Kitagawa Utamaro, "Flowers of Edo: Young Woman's Narrative Chanting to the Shamisen", ca. 1800

Kitagawa Utamaro (喜多川 歌麿, Kitagawa Utamaro^?) (ca. 1753 - 1806) (his name was archaically romanized as Outamaro) was a Japanese printmaker and painter, and is considered one of the greatest artists of woodblock prints (ukiyo-e). He is known especially for his masterfully composed studies of women, known as bijinga. He also produced nature studies, particularly illustrated books of insects. Kitagawa Utamaro, Flowers of Edo: Young Womans Narrative Chanting to the Samisen. ... Kitagawa Utamaro, Flowers of Edo: Young Womans Narrative Chanting to the Samisen. ... 1800 (MDCCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. ... 1753 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... In linguistics, romanization (or Latinization, also spelled romanisation or Latinisation) is the representation of a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language uses a different writing system. ... View of Mount Fuji from Satta Point in the Suruga Bay, ukiyo-e by Hiroshige, published 1859 Ukiyo-e ), pictures of the floating world, is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints produced between the 17th and the 20th century, featuring motifs of landscapes, the theater and pleasure quarters. ... Before the Mirror by Shinsui Ito is an example of bijin-ga in the shin hanga style. ...

His work reached Europe in the mid 19th century, where it was very popular, enjoying particular acclaim in France. He influenced the European Impressionists, particularly with his use of partial views, with an emphasis on light and shade. World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Impressionism was a 19th century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists who began publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. ...

Biography

Biographical details for Utamaro are extremely limited, and each reference gives a substantially different account.

Various accounts claim that he was born in either Edo (present-day Tokyo), Kyoto, or Osaka (the three main cities of Japan), or a provincial town (no one is sure exactly which one) in around 1753; the exact date is also uncertain. Another long-standing tradition has is that he was born in Yoshiwara, the courtesan district of Edo, the son of a tea-house owner, but there is no evidence of this. His original name was Kitagawa Ichitaro. Edo (Japanese: 江戸, literally: bay-door, estuary, pronounced //), once also spelled Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of the Japanese capital Tokyo. ... This article is about the city Kyoto. ... Osaka )   is the capital of Osaka Prefecture and the third-largest city in Japan, with a population of 2. ... Prostitutes on display in Yoshiwara during the Edo Period This movie set in Kyoto recreates the appearance of a red-light district such as Yoshiwara. ...

It is generally agreed that he became a pupil of the painter Toriyama Sekien while he was still a child, and there are many authorities who believe that Utamaro was his son as well. He lived in Sekien's house while he was growing up, and the relationship continued until Sekien's death in 1788. Toriyama Sekien (1712-1788) was a Ukiyo-e print designer who specialised in images of demons and ghosts. ...

Sekien was originally trained in the aristocratic Kano school of painting, but in middle age he started to lean toward the popular (or ukiyo-e) school. Sekien is known to have had a number of other pupils, none of any distinction. Kanō school (狩野派 Kanō-ha) is a school of professional artists in Japan. ...

Utamaro, in common with other Japanese of the time, changed his name as he became mature, and also took the name Ichitaro Yusuke as he became older. He apparently also married, although little is known about his wife, and he apparently had no children.

His first major professional artistic work, at about the age of 22, in 1775, seems to have been the cover for a Kabuki playbook, under the gō (art-name) of Toyoaki. He then produced a number of actor and warrior prints, along with theatre programmes, and other such material. From the spring of 1781, he switched his gō to Utamaro, and started painting and designing fairly forgettable woodblock prints of women. The Kabukiza in Ginza is one of Tokyos leading kabuki theaters. ... An art-name (in Japanese, gō) is a pseudonym, or penname, used by an Japanese artist, which they sometimes change. ...

At some point in the middle 1780s, probably 1783, he went to live with the young rising publisher Tsutaya Juzaburo, with whom he apparently lived for about 5 years. He seems to have become a principal artist for the Tsutaya firm. His output of prints for the next few years was sporadic, as he produced mostly illustrations for books of kyoka, literally 'crazy verse', a parody of the classical waka form. He seems to have produced nothing at all that has survived in the period 1790-1792. Nothing much really happened in the 1780s only that Mary-Anne Tobin was hung in public for wearing a flase beard and voting. ... Waka (和歌) or Yamato uta is a genre of Japanese poetry. ...

In about 1791 Utamaro gave up designing prints for books and concentrated on making half-length single portraits of women, rather than the prints of women in groups favoured by other ukiyo-e artists. In 1793 he achieved recognition as an artist, and his semi-exclusive arrangement with the publisher Tsutaya Juzaburo was terminated. He then went on to produce a number of very famous series, all featuring women of the Yoshiwara district.

Over the years, he also occupied himself with a number of volumes of nature studies and shunga, or erotica. In 1797, Tsutaya Juzaburo died, and Utamaro apparently was very upset by the loss of his long-time friend and supporter. Some commentators feel that his work after this never reached the heights it did before. For other uses of the term Shunga see Shunga (disambiguation) Shunga ((春画) is a Japanese term for erotic pictures. ... Boink Erotica (from the Greek language Eros - love) — are works of art, including literature, photography, film, sculpture and painting, that deal substantively with erotically stimulating or arousing descriptions. ...

In 1804, at the height of his success, he ran into legal trouble by publishing prints related to a banned historical novel. The prints. entitled Hideyoshi and his 5 Concubines, depicted the military ruler Toyotomi Hideyoshi's wife and concubines; Consequently, he was accused of insulting Hideyoshi's dignity. He was sentenced to be handcuffed for 50 days (some accounts say he was briefly imprisoned). According to some sources, the experience crushed him emotionally and ended his career as an artist. Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Shinjitai (modern Japanese) writing: ; Kyūjitai (historical) writing: 豐臣秀吉; born Hiyoshi-maru ; coming of age (gempuku) as Kinoshita Tōkichirō and later made Hashiba and martial nobility in the style of Hashiba Chikuzen no Kami Hideyoshi ; 1536 - September 18, 1598), was a Sengoku daimyo who unified Japan. ...

He died two years later, on the 20th day of the 9th month, 1806, aged about fifty-three, in Edo.

Pupils

After Utamaro's death, his pupil Koikawa Shuncho continued to produce prints in his mentor's style, and took over the gō Utamaro until 1820; these are now referred to as the work of "Utamaro II". After 1820 he changed his gō to Kitagawa Tetsugoro, and produced his subsequent work under that name.

Retrospective Observations

Utamaro produced over two thousand prints during his working career, along with a number of paintings, surimono, many illustrated books, including over thirty shunga books and albums, etc.

Among his best known works are the series Ten Studies in Female Physiognomy; A Collection of Reigning Beauties; Great Love Themes of Classical Poetry (sometimes called Women in Love containing individual prints such as Revealed Love and Pensive Love); and Twelve Hours in the Pleasure Quarters.

He alone, of his contemporary ukiyo-e artists, achieved a national reputation during his lifetime. His sensuous female beauties are generally considered the finest and most evocative bijinga in all of ukiyo-e. He succeeded in capturing subtle aspects of personality, and transient moods, of women of all classes, ages, and circumstances. His reputation has remained undiminished since; his work is known worldwide, and he is generally regarded as one of the half-dozen greatest ukiyo-e artists of all time.

Print Series

Here is a partial list of his print series, with dates:

• Chosen Poems (1791-1792)
• Ten Types of Women's Physiognomies (1792-1793)
• Famous Beauties of Edo (1792-1793)
• Ten Learned Studies of Women (1792-1793)
• Anthology of Poems: The Love Section (1793-1794)
• Snow, Moon and Flowers of the Green Houses (1793-1795)
• Array of Supreme Beauties of the Present Day (1794)
• Twelve Hours of the Green Houses (1794-1795)
• Flourishing Beauties of the Present Day (1795-1797)
• An Array of Passionate Lovers (1797-1798)
• Ten Forms of Feminine Physiognomy (1802)

References

• Shugo Asano, Timothy Clark, The Passionate Art of Kitagawa Utamaro (British Museum Press, London, 1995) is now the definitive work on him in English
• Jack Hillier, Utamaro: Color Prints and Paintings (Phaidon, London, 1961)
• Tadashi Kobayashi, (translated Mark A. Harbison), Great Japanese Art: Utamaro (Kodansha, Tokyo, 1982)
• Muneshige Narazaki, Sadao Kikuchi, (translated John Bester), Masterworks of Ukiyo-E: Utamaro (Kodansha, Tokyo, 1968)

External links

• Kitagawa Utamaro Online
• (from "Collection of Insects in Pictures")