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Beliefs and practices

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Major figures

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Texts & Laws

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Branches of Islam

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Societal aspects

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See also

Vocabulary of Islam anti-Islam sentiment The following list consists of concepts that are derived from both Islam and Arab tradition, which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. ... This box: view • talk • edit

For other uses of the name, see Uthman (disambiguation). Uthman is the Arabic equivalent to the Turkish name Osman (see Osman I). ...

‘Uthmān ibn ‘Affān (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان‎ ) (c. 574 - June 17, 656) is regarded by most Muslims as the third of the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs. He reigned from 644 until 656. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing in the Arabic language. ... Events Emperor Justin II retires, choosing Tiberius II Constantine as his heir. ... June 17 is the 168th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (169th in leap years), with 197 days remaining. ... Events Ali succeeds Uthman as Caliph Battle of Basrah (also known as Battle of the Camel) Oswiu of Northumbria annexes Mercia Births Deaths Uthman ibn Affan, Caliph (murdered) Peada, king of Mercia (murdered) Categories: 656 ... The Four Righteously or Rightly Guided Caliphs or Khulifa Rashidoon in Arabic refers to the first four caliphs in the Sunni tradition of Islam who are seen as being model leaders. ... Events Births Deaths Paulinus of York, bishop of Northumbria November: Omar, Second caliph of Islam by assassination. ... Events Ali succeeds Uthman as Caliph Battle of Basrah (also known as Battle of the Camel) Oswiu of Northumbria annexes Mercia Births Deaths Uthman ibn Affan, Caliph (murdered) Peada, king of Mercia (murdered) Categories: 656 ...

Biography

Early life

Uthman was born into the wealthy Umayyad (Banu Umayya) clan of the Quraish tribe in Mecca, a few years after Muhammad. The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... Quraish (Arabic: ‎ translit: ) is the Meccan tribe that the Islamic prophet Muhammad belonged to before he received the revelations of Islam. ... Mecca IPA: or Makkah (in full: Makkah al-Mukarramah; Arabic: ‎, Turkish: Mekke) is the capital city of Saudi Arabias Makkah province, in the historic Hijaz region. ... For other people named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ...

Muhammad's era (610-632)

He was an early convert to Islam, and is said to have spent a great deal of his wealth on charity. His conversion angered his clan, which strongly opposed Muhammad. During the life of Muhammad, he was also part of the first Muslim emigration to the city of Axum in Ethiopia, and the later emigration from Mecca to Medina. He frequently served as Muhammad's secretary. King Ezanas Stele in Axum. ... Mecca IPA: or Makkah (in full: Makkah al-Mukarramah; Arabic: ‎, Turkish: Mekke) is the capital city of Saudi Arabias Makkah province, in the historic Hijaz region. ... Medina (Arabic: ‎ or المدينة ; also transliterated into English as Madinah) is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia. ...

He could not participate in the battle of Badr because he stayed behind in Madinah to take care of his sick wife Ruqayyah, although was also given his share of war trophies of the battle^[1]. Combatants Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca Commanders Muhammad Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ali Amr ibn Hishām (aka Abū Jahl) Abu Sufyan Strength 305-350 <900-1000 Casualties 14 killed 50-70 killed 43-70 captured The Battle of Badr (Arabic غزوة بدر), fought March 17, 624 CE (17 Ramadan...

Abu Bakr's era (632 – 634)

Umar's era (634-644)

Uthman became caliph after the assassination of caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab in 644. Prior to his death, Umar appointed a group of six men to choose his successor from among themselves. Included in this group were Uthman and Ali. The committee chose Uthman. Some accounts say that he was chosen because he promised to continue the policies of Abu Bakr and Umar, whereas Ali would make no such promise ^[2]. For other uses of the name, see Umar (disambiguation). ... Events Births Deaths Paulinus of York, bishop of Northumbria November: Omar, Second caliph of Islam by assassination. ... Ali ibn Abu Talib (Arabic: علي بن أبي طالب translit: ‘Alī ibn Abu Ṭālib Persian: علی پسر ابو طالب) ‎ (599 – 661) is an early Islamic leader. ... When `Umar was wounded by Abu Luluah and he saw that it was difficult for him to survive because of the deep wound, he formed a consultative committee and nominated for it `Ali ibn Abi Talib, `Uthman ibn `Affan, `Abd ar-Rahman ibn `Awf, az-Zubayr ibn al...

Uthman's era (644–656)

Uthman reigned for twelve years, and during his rule, all of Iran, most of North Africa, the Caucasus and Cyprus were conquered and incorporated into the Islamic empire. The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ...

Umayyad governors

Uthman appointed many of his kinsmen as governors of the new domains. The kindest explanation for this reliance on his kin is that the Muslim empire had expanded so far, so fast, that it was becoming extremely difficult to govern, and that Uthman felt that he could trust his own kin not to revolt against him. However, many Muslims did not see this as prudence; they saw it as nepotism, and an attempt to rule like a king rather than as the first among equals.

Many of his governors were accused of corruption and misrule. Some of his kinsmen were also involved in the murder of a son of Abu Bakr, the first caliph, which further alienated many influential Muslims. Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha, Muhammad's widow, was particularly vehement in her denunciations of Uthman. Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... Aisha bint Abu Bakr, AyÅŸe, Ayesha, Aisha, or Aisha (Arabic: ‎ `āisha, she who lives) was a wife of Muhammad. ...

Qur'an

Uthman is perhaps best known for forming the committee which compiled the basic text of the Qur'an as it exists today. Various Muslim centers, like Kufa and Damascus, had begun to develop their own traditions for reciting and writing down the Qur'an. Uthman feared that the nascent Islamic empire would fall apart in religious controversy if everyone did not have access to the original text of Qur'an. Sometime during the end of his reign, the committee compiled the text. Uthman had it copied and sent copies to each of the Muslim cities and garrison towns, commanding that variant versions of the Qur'an be destroyed, and only the original version used. The Qurān [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also called The Noble Quran; also transliterated as Quran, Koran (the traditional term in English), and Al-Quran), is the central religious text of Islam. ... Kufa (الكوفة al-Kufa in Arabic) is a city in Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. ... Damascus by night, pictured from Jabal Qasioun; the green spots are minarets Damascus (Arabic: ‎ transliterated: Also commonly: الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. ...

(Note that John Wansbrough and some Western historians believe that the Qur'an was completed later than Uthman's time; theirs is a minority opinion. See the article on the Qur'an.) John Edward Wansbrough (19 February 1928, Peoria Illinois - 10 June 2002, Montaigu-de-Quercy France) was a historian of Islam who taught at SOAS in London. ... The Qurān [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also called The Noble Quran; also transliterated as Quran, Koran (the traditional term in English), and Al-Quran), is the central religious text of Islam. ...

Death

Anger at Uthman grew so general that soldiers from Egypt and Iraq traveled to Medina to present their grievances to Uthman directly. According to some accounts, Uthman is said to have promised to mend his ways, then, when the delegations had left, reneged on his promises.^{[citation needed]} According to other accounts, Uthman is said to have given the rebels of Egypt a letter to deliver on their return to their governor, which turned out to contain an order to kill them.^{[citation needed]} The soldiers returned and laid siege to his house for more than twenty days in 656. At his request of reinforcement from his appointed governors, none came to his help. The siege ended when some of the rebels broke into Uthman's house and killed him. Certain accounts have it that he was reading the Qur'an when he was slain.^{[citation needed]} Uthman was eventually buried in Medina. Medina (Arabic: ‎ or المدينة ; also transliterated into English as Madinah) is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia. ... Events Ali succeeds Uthman as Caliph Battle of Basrah (also known as Battle of the Camel) Oswiu of Northumbria annexes Mercia Births Deaths Uthman ibn Affan, Caliph (murdered) Peada, king of Mercia (murdered) Categories: 656 ...

Legacy

He was succeeded by Ali, who was himself assassinated when Muawiyah I took power, Uthman's kinsman and the Umayyad governor of Syria. Some scholars therefore count Uthman as the first of the Umayyad dynasty, though the scholarly consensus is that Muawiyah is the first. Muˤāwiyya I, or Muˤāwiyya ibn Abī-Sufyān (Arabic: ). (602 - May 6, 680) was the fifth Muslim Caliph and founder of the Umayyad Dynasty of Islamic caliphs. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ...

Sunni view of Uthman

According to the Sunni account of Uthman, he was married to two of Muhammad's daughters at separate times, earning him the name Dhun Nurayn or the "Possesor of Two Lights." The Sunni also say Uthman was one of the ten people for whom it was witnessed that they were destined for Paradise and one of the six with whom Muhammad was pleased when he died.

Shi'a view of Uthman

As the Shi'a believe that Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, should have been the first caliph, they regard Uthman as a usurper and an enemy of Ali (see Succession to Muhammad). They believe that he is guilty of nepotism, corruption, double-dealing, and turning the empire over to Muhammad's old enemies, the Umayyads. Shi'as believe that Uthman, like many of the other early Muslims, was seduced by the pleasures of power and wealth, and strayed from the strict path of Islam as followed by Ali. There is dispute among the Shi'a as to whether Uthman married two of the Prophet's daughters, with a faction insisting thatRuqayyah and Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad were Muhammad's step-daughters. The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Daughter of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) ...

Non-Muslims

One non-Muslim academic, Bernard Lewis, says of Uthman: Prof. ...

"Uthman, like Mu'awiya, was a member of the leading Meccan family of Ummaya and was indeed the sole representative of the Meccan patricians among the early companions of the Prophet with sufficient prestige to rank as a candidate. His election was at once their victory and their opportunity. That opportunity was not neglected. Uthman soon fell under the influence of the dominant Meccan families and one after another of the high posts of the Empire went to members of those families.
The weakness and nepotism of Uthman brought to a head the resentment which had for some time been stirring obscurely among the Arab warriors. The Muslim tradition attribute the breakdown which occurred during his reign to the personal defects of Uthman. But the causes lie far deeper and the guilt of Uthman lay in his failure to recognize, control or remedy them." ^[3]

See also

• Family tree of Uthman ibn Affan
• Caliph
• Sahaba
• Uthman Qur'an

Paternal grandfather: Wail ibn Umayya aka Abu al-As Father: Affan ibn Abu al-As Mother: Urwa bint Kariz Himself: Uthman ibn Affan Wife: Nayla bint Farasa Son: Amr ibn Uthman Daughter: Aisha bint Uthman Son in law: Marwan I ibn al-Hakam Wife Ruqayyah ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... In Islam, the Sahāba (الصحابة) were the companions of the prophet Muhammad. ... The Uthman Quran (also referred to as Osmans Koran) is a Manuscripted copy of the Quran considered to be the oldest in the world and said to still have a stain of blood from the assassination of the third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan. ...

References

1. ^ http://www.islam4theworld.com/Sahabah/talhah_bn_ubaydullah_R.htm
2. ^ Aslan, No God But God, 2005
3. ^ The Arabs in History, p 59, Oxford University Press, 2002

Also: Levi Della Vida, G. and R.G. Khoury. "‘Uthmān b. ‘Affān." Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Eds. P.J. Bearman et. al. 12 Vols. Brill, 2004. 30 October 2005 <http://www.encislam.brill.nl/>. The Arabs in History is a book written by Middle-east Historian Bernard Lewis. ... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ... October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 62 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Views of various Islamic historians on Uthman:

• Uthman in History

Shi'a view of Uthman:

• Uthman's election
• The assassination of `Uthman Ibn `Affan
• Uthman and Abdullah bin Massood