A urinalysis (or "UA") is an array of tests performed on urine and one of the most common methods of medical diagnosis. A part of a urinalysis can be performed by using urine dipsticks, in which the test results can be read as color changes. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... See drugs, medication, and pharmacology for substances that are used to treat patients. ... In general, diagnosis (plural diagnoses) has two distinct dictionary definitions. ... Look up dipstick in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Medical urinalysis

A typical medical urinalysis usually includes:

• a description of color and appearance
• specific gravity - This test detects ion concentration of the urine. Small amounts of protein or ketoacidosis tend to elevate results of the specific gravity.
• pH - the pH of healthy individuals ranges from around 5.0 to 7.5.
• ketone bodies
• protein
• urobilinogen
• bilirubin
• RBC number
• WBC number
• The hormone hCG: pregnancy may be checked for by screening a woman's urine for this. Home testing pregnancy tests have been developed for this purpose.
• Pyroluria

Specific gravity, in the context of clinical pathology, is a urinalysis parameter commonly used in the evaluation of kidney function and can aid in the diagnosis of various renal diseases. ... Relative density (also known as specific gravity) is a measure of the density of a material. ... For other uses, see PH (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see PH (disambiguation). ... Ketone bodies are three chemicals that are produced as by-products when fatty acids are broken down for energy. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Urobilinogen is a colourless product of bilirubin reduction. ... Bilirubin is a yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. ... “Red cell” redirects here. ... “White Blood Cells” redirects here. ... Norepinephrine A hormone (from Greek όρμή - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a peptide hormone produced in pregnancy, that is made by the embryo soon after conception and later by the syncytiotrophoblast (part of the placenta). ... This article is about human pregnancy in biological females. ... Diverse women. ... A modern pregnancy test A pregnancy test is a test to determine whether or not a woman is pregnant. ... Pyroluria, or malvaria (from the term mauve factor), is the metabolic condition when a person has too many pyrroles in the urine. ...

Microscopic examination

The numbers and types of cells and/or debris present can yield a great detail of information and may suggest a specific diagnosis. Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the...

• eosinophiluria - associated with allergic interstitial nephritis, atheroembolic disease
• RBC casts - associated with glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, malignant hypertension
• WBC casts - associated with acute interstitial nephritis, exudative glomerulonephritis, severe pyelonephritis
• (heme) granular casts - associated with acute tubular necrosis
• crystalluria -- associated with acute urate nephropathy (or "Acute uric acid nephropathy", AUAN)
• calcium oxalate - associated with ethylene glycol toxicity

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Interstitial nephritis (or Tubulo-interstitial nephritis) is a form of nephritis affecting the interstitium of the kidneys surrounding the tubules. ... Atheroembolic disease is medical conditions caused by the embolization of ruptured atheromatous plaques into distal blood vessels. ... Cast can refer to: Cast: A UK band. ... Glomerulonephritis, also known as glomerular nephritis and abbreviated GN, is a primary or secondary immune-mediated renal disease characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, or small blood vessels in the kidneys. ... In medicine, vasculitis (plural: vasculitides) is a group of diseases featuring inflammation of the wall of blood vessels due to leukocyte migration and resultant damage. ... Malignant hypertension is a complication of hypertension characterized by very elevated blood pressure, and organ damage in the eyes, brain, lung and/or kidneys. ... Interstitial nephritis (or Tubulo-interstitial nephritis) is a form of nephritis affecting the interstitium of the kidneys surrounding the tubules. ... Glomerulonephritis, also known as glomerular nephritis and abbreviated GN, is a primary or secondary immune-mediated renal disease characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, or small blood vessels in the kidneys. ... Pyelonephritis is an ascending urinary tract infection that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) of the kidney (nephros in Greek). ... Acute tubular necrosis may be toxic or ischemic. ... Crystalluria refers to crystals found in the urine when performing a urine test. ... Acute uric acid nephropathy (AUAN), also known as acute urate nephropathy, is a rapidly progressive reduction in kidney function (renal insufficiency) that is caused by high levels of uric acid in the urine. ... Calcium oxalate is a chemical compound that forms needle-shaped crystals. ... Ethylene glycol (monoethylene glycol (MEG), IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol) is an alcohol with two -OH groups (a diol), a chemical compound widely used as an automotive antifreeze. ...

See also

• uroscopy, the ancient form of this analysis
• Medical technologist

Uroscopy is the historic medical practice of visually examining a patients urine for pus, blood, or other symptoms of disease. ... A medical technologist (MT) is a healthcare professional who performs diagnostic analytic tests on human body fluids such as blood, urine, sputum, stool, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, and synovial fluid, as well as other specimens. ...

External links

• WebMD
• American Family Physician
• Interpreting urinalysis
• PediactricOnCall
• Lab Tests Online: Urinalysis