112. ... General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 200. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ... General Name, Symbol, Number tungsten, W, 74 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 6, d Appearance grayish white, lustrous Atomic mass 183. ... General Name, Symbol, Number arsenic, As, 33 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 4, p Appearance metallic gray Atomic mass 74. ... General Name, Symbol, Number molybdenum, Mo, 42 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 5, d Appearance gray metallic Atomic mass 95. ... Uraninite is a uranium-rich mineral with a composition that is largely UO2 (uranium oxide), but which also contains UO3 and oxides of lead, thorium, and rare earths. ... Categories: Phosphate minerals | Mineral stubs ... Uranophane Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2Â·5H2O is a rare calcium uranium silicate hydrate mineral that forms from the oxidation of uranium bearing minerals. ... Torbernite is a radioactive, green phosphate mineral containing about 48% Uranium and 37% Oxygen. ... Coffinite is a uranium bearing silicate mineral: U(SiO4)1_x(OH)4x. ... In inorganic chemistry, a phosphate is a salt of phosphoric acid. ... Coal Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by mining. ... Monazite powder In geology, the mineral monazite is a reddish-brown phosphate containing rare earth metals and an important source of thorium, lanthanum, and cerium. ... Iron ore (Banded iron formation) Manganese ore Lead ore Gold ore An ore is a volume of rock containing components or minerals in a mode of occurrence which renders it valuable for mining. ...

From the sea

Seawater is very rich in uranium, as uranium(VI) forms soluble carbonate complexes in the past the extraction of uranium from seawater has been considered as a means of obtaining the element. In inorganic chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid. ...

Sources

Note that uranium is present in most soils at a low concentration, so the mere fact that a soil contains uranium does not mean that it has been artificially contaminated by uranium. While it is possible to use the isotope signature to identify the origin of uranium in a sample, for instance ²³⁶U is only formed in nuclear reactors fueled with ²³⁵U, but the ²³⁸U/²³⁵U ratio should be used with some caution. In africa a set of natural nuclear reactors operated in one uranium rich area. Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia. ...

Metal

Munitions

The potential danger of exposure to depleted uranium has received widespread publicity because of the use of DU munitions in the 1991 Gulf War and 1999 Kosovo War, as well as current conflicts [1]. "A total of just over 290 metric tons of DU projectiles were fired by the US during the Gulf War (comapred [sic] to 9 tons in Kosovo and 3 tons in Bosnia and Herzegovina)." p68 UNEP study, 2003, [2] The potential long-term effect on people living in areas where DU munitions were used, has also caused some concern. Depleted uranium (DU) is uranium that has a reduced proportion of the isotope Uranium-235. ... Combatants U.S.-led coalition Iraq Commanders George H. W. Bush Norman Schwarzkopf Colin Powell Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid Hussein Kamel Strength 660,000 545,000 Casualties 345 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 - 100,000 dead, 100,000 - 300,000 wounded The 1991 Gulf War (also called... The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts (a civil war followed by an international war) in the southern Serbian province called Kosovo (officially Kosovo and Metohia), part of the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ...

Fragments from projectile DU munitions could cause substantial inhalation exposure risks in certain circumstances if the exposure was high. [3] Those risks have been associated with a number of health concerns, many of which are controversial. Image File history File links 30mm_DU_slug. ... Image File history File links 30mm_DU_slug. ...

Air crashes

Uranium metal, as depleted uranium, has been used in aircraft for trim weights in the past (although the practice has been discontinued), so after an air crash a release of uranium or its combustion products is possible. Depleted uranium (DU) is uranium that has a reduced proportion of the isotope Uranium-235. ...

Dispersion of uranium metal

General Name, Symbol, Number uranium, U, 92 Chemical series actinides Group, Period, Block n/a, 7, f Appearance silvery gray metallic; corrodes to a spalling black oxide coat in air Atomic mass 238. ... Klaus TÃ¶pfer, UNEP Exec. ... The radiation warning symbol (trefoil). ... Rust, the most familiar example of corrosion. ...

Combustion

Studies of depleted uranium aerosol exposure suggest that uranium combustion product particles would quickly settle out of the air [8] and thus could not affect populations more than a few kilometers from target areas. [9]

The U.S. has admitted that there have been over 100 "friendly fire" incidents in which members of the U.S. military have been struck by DU munitions, and that an unknown number have been exposed to DU via inhalation of combustion products from burning DU munitions.

Corrosion

It has been reported that the corrosion of uranium in a silica rich aqueous solution forms both uranium dioxide and uranium trioxide. [10] UO2 A black, radioactive, crystalline powder, once used in the late 1800s to mid-1900s in ceramic glazes. ...

In pure water, schoepite {(UO₂)₈O₂(OH)₁₂.12(H₂O)} is formed [11] in the first week and then after four months studtite {(UO₂)O₂·4(H₂O)} was formed. A report on the corrosion of uranium metal has been published by the Royal Society. [12] [13] The premises of the Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ...

Uranium metal reacts with water to form hydrogen gas, this reaction forms uranium dioxide and 2 to 9% uranium hydride. It is important to note that the rate of corrosion due to water is far greater than that caused by oxygen at tempertures around 100 oC. At pH values below 2 the corrosion rate at 100 oC goes down greatly, while as pH values go from 7 upwards the corrosion rate declines. Gamma irradation has little effect on the corrosion rate. M. McD. Baker, L. N. Less, S. Orman, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1966, 2513-2524 DOI: 10.1039/TF9666202513. Hot metal work from a blacksmith Look up Metal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article focuses on water as it is experienced in everyday life. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... UO2 A black, radioactive, crystalline powder, once used in the late 1800s to mid-1900s in ceramic glazes. ...

Oxygen gas inhibits the corrosion of uranium by water. M. McD. Baker, L. N. Less and S. Orman, Transactions of the Faraday Society, 1966, 62, 2525 - 2530 DOI: 10.1039/TF9666202525.

Compounds

From uranium mining

During the extraction of uranium ore and its processing, some releases of uranium occur. The releases of radium and other decay products of uranium are normally more important than the uranium in tailings ponds at the mines and ore processing centers. General Name, Symbol, Number radium, Ra, 88 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 7, s Appearance silvery white metallic Atomic mass (226) g/mol Electron configuration [Rn] 7s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ...

See Uranium mining for further details. Uranium mining is the process of extraction of Uranium from the ground. ...

From highly active waste in the form of glass

Note that while the vast majority of the uranium is removed by PUREX nuclear reprocessing, a small amount of uranium is left in the raffinate from the first cycle of the PUREX process. In addition due to the decay of the transplutonium minor actinides and the residual plutonium in the waste the concentration of uranium will increase on the waste. This will occur on a time scale of 100s and 1000s of years. The PUREX process is used to reprocess spent nuclear fuel, in order to extract uranium and plutonium, independent of each other, from the fission products. ... // Nuclear reprocessing separates any usable elements (e. ... Raffinate is a term in solvent extraction to describe a liquid stream which remains after the extraction with the immisible liquid to remove solutes from the original liquor. ... The minor actinides are the actinide elements in spent fuel other than uranium and plutonium, these are termed major actinides. ... General Name, Symbol, Number plutonium, Pu, 94 Chemical series actinides Group, Period, Block n/a, 7, f Appearance silvery white Atomic mass (244) g/mol Electron configuration [Rn] 5f6 7s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ...

The waste from PUREX processing of used nuclear fuel is converted in the west into a borosilicate glass while in the former soviet bloc it is converted into a phosphate glass. The glass formed when placed in water will dissolve very slowly,[14] according to the ITU it will require about 1 million years for 10% of the glass to dissolve in water. Hello Please take a look at my one of a kind custom pyrex glass dildos made in upstate Ny all hand sculpted not machined. ... Soviet redirects here. ... This article is about the location. ...

See nuclear waste for more details. Political Punk band from Victorville, Ca WWW.MYSPACE.COM/NUCLEARWASTEX ...

From spent fuel

Spent uranium dioxide fuel is very insoluble in water, it is likely to release uranium (and fission products) even more slowly than borosilicate glass when in contact with water. UO2 A black, radioactive, crystalline powder, once used in the late 1800s to mid-1900s in ceramic glazes. ... Fission products are the residues of fission processes. ...

Behaviour in soil

A study has been done in the USA on the chemical form of uranium in soil, this was publsihed by Benjamin C. Bostick, Scott Fendorf, Mark O. Barnett, Phillip M. Jardine and Scott C. Brooks in Soil Science Society of America Journal 66:99-108 (2002) [15].

It has been suggested that it is possible to form a reactive barrier by adding something to the soil which will cause the uranium to become fixed. One method of doing this is to use a mineral (apatite) [16] while a second method is to add a food substance such as acetate to the soil. This will enable bacteria to reduce the uranium (VI) to uranium (IV) which is much less soluble. Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually referring to: hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, and chlorapatite, named for high concentrations of OH-, F-, or Cl- ions, respectively, in the crystal lattice. ... Acetate, or ethanoate, is the anion of a salt or ester of acetic acid. ...

In peat like soils the uranium will tend to bind to the humic acids, this tends to fix the uranium in the soil.[17] A report on the binding of uranium, other radioactive metals and non radioactive metal to humic acid has been published by the INE (German nuclear enginerring research center) at FZK (Karlsruhe) has been published.[18] also see the paper by S. Pompe, K. Schmeide, M. Bubner, G. Geipel, K.-H. Heise, G. Bernhard and H. Nitsche in Radiochimica Acta, 2000, 88, 553-558 in which the effect of the phenol groups in the humic acid upon the binding of the uranium are studied. A series of papers have been written on coordination polymers or uranium(VI) with polycarboxylates, these have been used as models for the uranyl complexes of the humic acids. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Humic acids are those organic compounds found in soil that are insoluble in acidic conditions. ... Ine (died 728) was the King of Wessex from 688 to 726, noted particularly for his code of laws. ... Karlsruhe (population 283,959 in 2005) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, located near the French-German border. ... Phenol, also known under an older name of carbolic acid, is a colorless crystalline solid with a typical sweet tarry odor. ... Coordination polymer is the term given in inorganic chemistry to a metal coordination compound where a ligand bridges between metal centres, where each metal centre binds to more than one ligand to create a infinite array of metal centres. ... Structure of a carboxylic acid Carboxylic acids, also known as alkanoic acids, are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group and have the general chemical formula R-C(=O)-OH, also written as R-COOH, where R is a hydrogen or an alkyl group. ...

For instance see G. Micera et. al., Inorganica Chimica Acta, 1985, 109, 135-139 which is a paper about the coordination of uranium to 2,6-dihydroxy benzoate which is a carboxylic acid which has phenolic groups close to the carboxylic acid group. // Hydroxyl group The term hydroxyl group is used to describe the functional group -OH when it is a substituent in an organic compound. ... The benzoate ion is C6H5COOâˆ’ (benzoic acid minus one hydrogen ion). ... Phenol, also known under an older name of carbolic acid, is a colorless crystalline solid with a typical sweet tarry odor. ... Structure of a carboxylic acid The 3D structure of the carboxyl group A space-filling model of the carboxyl group Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the SMILES formula -C(=O)-OH, usually written as -COOH. In general, the salts and...

Some other work on the binding of actinides with aromatic carboxylates has been reported. A paper on the binding of neptunium(V) {Neptunyl} with benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid has been reported by F. Nectoux et. al., Journal of the Less-Common Metals, 1984, 97, 1-10. The actinide series encompasses the 14 chemical elements that lie between actinium and nobelium on the periodic table with atomic numbers 89 - 102 inclusive. ... In chemistry, an aromatic molecule is one in which electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms, which are alternately singly and doubly bonded to one another. ... General Name, Symbol, Number neptunium, Np, 93 Chemical series actinides Group, Period, Block n/a, 7, f Appearance silvery metallic Atomic mass (237) g/mol Electron configuration [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ... Benzene, also known as C6H6, PhH, and benzol, is an organic chemical compound that is a colorless and flammable liquid with a pleasant, sweet smell. ...

A PhD thesis on the interactions of uranium with Boom Clay has been published.[19] Doctor of Philosophy, or Ph. ...

It is interesting to note that A. Rossberg, L. Baraniak, T. Reich, C. Hennig, G. Bernhard and H. Nitsche, Radiochimica Acta, 2000, 88, 593-597 describes an EXAFS study of the interactions of uranium with the degradation products of wood such as protocatechuic acid (3,4-dihydroxy-benzoic acid), catechol (2-hydroxyphenol), pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzol), and vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid). Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectra are graphically represented as the absorption coefficient of a given material versus energy (typically a 500 â€“ 1000 eV range beginning before an absorption edge of a given material). ... WOOD is a pair of radio stations in Grand Rapids, Michigan owned by Clear Channel on the frequencies of 1300 AM and 105. ... Catechol, also benzene-1,2-diol, is a phenol, with formula C6H4(OH)2. ... Pyrogallol Pyrogallol or benzene-1,2,3-triol is a white crystalline powder and a powerful reducing agent. ...

Health effects

Soluble uranium salts are toxic, though less so than those of other heavy metals such as lead or mercury. The organ which is most affected is the kidney. Soluble uranium salts are readily excreted in the urine, although some accumulation in the kidneys does occur in the case of chronic exposure. The World Health Organization has established a daily "tolerated intake" of soluble uranium salts for the general public of 0.5 μg/kg body weight (or 35 μg for a 70 kg adult): exposure at this level is not thought to lead to any significant kidney damage. [20] Toxic redirects here, but this is also the name of a song by Britney Spears; see Toxic (song) Look up toxic and toxicity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish white Atomic mass 207. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 200. ... Human kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Flag of World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations, acting as a coordinating authority on international public health, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. ...

The antidote for uranium in humans in bicarbonate, this is used because uranium(VI) forms complexes with carbonate. An alternative is to use Tiron (O. Braun, C. Contino, M.-H. Hengè, E. Ansoborlo and B. Pucci, Analusis, 1999, 27, 65-68.[21]). An article on the design of new actinide antidotes can be read at Chemical Reviews, 2003, 103, 4207-4282. An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. ... In inorganic chemistry, a bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. ... In inorganic chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid. ... An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. ...

Phenol, also known under an older name of carbolic acid, is a colorless crystalline solid with a typical sweet tarry odor. ... In chemistry, an aromatic molecule is one in which electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms, which are alternately singly and doubly bonded to one another. ... It has been suggested that Sulfonic acid/Temp be merged into this article or section. ...

Humans

Studies have shown that the use of DU ammunition has no measurable detrimental health effects, either in the short or long term. The International Atomic Energy Agency reported in 2003 that, "based on credible scientific evidence, there is no proven link between DU exposure and increases in human cancers or other significant health or environmental impacts," although The IAEA flag The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA, internally often referred to as The Agency) was established as an autonomous organization on July 29, 1957. ...

Gulf war syndrome

A two year study headed by Al Marshall of Sandia National Laboratories analyzed some health effects associated with accidental exposure to depleted uranium during the 1991 Gulf War, but did not consider any nonradiological reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, or immunological effects. Marshall’s study concluded that the reports of serious health risks from DU exposure are not supported by veteran medical statistics and were consistent with earlier studies form Los Alamos and the New England Journal of Medicine [22]. Combatants U.S.-led coalition Iraq Commanders George H. W. Bush Norman Schwarzkopf Colin Powell Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid Hussein Kamel Strength 660,000 545,000 Casualties 345 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 - 100,000 dead, 100,000 - 300,000 wounded The 1991 Gulf War (also called... It has been suggested that Sandia Base be merged into this article or section. ...

In the Balkans war zone, an absence of problems is seen by some as evidence of DU muntions' safety: "Independent investigations by the World Health Organization, European Commission, European Parliament, United Nations Environment Programme, United Kingdom Royal Society, and the Health Council of the Netherlands all discounted any association between depleted uranium and leukemia or other medical problems." [23] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

However in 2004, the UK Pensions Appeal Tribunal Service granted a single disability claim to a Gulf War soldier who attributed his aching joints and children's health problems to depleted uranium. This claim was vigorously disputed by the MoD. [24],[25]. Combatants U.S.-led coalition Iraq Commanders George H. W. Bush Norman Schwarzkopf Colin Powell Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid Hussein Kamel Strength 660,000 545,000 Casualties 345 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 - 100,000 dead, 100,000 - 300,000 wounded The 1991 Gulf War (also called... The Ministry of Defence (MOD, pronounced em-oh-dee) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for implementation of government defence policy and the headquarters of the British Armed Forces. ...

Some studies have indicated that DU passes into humans more easily than previously thought after battlefield use. [26][27]

Birth defects

Most scientific studies have found no link between uranium and birth defects, but a few have found a link.

One study concluded that epidemiological evidence is consistent with an increased risk of birth defects in the offspring of persons exposed to DU.[28]. Environmental groups and others have expressed concern about the health effects of depleted uranium[29], and there is significant debate over the matter. Some people have raised concerns about the use of this material, particularly in munitions, because of its mutagenicity [30], teratogenicity [31],[32] in mice, and neurotoxicity [33], and its suspected carcinogenic potential. Such issues are of concern to civilians and troops operating wherever depleted uranium is used, and to those who live there afterwards, or who breathe the air or drink the water from that place [34].

Several sources have attributed the increase in the rate of birth defects in the children of Gulf War veterans and in Iraqis to depleted uranium inhalation exposure[35],[36]. A 2001 study of 15,000 February 1991 U.S. Gulf War combat veterans and 15,000 control veterans found that the Gulf War veterans were 1.8 (fathers) to 2.8 (mothers) times more likely to have children with birth defects[37]. In a study of UK troops, "Overall, the risk of any malformation among pregnancies reported by men was 50% higher in Gulf War Veterans (GWV) compared with Non-GWVs". The conclusion of the study stated " We found no evidence for a link between paternal deployment to the Gulf war and increased risk of stillbirth, chromosomal malformations, or congenital syndromes. Associations were found between fathers' service in the Gulf war and increased risk of miscarriage and less well-defined malformations, but these findings need to be interpreted with caution as such outcomes are susceptible to recall bias. The finding of a possible relationship with renal anomalies requires further investigation. There was no evidence of an association between risk of miscarriage and mothers' service in the gulf."[38]. Combatants U.S.-led coalition Iraq Commanders George H. W. Bush Norman Schwarzkopf Colin Powell Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid Hussein Kamel Strength 660,000 545,000 Casualties 345 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 - 100,000 dead, 100,000 - 300,000 wounded The 1991 Gulf War (also called... Combatants U.S.-led coalition Iraq Commanders George H. W. Bush Norman Schwarzkopf Colin Powell Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid Hussein Kamel Strength 660,000 545,000 Casualties 345 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 - 100,000 dead, 100,000 - 300,000 wounded The 1991 Gulf War (also called...

Animals

It has been reported that uranium has caused reproductive effects, and other health problems in rodents, frogs and other animals. Reproduction is the creation of one thing as a copy of, product of, or replacement for a similar thing, e. ... Families Many, see text The order Rodentia is the most numerous of all the branches on the mammal family tree. ... Distribution of frogs (in black) Suborders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia - List of Anuran families The frog is an amphibian in the order Anura (meaning tail-less from Greek an-, without + oura, tail). ...

Uranium was shown to have cytotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects in animal studies (PMID 7694141, PMID 16283518). It has been shown in rodents and frogs that water soluble forms of uranium are teratogenic (PMID 16124873, PMID 11738513, PMID 12539863) Families Many, see text The order Rodentia is the most numerous of all the branches on the mammal family tree. ... Genera See text. ... Teratogenesis is a medical term from the Greek, literally meaning monster making. ...

Bacterial biochemistry

It has been shown in some recent work at Manchester that bacteria can reduce and fix uranium in soils.[39] Manchester is a city in England, considered by many to be the countrys second city [1][2]. It is a centre of the arts, the media, higher education and big business. ... Subgroups Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Soil is the material on the surface of a lithosphere subject to weathering, and especially the earthy portion of that material. ...

Contents

Occurrence

From the land

From the sea

Sources

Metal

Munitions

Air crashes

Dispersion of uranium metal

Combustion

Corrosion

Compounds

From uranium mining

From highly active waste in the form of glass

From spent fuel

Behaviour in soil

Health effects

Humans

Gulf war syndrome

Birth defects

Animals

Bacterial biochemistry

Further reading

Contents

Occurrence GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

From the land

From the sea

Sources

Metal

Munitions

Air crashes

Dispersion of uranium metal

Combustion

Corrosion

Compounds

From uranium mining

From highly active waste in the form of glass

From spent fuel

Behaviour in soil

Health effects

Humans

Gulf war syndrome

Birth defects

Animals

Bacterial biochemistry

Further reading

Occurrence