NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Uveitis

Uveitis specifically refers to inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, termed the "uvea" but in common usage may refer to any inflammatory process involving the interior of the eye. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Hypopyon seen as yellowish exudate in lower part of anterior chamber of eye Hypopyon is a leukocytic exudate, seen in the anterior chamber of the eye. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following codes are used with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... // H00-H59 - Diseases of the eye and adnexa (H00-H06) Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit (H00) Hordeolum and chalazion (H000) Hordeolum and other deep inflammation of eyelid (H001) Chalazion (H01) Other inflammation of eyelid (H010) Blepharitis (H011) Noninfectious dermatoses of eyelid (H02) Other disorders of eyelid (H020) Entropion... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation and may be referred to as the innate cascade. ... A human eye. ... For the Pacific island, see Wallis Island. ...

Uveitis is estimated to be responsible for approximately 10% of the blindness in the United States.^{[citation needed]} Uveitis requires an urgent referral and thorough examination by an ophthalmologist, along with urgent treatment to control the inflammation. Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine which deals with the diseases of the eye and their treatment. ...

Types

Uveitis is usually categorized anatomically into anterior, intermediate, posterior and panuveitic forms.

Iritis is a form of anterior uveitis and refers to the inflammation of the iris of the eye. ... The human iris The iris is the green/grey/brown area. ... The anterior chamber if the fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the corneas innermost surface, the endothelium . ... Many primary care physicians often deal with patients with red eyes In medicine, red eye is a non-specific term to describe an eye that appears red due to illness, injury, or some other condition. ... The conjunctiva is a membrane that covers the sclera (white part of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids. ... The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber, providing most of an eyes optical power [1]. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light and, as a result, helps the eye to focus. ... Intermediate uveitis refers to inflammation localized to the vitreous and peripheral retina. ... Vitreous humour is the clear aqueous solution that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the vertebrate eyeball. ... The pars plana is part of the uvea, one of the three layers that comprise the eye. ... Human eye cross-sectional view. ... The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. ...

Causes

A myriad of conditions can lead to the development of uveitis, including systemic diseases as well as syndromes confined to the eye. In anterior uveitis, no specific diagnosis is made in approximately one-half of cases. However, anterior uveitis is often one of the syndromes associated with HLA-B27. Human Leukocyte Antigen B*27 (subtypes B*2701-2724) is a class I surface antigen encoded by the B locus in the MHC on chromosome 6. ...

Systemic disorders causing uveitis

Systemic disorders that can cause uveitis include: White G. "Uveitis." AllAboutVision.com. Retrieved August 20, 2006.</ref>

BehÃ§ets disease, is a chronic condition due to disturbances in the bodyâ€™s immune system. ... Associated with the haplotype HLA-A29 in 99% of the cases. ... This article is about the disease. ... Herpes zoster, colloquially known as shingles, is the reactivation of varicella zoster virus (one of the Herpesviridae group), leading to a crop of painful blisters over the area of a dermatome. ... In medicine, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the large intestine and, in some cases, the small intestine. ... Juvenile arthritis is a type of arthritis typically affects children before the age of sixteen. ... Kawasaki disease, also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, mucocutaneous lymph node disease, infantile polyarteritis and Kawasaki syndrome, is a poorly-understood illness that affects the mucous membranes, lymph nodes, blood vessel walls, and the heart. ... Lyme disease or Lyme borreliosis is the most common tick-borne disease in North America and Europe, and the fastest-growing infectious disease in the United States. ... Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) is a disease syndrome affecting the eye that is characterized by peripheral atrophic chorioretinal scars, atrophy or scarring adjacent to the optic disc and maculopathy. ... Psoriatic arthritis (or Arthropathic psoriasis) is a type of inflammatory arthritis that affects around 20% of people suffering from the chronic skin condition Psoriasis. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Reactive arthritis. ... Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a spirochaete bacterium, Treponema pallidum. ... Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection with the dog or cat roundworm, Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, respectively. ... Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for Tubercle Bacillus) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by the mycobacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system, lymphatic system, circulatory system, genitourinary system, bones, joints, and even the... Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKH syndrome) is a condition seen in humans and dogs characterized by uveitis (inflammation of the inside of the eye), poliosis (whitening of hair), vitiligo (loss of pigment in the skin), and meningitis, although dogs with this syndrome rarely develop meningitis. ...

Masquerade syndromes

Masquerade syndromes are ophthalmic disorders that clinically present as either an anterior or posterior uveitis, but are not primarily inflammatory. The following are some of the most common:

The word Foreign means originating elsewhere or in the physiological context outside the body. ... Leukemia or leukaemia (see spelling differences) is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation (production by multiplication) of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes). ... Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes. ... // Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina. ... Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue. ...

Symptoms

Treatment

The prognosis is generally good for those who receive prompt diagnosis and treatment, but serious complication (including cataracts, glaucoma, band keratopathy, retinal edema and permanent vision loss) may result if left untreated. The type of uveitis, as well as its severity, duration, and responsiveness to treatment or any associated illnesses, all factor in to the outlook.[1] Cataract is also used to mean a waterfall or where the flow of a river changes dramatically. ...

Uveitis is typically treated with glucocorticoid steroids, either as topical eye drops (such as betamethasone, dexamethasone or prednisolone) or oral therapy with prednisolone tablets. In addition topical cycloplegics, such as atropine or homatropine, may be used.^[1] Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones characterised by an ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. ... Steroid skeleton of lanosterol. ... Betamethasone dipropionate is a corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive abilities, used especially where water retention is undesirable. ... Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid hormones. ... The structure of prednisolone Prednisolone is the active metabolite of prednisone. ... The structure of prednisolone Prednisolone is the active metabolite of prednisone. ... Cycloplegia is the paralysis of the ciliary muscle, resulting in a loss of accommodation. ... Atropine is a tropane alkaloid extracted from the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. ... Homatropine (EquipinÂ®, Isopto HomatropineÂ®) is an anticholinergic medication that inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and thus the parasympathetic nervous system. ...

Antimetabolite medications, such as methotrexate are often used for recalcitrant or more aggressive cases of uveitis. Experimental treatment with Infliximab infusions may prove helpful. An antimetabolite is a chemical with a similar structural to a substance (a metabolite) required for normal biochemical reactions, yet different enough to interfere with the normal functions of cells, including cell division. ... Methotrexate (rINN) (IPA: ), abbreviated MTX and formerly known as amethopterin, is an antimetabolite drug used in treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. ... It has been suggested that Infliximab (Remicade) be merged into this article or section. ...

See also

This is a partial list of human eye diseases and disorders. ... This is a list of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations. ...

Footnotes

Otherwise known as the doctors prescribing Bible the British National Formulary (BNF) contains a wide spectrum of information on prescribing and pharmacology, among others indications, side effects and costs of the prescription of all medication drugs available on the National Health Service. ...

External links

v • d • e

Pathology of the eye (primarily H00-H59)

eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit: Stye - Chalazion - Blepharitis - Entropion - Ectropion - Lagophthalmos - Blepharochalasis - Ptosis - Xanthelasma Pathology (from Greek pathos, feeling, pain, suffering; and logos, study of; see also -ology) is the study of the processes underlying disease and other forms of illness, harmful abnormality, or dysfunction. ... A human eye. ... A stye (also spelled sty) or hordeolum is an infection of the sebaceous glands at the base of the eyelashes. ... A chalazion, also known as a Meibomian gland lipogranuloma, is a cyst in the eyelid that is caused by inflammation of the meibomian gland, usually on the upper eyelid. ... Blepharitis is inflammation of the eyelids. ... Entropion is a medical condition in which the eyelids fold inward. ... Ectropion is a condition of loose eyelids. ... Lagophthalmos describes difficulty in complete closure of the eyelid over the eyeball. ... Blepharochalasis is an inflammation of the eyelid that is characterized by exacerbations and remissions of eyelid edema, which results in a stretching and subsequent atrophy of the eyelid tissue. ... In ophthalmology, ptosis is an abnormally low position (drooping) of the upper eyelid. ... Xanthelasma (or xanthelasma palpebrarum) are sharply demarcated yellowish collections of cholesterol underneath the skin, usually around the eyes. ...

conjunctiva: Conjunctivitis - Pterygium - Subconjunctival hemorrhage A pterygium, meaning wing, is a benign growth of the conjunctiva. ... A subconjunctival hemorrhage is a common and relatively minor post-LASIK complication. ...

sclera, cornea, iris and ciliary body: Scleritis - Keratitis - Corneal ulcer - Snow blindness - Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy - Fuchs' dystrophy - Keratoconus - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca - Iritis - Uveitis Scleritis is a serious inflammatory disease that affects the white outer coating of the eye, known as the sclera. ... A corneal ulcer is an inflammatory condition of the cornea involving loss of its outer layer. ... Snowblind redirects here. ... Thygesons superficial punctate keratopathy (TSPK) is a disease of the eyes. ... Fuchs dystrophy is a slowly progressing corneal disease that usually affects both eyes and is slightly more common in women than in men. ... Keratoconus (from Greek: kerato- horn, cornea; and konos cone), is a degenerative non-inflammatory disorder of the eye in which structural changes within the cornea cause it to thin and change to a more conical shape than its normal gradual curve. ... Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), also called keratitis sicca,[1] sicca syndrome,[1] xerophthalmia,[1] dry eye syndrome (DES),[1] or simply dry eyes,[1] is an eye disease caused by decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation commonly found in humans and some animals[2]. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is Latin and... Iritis is a form of anterior uveitis and refers to the inflammation of the iris of the eye. ...

lens: Cataract A cataract is an opacity that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope. ...

choroid and retina: Retinal detachment - Retinoschisis - Hypertensive retinopathy - Diabetic retinopathy - Retinopathy - Retinopathy of prematurity - Macular degeneration - Retinitis pigmentosa - Macular edema Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue. ... Retinoschisis is an uncommon eye disease characterized by the abnormal splitting of the retinas sensory layers, usually in the outer plexiform layer, with resulting loss of visual function [1]. The retina, which consists of multiple layers of interconnected nerve and pigment cells, separates into separate layers resulting in a... Hypertension, or high blood pressure that does not respond to treatment, has several ocular manifestations. ... Diabetic retinopathy is retinopathy (damage to the retina) caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, which could eventually lead to blindness. ... Retinopathy is a general term that refers to some form of non-inflammatory damage to the retina of the eye. ... Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), previously known as retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), is a disease of the eye that affects prematurely born babies. ... Listen to this article Â· (info) This audio file was created from an article revision dated 2005-07-19, and may not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... Normal vision. ... Macular edema occurs when fluid and protein deposits collect on or under the macula, causing it to thicken and swell. ...

ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction: Strabismus - Ophthalmoparesis - Progressive external ophthalmoplegia - Esotropia - Exotropia - Refractive error - Hyperopia - Myopia - Astigmatism - Anisometropia - Presbyopia For the protein Strabismus, see Strabismus (protein) Strabismus, also known as heterotropia, squint, crossed eye, cockeyed, wandering eye,weak eye or wall eyed, is a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other. ... Ophthalmoparesis is a physical finding in certain neurologic illnesses. ... Progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a disorder of the mitochondria. ... Person exhibiting esotropia of the right eye Esotropia is a form of strabismus where one or both of the eyes turn inward. ... Exotropia is a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated outward. ... Refraction error, also known as refractive error, is an error in the focusing of light by the eye and a frequent reason for reduced visual acuity. ... Hyperopia, also known as hypermetropia or colloquially as farsightedness or longsightedness, is a defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the eye (often when the eyeball is too short or when the lens cannot become round enough), causing inability to focus on near objects, and in extreme cases causing... Normal vision. ... Astigmatism is an affliction of the eye, where vision is blurred by an irregularly shaped cornea. ... Anisometropia is a condition in which the lenses of the two eyes have different focal lengths; that is, are in different states of myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness). ... Presbyopia is the eyes diminished power of accommodation that occurs with aging. ...

Visual disturbances and blindness: Amblyopia - Leber's congenital amaurosis - Scotoma - Color blindness - Achromatopsia - Nyctalopia - Blindness Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is a disorder of the eye. ... Lebers congenital amaurosis is a rare inherited eye disease that appears at birth or in the first few months of life, typically characterized by nystagmus, sluggish or no pupillary responses, and severe vision loss or blindness. ... The word scotoma is derived from the Greek word for darkness. ... Color blindness in humans is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. ... Achromatopsia is the inability to see color. ... Nyctalopia (Greek for night blindness) is a condition making it difficult or impossible to see in the dark. ... Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or psychological factors. ...

Commonly associated infectious diseases: Trachoma Onchocerciasis Binomial name Onchocerca volvulus Bickel 1982 Onchocerciasis (pronounced ) or river blindness is the worlds second leading infectious cause of blindness. ...

Other: Glaucoma - Floater - Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - Red eye - Argyll Robertson pupil - Keratomycosis - Xerophthalmia - Aniridia For other uses, see Floater (disambiguation). ... Leberâ€™s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) or Leber optic atrophy is a mitochondrially inherited (mother to all offspring) form of acute or subacute loss of central vision that may lead to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons; this affects predominantly young adult males. ... Many primary care physicians often deal with patients with red eyes In medicine, red eye is a non-specific term to describe an eye that appears red due to illness, injury, or some other condition. ... In medical terminology, Argyll Robertson pupils are small, irregular pupils that accommodate but do not react normally to light. ... A fungal keratitis is an inflammation of the eyes cornea (called keratitis) that results from infection by a fungal organism. ... Xerophthalmia (Greek for dry eyes) is a medical condition in which the eye doesnt produce tears. ... Aniridia is a rare congenital condition characterized by the underdevelopment of the eyes iris. ...

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