|
A vaccination schedule is a recommended series of vaccinations including the suggested timing of all doses. A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or reduce the effects of infection by any natural or 'wild' pathogen. Many vaccines require multiple doses for maximum effectiveness, either to produce sufficient initial immune response or to boost response that fades over time. Vaccine schedules are developed by governmental agencies or physicians groups to achieve maximum effectiveness using required and recommended vaccines for a locality while minimizing the number of health care system interactions. Over the past two decades, the recommended vaccination schedule has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new vaccines have been developed. A vial of the vaccine against influenza. ...
A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to establish immunity to a disease. ...
An antigen or immunogen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response. ...
This article is about the medical term. ...
An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ...
A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. ...
Some vaccines are recommended only in certain areas (countries, subnational areas or at-risk populations) where a disease is common. For instance, yellow fever vaccination is on the routine vaccine schedule of French Guiana, is recommended in certain regions of Brazil but in the United States is only given to travellers heading to countries with a history of the disease.[1] In developing countries, vaccine recommendations also have to consider poor health care access, high vaccine cost and issues with vaccine availability and storage. Sample vaccinations schedules discussed by the World Health Organization show a developed country using a schedule which extends over the first five years of a child's life and uses vaccines which cost over $700 including administration costs while a developing country uses a schedule providing vaccines in the first 9 months of life and costing only $25.[2] This difference incorporates the facts that health care costs are much lower, many vaccines are provided at lower costs to developing nations and more expensive vaccines, often for less common diseases, are not utilized. WHO redirects here. ...
In 1900, the smallpox vaccine was the only one administered to children. By the 1960s, children routinely received five vaccines, for protection against (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, and smallpox), and as many as eight shots by two years of age. As of 2007, the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) now recommends vaccination against at least sixteen diseases. By two years of age, U.S. children receive as many as 24 vaccine injections, and might receive up to five shots during one visit to the doctor. The use of combination vaccine products means that, as of 2006, the United Kingdom immunisation programme consists of just 11 injections by the age of two years and a further three injections by the time of leaving school. Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ...
Smallpox vaccine being administered. ...
The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969. ...
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium, Bordetella pertussis; it derived its name from a characteristic severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like whoop; a similar, milder disease is caused by B. parapertussis. ...
Tetanus is a medical condition that is characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. ...
Poliomyelitis (polio), or infantile paralysis, is a viral paralytic disease. ...
Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a contagious disease unique to humans. ...
2007 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta is recognized as the lead United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people by providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. ...
A vial of the vaccine against influenza. ...
2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Diseases and vaccines
Characteristics of diseases vaccinated against in most vaccine schedules | Disease[3] | Worldwide[3] | U.S.[4] | U.K.[5] | | Transmission | Incubation | Incidence | Deaths | Incidence | Deaths | Incidence | Deaths | | Diphtheria | Saliva | 1-4 days | 30,000 | 3,000 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Haemophilus
influenzae | By airborne droplet | 1-4 days | 2-3,000,000 | 450,000
(mostly children) | 1,743 | 7 | 30 | 0 | | Hepatitis B | Exchange of bodily fluids | 6 weeks - 6 months | 5,700,00 (acute) | 521,000 | 7,996 | 7 | 600[6] | Not reported | | Measles | Airborne | 10-12 days | 30-40,000,000 | 610,000[7] | 44 | 0 | 77 [8] | 1 [8] | | Mumps | Airborne droplets | 14-21 days | 477,079 (reported) | N/A | 270 | 1 | 16,436 [9] | 0 | | Pertussis | Airborne droplets | 5-10 days | 39,000,000 | 297,000 | 9,771 | 18 | 2 [10] | 2 | | Polio | Fecal contamination | Hours | 1,951 [11] | <1,000 [11] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Rubella | Airborne droplets | 5-7 days | Not reported | 631,571
(most CRS) | 18 | (1 CRS) | 0 | 0 | | Tetanus | Penetrating injury,
blood contamination,
| 3-10 days | 18,781 | 200,000 [12] | 25 | 5 | 6 | 0 | | Tuberculosis | Airborne | 3 day - 15 weeks | 8,000,000 | 1,600,000 | 15,056[13] | 784 | 6,572 | 373 | | Varicella | Airborne | 2 weeks | Not reported | Not reported | 22,841 | 32 | Not reported | Not reported | Binomial name Haemophilus influenzae (Lehmann & Neumann 1896) Winslow 1917 Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffers bacillus or Bacillus influenzae, is a non-motile Gram-negative coccobacillus first described in 1892 by Dr. Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. ...
“HBV†redirects here. ...
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium, Bordetella pertussis; it derived its name from a characteristic severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like whoop; a similar, milder disease is caused by B. parapertussis. ...
Poliomyelitis (polio), or infantile paralysis, is a viral paralytic disease. ...
Rubella, commonly known as German measles, is a disease caused by the rubella virus. ...
Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) can occur in a developing fetus of a pregnant woman who has contracted rubella during her first trimester. ...
Tetanus is a medical condition that is characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. ...
Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ...
Varicella is a Latin name for chickenpox. ...
Recommended schedules
 US childhood vaccination schedule [14] The World Health Organization monitors vaccination schedules across the world, noting what vaccines are included in each country's programme, the coverage rates achieved and various auditing measures.[15] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 629 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,445 × 1,377 pixels, file size: 81 KB, MIME type: image/png) Slightly higher res image, more importantly far sharper. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 629 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,445 × 1,377 pixels, file size: 81 KB, MIME type: image/png) Slightly higher res image, more importantly far sharper. ...
WHO redirects here. ...
USA
Childhood vaccinations The CDC recommends the following vaccines for children aged 0-6: for children aged 11-12: Tetanus is a medical condition that is characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. ...
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium, Bordetella pertussis; it derived its name from a characteristic severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like whoop; a similar, milder disease is caused by B. parapertussis. ...
Species Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis A (formerly known as infectious hepatitis) is an acute infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis A virus. ...
“HBV†redirects here. ...
Binomial name Haemophilus influenzae (Lehmann & Neumann 1896) Winslow 1917 Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffers bacillus or Bacillus influenzae, is a non-motile Gram-negative coccobacillus first described in 1892 by Dr. Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. ...
Influenza, commonly known as flu, is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses). ...
The MMR vaccine is a mixture of live attenuated viruses, administered via injection for immunization against measles, mumps and rubella. ...
Poliomyelitis (polio), or infantile paralysis, is a viral paralytic disease. ...
Binomial name Streptococcus pneumoniae (Klein 1884) Chester 1901 Streptococcus pneumoniae, sometimes also called the pneumococcus, is a spherical, Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic bacterium and a member of the genus Streptococcus. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Varicella is a Latin name for chickenpox. ...
 The 2007 adult immunization schedule recommended by the CDC [16] HPV is an initialism that can mean : Human Powered Vehicle Human papillomavirus a type of STD High Production Volume Chemicals Health Purchasing Victoria Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share...
Neisseria is a genus of bacteria, included among the proteobacteria, a large group of gram-negative forms. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 449 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,113 × 1,485 pixels, file size: 77 KB, MIME type: image/png) (All user names refer to en. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 449 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,113 × 1,485 pixels, file size: 77 KB, MIME type: image/png) (All user names refer to en. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...
Adult vaccinations The 2007 adult immunization schedule recommended by the CDC for adults aged 18 and over adds to the 2005 schedule Human Papilloma Virus vaccination, and is clearer in specifying guidance for at risk groups: Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...
- Tetanus-Diphtheria Pertussis Vaccine (all adults, every 10 years)
- Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine (for women)
- Hepatitis B Vaccine (adults at risk)
- Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Vaccine (all those under 50, above this age if susceptible)
- Varicella (chickenpox) Vaccine (all those under 50, for 50 - 65 years of age if susceptible, not routinely for those above 65)
- Vaccines for travelers
Vaccines recommended for those age 50 and older: Tetanus is a medical condition that is characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. ...
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium, Bordetella pertussis; it derived its name from a characteristic severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like whoop; a similar, milder disease is caused by B. parapertussis. ...
“HBV†redirects here. ...
Vaccines needed for those age 65 and older Vaccines recommended for healthcare workers: - Tetanus-Diphtheria Pertussis Vaccine
- Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine (for women)
- Hepatitis B Vaccine
- Influenza Vaccine (annually)
- Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Vaccine
- Varicella (chickenpox) Vaccine
Vaccine Information Statements In the US, the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act requires all health-care providers to provide parents or patients with copies of Vaccine Information Statements before administering vaccines.
The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA) of 1986 (42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-1 to 300aa-34) was enacted in the United States to reduce the potential financial liability of vaccine makers due to vaccine injury claims. ...
UK
Childhood vaccinations As of September 2006, the United Kingdom childhood vaccination schedule uses combination immunisations where available: Notes: This schedule was amended on 4 September 2006 with the introduction of pneumococcal vaccine for babies, adjustment of the spacing of the MenC immunisations and an additional Hib booster at 12 months of age. A limited catch-up programme is now in place for pneumococcal vaccination. [17] Tetanus is a medical condition that is characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. ...
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium, Bordetella pertussis; it derived its name from a characteristic severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like whoop; a similar, milder disease is caused by B. parapertussis. ...
Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat polio. ...
Binomial name Haemophilus influenzae (Lehmann & Neumann 1896) Winslow 1917 Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffers bacillus or Bacillus influenzae, is a non-motile Gram-negative coccobacillus first described in 1892 by Dr. Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. ...
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV), also known as Pneumovax, is a vaccine used to prevent Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) infections such as pneumonia and septicaemia. ...
Binomial name Neisseria meningitidis Albrecht & Ghon, 1901 Neisseria meningitidis, also simply known as meningococcus is a gram-negative bacterium best known for its role in meningitis. ...
Rubella, commonly known as German measles, is a disease caused by the rubella virus. ...
is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
- Tuberculosis BCG vaccination is no longer part of a universal programme delivered through schools, but is targeted for those who are at greatest risk.
- Hepatitis B vaccination is sometimes offered to high risk cases.
Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ...
An apparatus (4-5 cm length, with nine short needles) used for BCG vaccination in Japan. ...
2006 release of childhood vaccination records According to a 2006 report, there have been "50 to 60 per cent more vaccines recorded as being administered as would be expected." The report acknowledges that entries may have been duplicated, although speculation has raised that some NHS doctors may have deliberately overstated the number of shots given to youngsters in order to claim bonuses.[18]
Adult & High-Risk vaccinations - The five scheduled childhood tetanus vaccinations are thought to generally confer lifelong immunity; thus, no routine booster doses are given in adulthood. Those adults at risk of contaminated cuts (e.g., gardeners) may have booster tetanus vaccination every ten years.
- Pneumococcal and Flu vaccinations are recommended routinely for those over 65 and also for both children and adults in special risk categories:
- Serious breathing problems
- Serious heart conditions
- Severe kidney problems
- Long term liver disease
- Diabetes requiring medication
- Immunosuppression due to disease or treatment (e.g., chemotherapy or radiation therapy, long-term steroid use, and problems with the spleen (asplenia), either because the spleen has been removed or does not work properly, for example, sickle cell anemia)
Binomial name Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae is a species of Streptococcus that is a major human pathogen. ...
Respiratory disease properly named influenza(say: in-floo-en-zah ). Some specific varities of influenza with a vaccination available are: A-New Caledonia, A-California, B-Shanghai. ...
Chemotherapy is the use of chemical substances to treat disease. ...
This article is about the chemical family of steroids. ...
Asplenia refers to the absence (a-) of normal spleen function and is associated with some risks. ...
Sickle-shaped red blood cells Sickle cell anemia (American English), sickle cell anaemia (British English) or sickle cell disease is a genetic disease in which red blood cells may change shape under certain circumstances. ...
Developing countries A typical childhood vaccination schedule for infants in developing countries with Yellow Fever[2] | Vaccine | Age at immunization | Notes | | BCG | Birth | | | Polio | 6, 10 and 14 weeks | At birth, in endemic countries | | Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis | 6, 10 and 14 weeks | | | Hepatitis B | 6, 10 and 14 weeks | Vaccine not widely available. | | Haemophilus influenzae | 6, 10 and 14 weeks | Vaccine not widely available. | | Yellow Fever | 9 months | In countries where Yellow
Fever poses a risk. | | Measles | 9 months | A second vaccination should
be provided. | An apparatus (4-5 cm length, with nine short needles) used for BCG vaccination in Japan. ...
Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat polio. ...
In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs. ...
Tetanus is a medical condition that is characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. ...
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium, Bordetella pertussis; it derived its name from a characteristic severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like whoop; a similar, milder disease is caused by B. parapertussis. ...
“HBV†redirects here. ...
Binomial name Haemophilus influenzae (Lehmann & Neumann 1896) Winslow 1917 Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffers bacillus or Bacillus influenzae, is a non-motile Gram-negative coccobacillus first described in 1892 by Dr. Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. ...
What lies ahead - See also: Flu research and Vaccine controversy
Many vaccinations are currently being evaluated for inclusion into the recommended vaccination schedule. Some of these combine up to five vaccinations into a single preparation, thus decreasing the number of individual vaccinations necessary. Others attempt to prevent diseases which currently do not have available vaccines. In addition, attempts to shield pharmaceutical companies which manufacture vaccines from liability are currently ongoing in the US and elsewhere, including numerous legislative initiatives in the United States Congress. Senator Richard Burr (R-North Carolina) has introduced the most far reaching legislation, known as Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005, that would further shield drug makers from vaccine injury liability, while streamlining vaccine approval processes to allow new vaccines to reach markets sooner, particularly in the event of a serious public health threat. Flu research includes molecular virology, pathogenesis, host immune responses, and epidemiology. ...
A vaccine controversy is a dispute over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, or safety of vaccination. ...
Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ...
Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political...
Richard Mauze Burr (born November 30, 1955) is a United States Senator from Winston-Salem, North Carolina. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area Ranked 28th - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²) - Width 150 miles (240 km) - Length 560[1] miles (900 km) - % water 9. ...
The Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005 (S. 1873), nicknamed Bioshield Two and sponsored by Senator Richard Burr (R-North Carolina), aims to shortcut safety testing for new vaccines and drugs in case of a pandemic, and to protect vaccine makers and the pharmaceutical industry from...
Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ...
According to Dr. Thomas Saari, spokesperson for the American Academy of Pediatrics, "We project over the next ten years that we'll add one to two new vaccines a year." Dr. Andrew Wakefield has said, "The next few years are likely to see the introduction of ever greater numbers of vaccines and the possibility of using combination vaccines containing up to 16 different infectious diseases, is already being discussed in the US." The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) is an organization of pediatricians, physicians trained to deal with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. ...
Andrew Wakefield (born 1956 in the United Kingdom) is a Canadian trained surgeon, best known as the lead author of a controversial 1998 research study, published in The Lancet, which reported bowel symptoms in a selected sample of twelve children with autistic spectrum disorders and other disabilities, and alleged a...
Often, immunity conferred by vaccination is life-long. However, immunity to some illnesses, such as pertussis fades over time and aging naturally increases susceptibility to disease. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium, Bordetella pertussis; it derived its name from a characteristic severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like whoop; a similar, milder disease is caused by B. parapertussis. ...
Although the benefits far outway the concequences, many parents are choosing to not immunize their children.
See also Model of Influenza Virus from NIH The flu vaccine is a vaccine to protect against the highly variable influenza virus. ...
H5N1 clinical trials are clinical trials concerning H5N1 vaccine; which is to say they are investigations concerning H5N1 vaccine in humans intended to discover pharmacological effects and identify any adverse reactions. ...
Sources and notes - ^ Update on Yellow Fever in the Americas, http://www.paho.org/english/SHA/be_v21n2-yellowfever.htm, the Epidemiological Bulletin, Vol. 21 No. 2, June 2000, Pan American Health Organization, accessed July 18, 2007
- ^ a b State of the World's Vaccines and Immunizations (pdf) from the World Health Organization (2003 edition)
- ^ a b Estimated Incidence/deaths World Health Organization Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Year 2000 data (unless noted) (Note: Please choose appropriate disease)
- ^ Reported cases/deaths (pdf) CDC "Pink Pages", Year 2002 data
- ^ Reported cases/deaths NHS Immunisation Information, Year 2000 data (unless noted)
- ^ Call for hepatitis B vaccination BBC News, 16 January, 2003.
- ^ See also: Estimated regional measles deaths (with uncertainty bounds) Fact sheet N°286 (2004). The World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF. Revised March 2006.
- ^ a b UK 'in grip of measles outbreak' BBC News. Statistics: 2005. First measles related death in the UK in 14 years
- ^ Mumps BBC News, Friday, 13 May, 2005. Statistics: 2004
- ^ 1999
- ^ a b (2005 data) Polio is endemic in only four countries; Nigeria, India, Afghanistan and Pakistan
- ^ (year 2000: due to neonatal tetanus from non-sterile delivery and/or umbilical severing tools)
- ^ Reported Tuberculosis in the United States The National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention Statistics: 2002
- ^ Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule United States 2005 (PDF). Centers for Disease Control (CDC).
- ^ WHO Vaccine Preventable Diseases Monitoring System. World Health Organization (22 December 2006). Retrieved on 2007-01-02.
- ^ Recommendations: Adult Immunization Schedule (Anyone over 18 years old (PDF). Centers for Disease Control (CDC).
- ^ Full immunisation schedule. NHS (September 4, 2006).
- ^ Jane Symons. "National jabs scandal exposed", The Sun, November8, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-11-14.
WHO redirects here. ...
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta is recognized as the lead United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people by providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. ...
WHO redirects here. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...
is the 2nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta is recognized as the lead United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people by providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. ...
NHS redirects here. ...
This article is about a British tabloid. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
External links |
Feeds |
Contact