In ancient Israelite religion and culture, Urim and Thummim (Hebrew: האורים והתמים, Standard haʾUrim vəhaTummim Tiberian hāʾÛrîm wəhatTummîm; Arabic: الاوريم والتميم al-Ūrīm waʾaṯ-Ṯummīm) is a phrase from the Hebrew Bible associated with the sacred breastplate, divination in general, and cleromancy in particular. Most scholars suspect that the phrase refers to specific objects involved in the divination. ^[1] “The Twelve Tribes” redirects here. ... “Hebrew” redirects here. ... “Hebrew” redirects here. ... Tiberian Hebrew is an oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient forms of Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Tanakh, that was given written form by masoretic scholars in the Jewish community at Tiberias in the early Middle Ages, beginning in the 8th century. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... 11th century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with Targum This article is about the term Hebrew Bible. For the Hebrew Bible itself, see Tanakh (Jewish tradition) or Old Testament (Christian tradition). ... The Hoshen (Khosen) was the breastplate of Judgment worn by the High Priest in the book of Exodus in the Bible, covered by 12 stones that represented the 12 tribes of Israel. ... This article is about the religious practice of divination. ... Cleromancy, sortilege, casting lots or casting bones is a form of divination in which an outcome is determined by random means, such as the rolling of a die. ...

Name and Meaning

וְתּוּמִים (Thummim) is widely considered to be derived from the consonantal root תּמִם (t-m-m), meaning faultless^[2][3][4], while אוּרִים (Urim) has traditionally been taken to derive from a root meaning lights; these derivations are reflected in the Neqqudot of the masoretic text^[5]. In consequence, Urim and Thummim has traditionally been translated as lights and perfections (by Theodotion, for example), or, by taking the phrase allegorically, as meaning revelation and truth, or doctrine and truth (it appears in this form in the Vulgate, in the writing of Jerome, and in the Hexapla)^[6]. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The root is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. ... In Hebrew orthography, Niqqud or Nikkud (Standard Hebrew נִיקּוּד, Biblical Hebrew נְקֻדּוֹת, Tiberian Hebrew vowels) is the system of diacritical vowel points (or vowel marks) in the Hebrew alphabet. ... The Masoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text of the Tanakh approved for general use in Judaism. ... Theodotion (mid- 2nd century AD) was a Hellenistic Jewish scholar[1], perhaps working in Ephesus [2], who translated the Hebrew Bible into Greek, but whether he was revising the Septuagint, as most readers think, or was working from manuscripts that represented a parallel tradition that has not survived is debated. ... The Vulgate Bible is an early 5th century version in Latin, partly revised and partly translated by Jerome on the orders of Pope Damasus I in 382. ... “Saint Jerome” redirects here. ... Hexapla (Gr. ...

However, although at face value the words are plural, the context suggests they are pluralis intensivus - singular words which are pluralised to enhance their apparant majesty^[7]. The singular forms - ur and tumm - have been connected by some early scholars with the Babylonian terms urtu and tamitu, meaning oracle and command, respectively^[8]. Many scholars now believe that אוּרִים (Urim) simply derives from the Hebrew term אּרּרִים (Arrim), meaning curses, and thus that Urim and Thummim essentially means cursed or faultless, in reference to the deity's view of an accused - in other words that Urim and Thummim concern the question of innocent or guilty?^[9][10]. Akkadian (lišānum akkadÄ«tum) was a Semitic language (part of the greater Afro-Asiatic language family) spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly by the Assyrians and Babylonians. ...

Form and Function

A passage - 1 Samuel 14:41 - in the Books of Samuel is regarded by biblical scholars as key to understanding the Urim and Thummim^[11]; the passage describes an attempt to identify a sinner via divination, by repeatedly splitting the people into two groups and identifying which group contains the sinner. In the version of this passage in the masoretic text, it merely describes Saul and Jonathan being separated from the rest of the people, and lots being cast between them; the Septuagint version, however, states that Urim would indicate Saul and Jonathan, while Thummim would indicate the people. In the Septuagint, a previous verse^[12] uses a phrase which is usually translated as inquired of God, which is significant as the grammatical form of the Hebrew implies that the inquiry was performed by objects being manipulated; scholars view it as evident from these verses and versions that cleromancy was involved, and that Urim and Thummim were the names of the objects being cast^[13]. The Books of Samuel (Hebrew: Sefer Shmuel ספר שמואל), are part of the Tanakh (part of Judaisms Hebrew Bible) and also of the Old Testament (of Christianity). ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... The Masoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text of the Tanakh approved for general use in Judaism. ... Saul (שאול המלך) (or Shaul) (Hebrew: שָׁאוּל, Standard Tiberian  ; asked for or borrowed) is a figure identified in the Books of Samuel and Quran as having been the first king of the ancient Kingdom of Israel. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... The Septuagint: A page from Codex vaticanus, the basis of Sir Lancelot Charles Lee Brentons English translation. ...

The description of the clothing of the Jewish high priest in the Book of Exodus portrays the Urim and Thummim as being put into the sacred breastplate, worn by the high priest over the Ephod^[14]. Where the Bible elsewhere describes an Ephod being used for divination, scholars presume that it is referring to use of the Urim and Thummim in conjunction with the Ephod, as the these seem to be intimately connected with it^[15]; similarly where non-prophets are portrayed as asking Yahweh for guidance, and the advice isn't described as given by visions, scholars think that Urim and Thummim were the medium implied^[16]. In all but two cases^[17], the question is one which is effectively answered by a simple yes or no^[18]; a number of scholars believe that the two exceptions to this pattern, which give more complex answers, were originally also just sequences of yes/no questions, but became corrupted by later editing^[19]. Even in death, many Kohanim choose to have this symbol, the special positioning of their fingers and hands during the Priestly Blessing, placed as a crest or symbol on their gravestones to indicate their status. ... This article is about the second book in the Torah. ... The Hoshen (Khosen) was the breastplate of Judgment worn by the High Priest in the book of Exodus in the Bible, covered by 12 stones that represented the 12 tribes of Israel. ... The ephod (pronounced either ē´fod or ef´od) was one of eight ritual garments worn by the Israelite and later the Jewish High Priest while serving in the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. ... Phoenician silver drachm from ca. ...

There is no description of the form of the Urim and Thummim in the passage describing the high priest's vestments, and a number of scholars believe that the author of the passage, which textual scholars attribute to the priestly source, wasn't actually entirely aware of what they were either^[20]. Nevertheless, the passage does describe them as being put into the breastplate, which scholars think implies they were objects put into some sort of pouch within it, and then, while out of view, one (or one side, if the Urim and Thummim was a single object) was chosen by touch and withdrawn or thrown out^[21]; since the Urim and Thummim were put inside this pouch, they were presumably small and fairly flat, and were possibly tablets of wood or of bone^[22]. With the view of scholars that Urim essentially means guilty and Thummim essentially means innocent, this would imply that the purpose of the Urim and Thummim was an ordeal to confirm or deny suspected guilt; if the Urim was selected it meant guilt, while selection of the Thummim would mean innocence. Carmina Cantabrigiensia, Manuscript C, folio 436v, 11th century Textual criticism or lower criticism is a branch of philology or bibliography that is concerned with the identification and removal of errors from texts and manuscripts. ... The Priestly Source (P) is one of the sources of the Torah postulated by the documentary hypothesis. ... Trial by ordeal is a quasi-judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting them to a painful task. ...

According to Islamic sources, there was a similar form of divination among the Arabs prior to the beginning of Islam^[23]. There, two arrow shafts (without heads or feathers), on one of which was written command and the other prohibition or similar, were kept in a container, and stored in the Kaaba at Mecca^[24]; whenever someone wished to know whether to get married, go on a journey, or to make some other similar decision, one of the Kaaba's guardians would randomly pull one of the arrow shafts out of the container, and the word written upon it was said to indicate the will of the god concerning the matter in question^[25]. Sometimes a third, blank, arrow shaft would be used, to represent the refusal of the deity to give an answer^[26]. Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predomiantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Maronite, Alawite Islam, Druze, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism An Arab (Arabic: ) is any member of the Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... Japanese arrow (ya) and head // Weapon An arrow is a pointed projectile that is shot with a bow. ... The Kaaba (Arabic: ; IPA: ) , also known as (), ( The Primordial House), or ( The Sacred House), is a large cuboidal building located inside the mosque known as al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ...

According to classical rabbinical literature, in order for the Urim and Thummim to give an answer, it was first necessary for the individual to stand facing the fully dressed high priest, and vocalise the question briefly and in a simple way, though it wasn't necessary for it to be loud enough for anyone else to hear it^[27]. The Talmudic rabbis, who had never witnessed the Urim and Thummim (according to their own statements), argued that Urim and Thummim were words written on the sacred breastplate^[28]; according to someone^{[citation needed]}, the breastplate had to be activated by taking a parchment with the Tetragrammaton inscribed upon it, and inserting the parchment into a slot in the breastplate^{[citation needed]}. Most of the Talmudic rabbis, and Josephus, following the belief that Urim meant lights, argued that divination by Urim and Thummim involved questions being answered by great rays of light shining out of certain jewels on the breastplate; each jewel was taken to represent different letters, and the sequence of lighting thus would spell out an answer (though there were 22 letters in the Hebrew alphabet, and only 12 jewels on the breastplate)^[29][30][31]; two Talmudic rabbis, however, argued that the jewels themselves moved in a way that made them stand out from the rest, or even moved themselves into groups to form words^[32]. Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of Judaisms rabbinic writing/s throughout history. ... The first page of the Vilna Edition of the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot, folio 2a. ... It has been suggested that Yahweh be merged into this article or section. ... A fanciful representation of Flavius Josephus, in an engraving in William Whistons translation of his works Josephus (37 – sometime after 100 AD/CE)[1], who became known, in his capacity as a Roman citizen, as Flavius Josephus[2], was a 1st-century Jewish historian and apologist of priestly and... Note: This article contains special characters. ...

History of Use

A passage of the Books of Samuel mentions three methods of divine communication - dreams, prophets, and the Urim and Thummim^[33]; the first two of these are also mentioned copiously in Assyrian and Babylonian literature, and such literature also mentions Tablets of Destiny, which are similar in some ways to the Urim and Thummim^[34]. The Tablets of Destiny had to rest on the breast of deities mediating between the other gods and mankind in order to function^[35], while the Urim and Thummim had to rest within the breastplate of the priest mediating between Yahweh and mankind^[36]. Marduk was said to have put his seal on the Tablets of Destiny^[37], while the Israelite breastplate had a jewelled stone upon it for each of the Israelite tribes, which may derive from the same principle^[38]. Like the Urim and Thummim, the Tablets of Destiny came into use when the fate of king and nation was concerned^[39]. According to an increasing majority of archaeologists, the Israelites emerged as a subculture from within Canaanite society, and not as an invading force from outside, and therefore it is only natural for them to have used similar religious practices to other Semitic nations^[40], and scholars suspect that the concept of Urim and Thummim was originally derived from the Tablets of Destiny^[41]. The Books of Samuel (Hebrew: Sefer Shmuel ספר שמואל), are part of the Tanakh (part of Judaisms Hebrew Bible) and also of the Old Testament (of Christianity). ... Marduk (Sumerian spelling in Akkadian: AMAR.UTU solar calf; Biblical: Merodach) was the Babylonian name of a late-generation god from ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of the city of Babylon, who, when Babylon permanently became the political center of the Euphrates valley in the time of Hammurabi (18th century... // Look up seal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Canaanite can describe anything pertaining to Canaan: in particular, its languages and inhabitants. ...

The first biblical reference to Urim and Thummim is the description in the Book of Exodus concerning the high priest's vestments^[42]; the chronologically earliest passage mentioning them, according to textual scholars, is in the Book of Hosea^[43], where it is implied, by reference to the Ephod, that the Urim and Thummim were fundamental elements in the popular form of the Israelite religion^[44], in the mid 8th century BC^[45]. Consulting the Urim and Thummim was said to be permitted for determining territorial boundaries, and was said to be required, in addition to permission from the king or a prophet, if there was an intention to expand Jerusalem or the Temple in Jerusalem^{[46][47][48][49]}; however, these rabbinical sources did question, or at least tried to justify, why Urim and Thummim would be required when a prophet was also present^[50]. The classical rabbinical writers argued that the Urim and Thummim were only permitted to be consulted by very prominent figures such as army generals, the most senior of court figures, and kings, and the only questions which could be raised were those which were asked for the benefit of the people as a whole^[51]. Hosea: Salvation The Book of Hosea is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible and of the Christian Old Testament. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... A drawing of Ezekiels Visionary Temple from the Book of Ezekiel 40-47 The Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש, transliterated Bet HaMikdash) was located on the Temple Mount (Har HaBayit) in the old city of Jerusalem. ...

Although Josephus argues that the Urim and Thummim continued to be used until the era of the Maccabees^[52], Talmudic sources are unanimous in agreeing that the Urim and Thummim were lost much earlier, when Jerusalem was sacked by the Babylonians^[53][54][55]. In a passage from the part of the Book of Ezra which overlaps with the Book of Nehemiah, it is mentioned that individuals who were unable to prove, after the Babylonian captivity had ended, that they were descended from the priesthood before the captivity began, were required to wait until priests in possession of Urim and Thummim were discovered^[56]; this would appear to confirm the Talmudic view that the Urim and Thummim had by then been lost^[57][58][59]. Indeed, since the priestly source, which textual scholars date to a couple of centuries prior to the captivity, doesn't appear to know what the Urim and Thummim looked like, and there is no mention of the Urim and Thummim in the deuteronomic history beyond the death of David, biblical scholars suspect that use of them decayed some time before the Babylonian conquest^[60], probably as a result of the growing influence at the time of prophets^[61]. A fanciful representation of Flavius Josephus, in an engraving in William Whistons translation of his works Josephus (37 – sometime after 100 AD/CE)[1], who became known, in his capacity as a Roman citizen, as Flavius Josephus[2], was a 1st-century Jewish historian and apologist of priestly and... Wojciech Stattlers Machabeusze (Maccabees), 1844 The Maccabees (Hebrew: מכבים or מקבים, Makabim) were Jewish rebels who fought against the rule of Antiochus IV Epiphanes of the Hellenistic Seleucid dynasty, who was succeeded by his infant son Antiochus V Eupator. ... Babylonian captivity also refers to the permanence of the Avignon Papacy. ... The Book of Ezra is a book of the Bible in the Old Testament and Hebrew Tanakh. ... The Book of Nehemiah is a book of the Hebrew Bible, known to Jews as the Tanach and to Christians as the Old Testament. ... Babylonian captivity also refers to the permanence of the Avignon Papacy. ... The Deuteronomist (D) is one of the sources of the Torah postulated by the documentary hypothesis that treats the texts of Scripture as products of human intellect, working in time. ... David and Goliath by Caravaggio, c. ...

In the Latter Day Saint movement

Main articles: Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints) and Seer stone (Latter Day Saints)

Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, said he used "interpreters" in order to translate the Book of Mormon from the Golden Plates. The "interpreters" he described as a pair of crystals joined in the form of a large pair of spectacles, and Smith later referred to this object as the Urim and Thummim. In 1823, Smith said that the angel who had told him about the Golden Plates also told him about the Urim and Thummim, "two stones in silver bows" fastened to a breastplate, and the angel intimated that they had been prepared by God to aid in the translation of the Golden Plates.^[62] Smith's mother, Lucy Mack Smith, described these Urim and Thummim as being like "two smooth three-cornered diamonds."^[63] In the Latter Day Saint movement, the Urim and Thummim (also called Interpreters) were a set of seer stones bound by silver bows into a set of spectacles, that founder Joseph Smith, Jr. ... In the early Latter Day Saint movement, seer stones were used as method of divination and played a significant role in its history and theology. ... Joseph Smith, Jr. ... The Latter Day Saint movement is a religious movement that can be said to have been founded primarily by Joseph Smith, Jr. ... The Book of Mormon[1] is one of the sacred texts of the Latter Day Saint movement, regarded by Latter Day Saints as divinely revealed, and named after the prophet-historian Mormon who, according to the text, compiled most of the book. ... An 1893 engraving of Joseph Smith receiving the Golden Plates and the Urim and Thummim from Moroni. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Smith and his early Mormon contemporaries also referred to a separate "seer stone," which Smith had used to scry for buried treasure, and then later to translate the golden plates;^[64] but in some cases it is unclear when Smith's contemporaries refer to the Urim and Thummim or to the seer stone, because they seem to have used the terms interchangeably. Smith also stated that he had used these devices to assist him in receiving other divine revelations, including some of the sections of the Doctrine and Covenants, and portions of the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible. Many associates of Smith said they saw him use these devices, but only Oliver Cowdery seems to have attempted to use them to receive his own revelation.^[65] Although Mormons believe that Smith's Urim and Thummim were functionally identical to the biblical Urim and Thummim, there is no evidence that the latter were ever used to translate unknown texts.^[66] Seer stone redirects here. ... Latter Day Saints teach that the Latter Day Saint movement began with a Revelation from God (see History of the Latter Day Saint movement). ... Doctrine and Covenants The Doctrine and Covenants (sometimes referred to as the D&C) is a part of the open scriptural canon of Mormonism. ... The Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible, also called the Inspired Version of the Bible or the JST, is a version of the Bible dictated by Joseph Smith, Jr. ... Photograph of Oliver Cowdery found in the Library of Congress, taken in the 1840s Oliver Hervy Pliny Cowdery[1] (3 October 1806 – 3 March 1850) was the primary participant with Joseph Smith, Jr. ...

References by popular culture

In accordance with the traditional view that Urim and Thummim should be translated as Light and Truth, the latin equivalent of this latter phrase - Lux et Veritas - has been used for several university mottoes; Lux et Veritas is the motto of Indiana University and the University of Montana, and though Urim and Thummim itself is emblazoned across the open book pictured on the Yale University shield (a legacy of Yale College president Ezra Stiles), Lux et Veritas appears below on a banner. The Indiana University system, technically founded in 1820, is an eight-campus university system in the state of Indiana. ... University of Montana The University of Montana campus, 1999. ... “Yale” redirects here. ... The Rev. ...

A truely unique journey of the Urim and Thummim was documented and had its world premiere debut at the Nashville Film Festival on Tuesday April 24, 2007 at 9:30pm, showing as a documentary-based film lasting 76 minutes long. "The Urim and Thummim" is a true story in which a part-time tile layer Todd Walker, between jobs and at loose ends in his hometown of Owensboro, Kentucky, headed to Nashville for a job, left home late, blew off the job, wandered through a Goodwill store, and for 69 cents purchased an object that he feels is an Old Testament oracle with which he can communicate with God. The Urim and Thummim traces his life changing experience with what he calls "God's computer chip." Todd and his tile-laying brothers-in-law Dale and David, see vivid visions when peering into there discovery. Sharing their experiences with other seekers, they build a following of believers, ranging from a 2-time Jeopardy grand champion, to a former professional wrestling preacher. This film may be the first to chronicle the founding, as one religious professor put it, of the next great American religion. Come along on this rarely funny, sometimes unbelievable, but always mind-grasping, thought provoking spiritual quest. The Urim and Thummim takes us to the intersection were Borat meets Flannery O'Connor, except this is for real!

• Directors include John "Dub" Cornett and Jacob Young
• Producer includes John "Dub" Cornett
• Camera includes Will Akers
  • • COMMENTS AND OR QUESTIONS CONTACT TODD WALKER AT THIS EMAIL ADDRESS theutprotector@yahoo.com

The Urim and Thummim are also afforded some value as artefacts in some modern fiction:

• A treasure hunt for the Urim and Thummim forms the central plot of the John Bellairs novel The Revenge of the Wizard's Ghost
• Their apparent desecration by an unknown vandal is a theme in the Arthur Conan Doyle short story The Jew's Breastplate.
• In the Christian fiction novel The Face of God, by Bill Myers, the pastor Daniel Lawson and terrorist Ibrahim el-Magd race to find the Urim and Thummim, as well as the twelve stones of the sacred breastplate, in order to hear God's voice.
• In the novel The Alchemist, by Paulo Coelho, the king of Salem gives the main character - Santiago - two stones that the king calls Urim and Thummim. One of the stones is white, which is said to signify no, and the other is black, and said to signify yes, when the stones are drawn from a bag. The king himself had removed the stones from his shining golden breastplate.
• There may be a reference to the Urim and Thummim in the film The Dark Crystal^{[citation needed]}. A healer from the mystical urRu race is named urlm, possibly^{[citation needed]} named after Urim; urIm uses esoteric methods, like acupuncture, baths, and amulets, to restore balance to his fellow urRu, and by making patterns in the air and water with his many hands aims to reduce and restore the "fires of the soul".

The traditional rabbinical descriptions of the function of Urim and Thummim — transmitting messages by glowing — has been claimed by some proponents of paleocontact hypothesis to be evidence in support of that hypothesis. Image:Notre Dame years. ... Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a Scottish author most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, which are generally considered a major innovation in the field of crime fiction, and the adventures of Professor Challenger. ... Bill Myers is an American Christian author, film director and producer. ... The Alchemist (Portuguese: O Alquimista) is a bestseller that was first published in Brazil in 1988 and is the most famous work of author Paulo Coelho. ... Paulo Coelho (IPA: , born August 24, 1947) is a Brazilian lyricist and novelist. ... The Dark Crystal is a 1982 fantasy film by Jim Henson and Frank Oz. ... A healer is someone who intends to aid recovery from ill health, including alleged faith healers. ... The UrRu or Mystics are gentle and wise inhabitants of the planet Thra in the film The Dark Crystal. ... Acupuncture chart from Hua Shou (fl. ... An amulet from the Black Pullet grimoire An amulet (from Latin amuletum, meaning A means of protection) consists of any object intended to bring good luck and/or protection to its owner. ... Layers of Atmosphere (NOAA) Air redirects here. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... Paintings from Val Camonica, Italy, c. ...

See also

• Divination is ascertaining information by supernatural means.
• Cleromancy is the drawing of lots for the purpose of divination
• Scrying
• Dice are polyhedral objects used to randomize decisions.

This article is about the religious practice of divination. ... Cleromancy, sortilege, casting lots or casting bones is a form of divination in which an outcome is determined by random means, such as the rolling of a die. ... Seer stone redirects here. ... Two standard six-sided pipped dice with rounded corners. ...

Notes and citations

1. ^ Peake's commentary on the Bible.
2. ^ Peake's commentary on the Bible
3. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
4. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
5. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
6. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
7. ^ ibid
8. ^ ibid
9. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
10. ^ Peake's commentary on the Bible
11. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
12. ^ 1 Samuel 14:37
13. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
14. ^ Exodus 28:13-30
15. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
16. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
17. ^ 1 Samuel 10:22 and 2 Samuel 5:23
18. ^ ibid
19. ^ ibid
20. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
21. ^ ibid
22. ^ ibid
23. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
24. ^ ibid
25. ^ ibid
26. ^ ibid
27. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
28. ^ Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Exodus 28:30
29. ^ Yoma 73a-b
30. ^ Yoma 44c in the Jerusalem Talmud
31. ^ Sifre, Numbers 141
32. ^ Yoma 73b
33. ^ 1 Samuel 28:3-6
34. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
35. ^ ibid
36. ^ ibid
37. ^ ibid
38. ^ ibid
39. ^ ibid
40. ^ Israel Finkelstein, The Bible Unearthed
41. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
42. ^ Exodus 28:30
43. ^ Hosea 3:4
44. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
45. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
46. ^ Sanhedrin 16a
47. ^ Yoma 41b (Jerusalem Talmud)
48. ^ Shebbit 2-3, and 16a
49. ^ Shebbit 33d (Jerusalem Talmud)
50. ^ Sanhedrin 19b (Jerusalem Talmud)
51. ^ Yoma 7; Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Exodus 28:30
52. ^ Josephus Antiquities of the Jews (volume 3) 8:9
53. ^ Sotah 9:10
54. ^ Yoma 21b
55. ^ Tamid 65b (Jerusalem Talmud)
56. ^ Ezra 2:63, which is also Nehemiah 7:65
57. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
58. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
59. ^ Peake's commentary on the Bible
60. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
61. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
62. ^ Joseph Smith-History.
63. ^ Smith, Lucy Mack (1853). Biographical sketches of Joseph Smith the prophet, and his progenitors for many generations. (PDF) 101. Brigham Young University Religious Education Archive. Retrieved on 2006-02-02. “It [Joseph's Urim and Thummim]; also at EMD, 1: 328-29.”
64. ^ Richard Van Wagoner and Steven Walker, "Joseph Smith: 'The Gift of Seeing," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 15:2 (Summer 1982): 59–63
65. ^ Section 9
66. ^ There are seven references to the Urim and Thummim in the masoretic text (the basis of most english translations of the Old Testament): Exodus 28:30, Leviticus 8:8, Numbers 27:21, Deuteronomy 33:8, 1 Samuel 28:6, Ezra 2:63, Nehemiah 7:65. The septuagint version (the basis of most Greek and Latin translations, and some english translations) of 1 Samuel 14:41 also references them

It has been suggested that Targum Jonathan be merged into this article or section. ... Moed (Festivals) is the second Order of the Mishnah (also the Tosefta and Talmud), Of the six orders of the Mishna, Moed is the third shortest. ... Sifre (סִפְרֵי siphrēy, Sifre, Sifrei) is a Midrash halakhah originated from Devarim and Shmot. ... Israel Finkelstein Israel Finkelstein is an Israeli archaeologist. ... It has been suggested that Targum Jonathan be merged into this article or section. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Mormon views of Urim and Thummim and Seer Stones
• Commentary on Exodus 28:30 by John Wesley
• Commentary on Exodus 28:30 by Cyrus Scofield