FACTOID # 83: More than half of Indonesia's primary school teachers are under 30years of age .
 
 Home   Encyclopedia   Statistics   Countries A-Z   Flags   Maps   Education   Forum   FAQ   About 
 
WHAT'S NEW
RECENT ARTICLES
More Recent Articles »
 

FACTS & STATISTICS    Simple view

  1. Select countries to view: (hold down Control key and click to select several)

     

     

    Compare:

     

     

  1. Select fact or statistic: (* = graphable)

     

     

     

  2. (OPTIONAL) Compare to statistic: (both need to be graphable)

     

     

     

  3. View result as:

     

       
(OR) SEARCH ALL encyclopedia, stats & forums:   

Encyclopedia > Valentino Garavani
Valentino
Born May 11, 1932 (1932-05-11) (age 76)
Flag of Italy Voghera, Pavia, Lombardy
Nationality Italian and French
Education École des Beaux-Arts
Labels Valentino
Awards Grande ufficiale dell' Ordine al merito della Repubblica Italiana, Cavaliere del Lavoro, The Neiman Marcus Award

Valentino Clemente Ludovico Garavani, best known as Valentino (born 11 May 1932) is an Italian fashion designer. His fashion house is among the world's most famous haute couture and ready-to-wear fashion empires. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Question_book-new. ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... Voghera is a town and municipality (It. ... For the municipality in the Philippines, see Pavia, Iloilo. ... For the village of the same name in Ontario, Canada, see Lombardy, Ontario. ... École des Beaux-Arts (IPA ) refers to several art schools in France. ... There are currently five Italian orders of merit (Italian: ) that recognise contributions to the Republic of Italy. ... There are currently five Italian orders of merit (Italian: ) that recognise contributions to the Republic of Italy. ... Categories: Stub | Retail companies of the United States ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Haute couture (French for high sewing or high dressmaking; IPA: ) refers to the creation of exclusive custom-fitted fashions. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Contents

Career

The Paris years (1949 - 1959)

Valentino became interested in fashion while in middle school in his native Voghera, Lombardy, Italy, when he apprenticed under his aunt Rosa and local designer Ernestina Salvadeo, an aunt of noted artist Aldo Giorgini). At 17, Valentino moved to Paris to pursue this interest with the help of his mother Teresa de Biaggi and his father Mauro Garavani. There he studied at the Ecole des Beaux Arts and at the Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne. Voghera is a town and municipality (It. ... For the village of the same name in Ontario, Canada, see Lombardy, Ontario. ... Aldo Giorgini (born March 15, 1934 in Voghera, Italy), was a noted artist and a pioneer in computer graphics (and father of music producer Mass Giorgini). ... École des Beaux Arts refers to several art schools in France. ...


His first Paris choice was Jacques Fath, then Balenciaga. He then found apprentice jobs with Jean Desses where he used to help style icon countess Jacqueline de Ribes sketch her dress ideas. He then joined Guy Laroche for 2 years. At Desses, Valentino sketched furiously, between helping with window dressing and greeting clients for the daily 2:30 p.m. private showings. Most of his early sketches were lost. At a Rome exhibition in 1991 a smattering went on display and current clients at that time such as Marie Hélène de Rothschild and Elizabeth Taylor marveled that the DNA of Valentino's style was already apparent in the layers of white pleats and animal prints. Jacques Fath (Sep 6, 1912 - Nov 13, 1954) was a French clothing designer based in Paris. ... Balenciaga is a fashion house founded by Cristóbal Balenciaga,1895 -1972 a Basque-Spanish artist. ... Jean Desses Jean Desses (August 6, 1904 – August 2, 1970), was a world leading fashion designer in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. ... Jacqueline de Ribes, french socialite and countess. ... Guy Laroche, French fashion designer (born in La Rochelle, France, 1921 — died 1989), and founder of the eponymous company. ... For other persons named Elizabeth Taylor, see Elizabeth Taylor (disambiguation). ...

A wedding dress by Valentino
A wedding dress by Valentino

After five years, Valentino left Jean Desses under a cloud over an incident about prolonging a vacation in St. Tropez that still makes him wriggle uncomfortably today. Rescued by his friend Guy Laroche, he joined his "tiny, tiny" fashion house. After discussions with his parents, he decided to return to Italy and set up in Rome in 1959. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,536 × 2,048 pixels, file size: 269 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,536 × 2,048 pixels, file size: 269 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Jean Desses Jean Desses (August 6, 1904 – August 2, 1970), was a world leading fashion designer in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. ... Saint-Tropez is a commune of the Var département in southern France, located on the French Riviera. ... Guy Laroche, French fashion designer (born in La Rochelle, France, 1921 — died 1989), and founder of the eponymous company. ...


Rome: la dolce vita and his encounter with Giancarlo Giammetti (1959 - 1962)

In 1959 Valentino left Paris and moved back to Italy with his lover, French socialite Gerald Nanty and opened a fashion house in Rome on the posh Via Condotti with the backing of his father and an associate of his. More than an atelier, the premises resembled a real "maison de couture", being it very much on the line of what Valentino had seen in Paris: everything was very grand and models flew in from Paris for his first show. Valentino became known for his red dresses, in the bright shade of valentino red, known in the fashion industrie. The Via Condotti is the narrow, shaded, street running up the picture. ...


On 31 July 1960 Valentino met at the Café de Paris on the Via Veneto in Rome Giancarlo Giammetti. One of three children, Giammetti was in his second year of architecture school, living at home with his parents in the haut bourgeois Parioli section of Northern Rome. His father owned an electronics store near the Via Veneto. That day Giammetti gave Valentino a lift home in his little Fiat and a friendship as well as a long-lasting partnership started. The day after Giammetti was to leave for Capri for vacation and by coincidence Valentino was also going there so they met again in the island 10 days later. Giammetti would shortly after abandon the University for good to become Valentino's business partner. is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Via Veneto (officially Via Vittorio Veneto) is one of the most famous (and expensive) streets in Rome, Italy. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Giancarlo Giammetti is the honorary president of the Valentino Fashion House. ... Parioli is a neighbourhood in the city of Rome. ...


Giammetti's entrepreneurial genius will prove fundamental to the worldwide expansion and success of the House. Thanks to Giammetti, Valentino was able to focus on the creative aspect of design leaving all business intricacies to Giammetti. When Giammetti arrived, the business situation of Valentino's atelier was in fact not brilliant: in one year he had spent so much money that his father's associate pulled out of the business, so that Valentino had to fight against bankruptcy. Valentino already had a passion for luxury and would spend too much money on expensive fabrics never thinking about the financial aspects of his fashion business.


Valentino and Giammetti were told to start a new company and so they did. Under Giammetti's wing Valentino business got under control and things were ready for international success.


Breakthrough in Florence (1962 - 1967)

Valentino's international debut took place in 1962 in Florence, the Italian fashion capital of the time. His first show at the Pitti Palace was welcomed as a true revelation and the young couturier was submerged by orders from foreign buyers and enthusiastic comments on the press. Early 20th century photograph of the Palazzo Pitti, then still known as La Residenza Reale following the residency of King Emmanuel II between 1865 to 1871 when Florence was the capital of Italy. ...


After the breakthrough show in Florence, Valentino started to dress the ladies of the international best-dressed crowd such as his acquaintance from the Paris years Countess Jacqueline de Ribes and New York socialites Babe Paley and Jayne Wrightsman. Jacqueline de Ribes, french socialite and countess. ... Babe Paley [1] [2] [3] (July 5, 1915 - July 6, 1978) was a prominent American socialite. ...


In 1966, confident of his client base, he moved his shows from Florence to Rome and there, two years later, he had one of his greatest triumphs, an all-white collection, which became famous for the "V" logo he designed.


By the mid-1960s he was already considered the undisputed maestro of Italian Couture, receiving in 1967 the Neiman Marcus Award, the equivalent of an Oscar in the field of fashion. The Begum Aga Khan, Farah Diba, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Elizabeth Taylor, Marella Agnelli and Princess Margaret were already customers as well as personal friends. The Begum Aga Khan (Begum Inaara) - Photographed by Sabine Brauer Her Highness the Begum Aga Khan, LL.D, (Begum Inaara Aga Khan or Princess Inaara Aga Khan), (born April 1, 1963) is the current Begum Aga Khan, the wife of the Aga Khan IV, (49th) Imam of the Shia Imami... Farah Diba Farah Diba (born October 14, 1938 in Tehran, Iran) (also known as Farah Pahlavi) was the third wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran and the Shahbanu (Empress) of Iran. ... Jacqueline Bouvier redirects here. ... For other persons named Elizabeth Taylor, see Elizabeth Taylor (disambiguation). ... Marella Caracciolo di Castagneto (later Marella Agnelli; born May 4, 1927) is an Italian-American princess who made a small but significant name as a furniture designer and a bigger name as a tastemaker in the New York of the 1950s and 1960s. ... HRH The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon Her Royal Highness The Princess Margaret (Margaret Rose Armstrong-Jones, née Windsor; (August 21, 1930—February 9, 2002) was a member of the British Royal Family, the second eldest daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and sister of the current British...


Getting Jackie (1964)

In 1964 Jacqueline Kennedy had seen Gloria Schiff, the twin sister of the Rome-based fashion editor of American Vogue and Valentino's friend Consuelo Crespi, wearing an ensemble in two pieces in black organza at a party. Jackie called Gloria Schiff to learn the name of the designer and found out it was from Valentino. In September 1964, Valentino had a show at the Waldorf-Astoria for a benefit. Since Jackie wanted to see the clothes, he sent his saleslady, along with a model, to Jackie's apartment on Fifth Avenue. Mrs. Kennedy ordered six outfits and from then on she became a devout client and a friend. She then bought six of his couture dresses, all in black and white, to wear during her year of mourning after President John F. Kennedy’s death. Valentino later on would also design the white dress that Jackie wore to her wedding with Greek tycoon Aristotle Onassis. Jacqueline Bouvier redirects here. ... For other meanings, see vogue. ... This article is about the hotel. ... John Kennedy and JFK redirect here. ... Aristotelis Sokratis (also Ari) Onassis (in Greek, Αριστοτέλης Ωνάσης) (January 20, 1900 – March 15, 1975) was the most famous shipping magnate of the 20th century. ...


The 70's

Throughout the 1970s Valentino spent considerable time in New York City where his presence was embraced by social personalities such as Vogue's editor-in-chief Diana Vreeland and art identities such as Andy Warhol. Diana Vreeland (July 29, 1906 in Paris, France – August 22, 1989) was a noted columnist and editor in the field of fashion. ... Andrew Warhola (August 6, 1928 — February 22, 1987), better known as Andy Warhol, was an American artist who was a central figure in the movement known as Pop art. ...


The Accademia Valentino

1989 marked the opening of the Accademia Valentino, designed by Architect Tommaso Ziffer, a cultural space located near his atelier in Rome, for the presentation of art exhbitions. The next year, encouraged by their friend Elizabeth Taylor, Valentino Garavani and Giancarlo Giammetti created L.I.F.E., an association for the support of AIDS-related patients, which benefits from the activities of the Accademia Valentino. Tommaso Ziffer, Italy, architect. ... For other persons named Elizabeth Taylor, see Elizabeth Taylor (disambiguation). ... Giancarlo Giammetti is the honorary president of the Valentino Fashion House. ... For other uses, see AIDS (disambiguation). ...


From HDP group to Marzotto group

In 1998 Valentino and his partner Giancarlo Giammetti sold the company for approximately $300 million to HdP, an Italian conglomerate controlled, in part, by the late Gianni Agnelli, the head of Fiat. In 2002, Valentino S.p.A., with revenues of more than $180 million, was sold by HdP to Marzotto Apparel, a Milan-based textile giant, for $210 million. Giancarlo Giammetti is the honorary president of the Valentino Fashion House. ... Gianni Agnelli. ... For other uses, see Fiat (disambiguation). ... The Marzotto Group is an Italian textile manufacturer and fashion design house. ...


It was rumored that HDP was displeased with Valentino’s and Giammetti’s personal expenses, a claim Giammetti has bristled at: businessmen have a perspective of fashion which is completely old-fashioned, they believe fashion is a little show with models-beautiful girls they would like to know-who walk on the runway. They don’t know how much work is behind it, and how important the image of the founder and the designer is for the company. You cannot talk about the dresses of Valentino without thinking about him, and when you think about him, you think about the glamorous life he leads, and all that adds to the product(Vanity Fair, August 2004).


Personal life

Love and family

Valentino and Giammetti were together for 12 years. Neither ever discussed their relationship with anyone outside their closest circle of friends, not even with their mothers. Valentino's mother, Teresa, moved from Voghera to Rome to help with the business. Eventually both his parents moved to Rome and lived with Valentino. Teresa Garavani and Lina Giammetti lived with their sons until the women died, Teresa in 1977 and Lina in 1996. In 2007 he revealed that for an amount of time, before meeting Giammetti, he was engaged with Italian actress Marilù Tolo, the only woman he had really loved and with whom he'd have liked to have children [1]


Glamour for glamour

It is difficult to deny that Valentino in his long career has created some of the most sophisticated dresses to be seen and worn, particularly for the evening, the time of the day in which his flamboyant and opulent style has expressed itself at the best, however, when it comes to considering the general output of his work, and its relevance in the history of fashion, things change. Compared to the influence and innovations of such great masters as Christian Dior, Coco Chanel, Elsa Schiaparelli and ultimately Yves Saint Laurent, Valentino's style can be seen as much more conservative and fixed. His concept of elegance and beauty is basically an exercise in glamour for the sake of glamour itself. Inventive as it may be it lacks the modernity, the conceptual depth and the daring spirit that has marked the work of the above mentioned designers, particularly that of the most influential of his contemporaries (and in general the most influential post war designer), Yves Saint Laurent. When one looks retrospectively to his collections, (and the recent celebration in Rome is an occasion to do this) it is possible to see clearly that he has always designed thinking only and exclusively for women of the so called jet set, the vacuous and glittering world of the great socialites, towards which he always had a particular craving. The Italian designer has never translated the Zeitgeist into his fashion, remaining constantly hooked to the more abstract imperative of a glamourized concept of femminility. In this sense, there are no sociological traces to be found in his creations, as there are in the collections of the four French masters or, more recently, in those of Jean Paul Gaultier and Gianni Versace, two of the most acute interpreters of fashion as a mirror reflecting social and cultural changes. All of Valentino's talent has been put at the service of a romanticised notion of what the upper crust of society is, and consequently, of how a women belonging to it must dress and behave. This woman is more the fabrication of Hollywood in the 30ies-40ies (and all of his work, this is its main limit, is foundamentally tied to the period of the mythical stars such as Greta Garbo, Gloria Swanson, Merle Oberon and Joan Crawford), than anything else. At 75 years of age, Valentino cannot but go on doing what he has already done, even if most of his creations (but this issue concerns haute couture as a whole) seems anachronistic and too elaborate for today standards of life, even for the very rich for whom they are produced. Christian Dior (January 21, 1905 – October 23, 1957), was an influential French fashion designer, probably best known as the founder of one of the worlds top fashion houses Dior. ... Gabrielle Bonheur Coco Chanel (August 19, 1883 – January 10, 1971)[1] was a pioneering French fashion designer whose modernist philosophy, menswear-inspired fashions, and pursuit of expensive simplicity made her arguably the most important figure in the history of 20th-century fashion. ... On the cover of Time magazine: August 13, 1934. ... Yves Henri Donat Mathieu-Saint-Laurent (born August 1, 1936 in Oran, Algeria), is a French fashion designer, considered among the greatest of the 20th century. ... Categories: Move to Wiktionary | Stub ... This article is about the German word. ... Jean-Paul Gaultier (born April 24, 1952, in Arcueil) is a French fashion designer. ... Gianni Versace (December 2, 1946 – July 15, 1997) was an Italian designer of both clothing and theater costumes. ... Greta Garbo (September 18, 1905 – April 15, 1990) was a Swedish-born actress during Hollywoods silent film period and part of its Golden Age. ... Gloria Swanson (March 27, 1899 – April 4, 1983) was an Academy Award-nominated, Golden Globe-winning American Hollywood actress. ... Merle Oberon (February 19, 1911 – November 23, 1979), born Estelle Merle OBrien Thompson, was an Academy Award-nominated Anglo-Indian film actress. ... For other persons named Joan Crawford, see Joan Crawford (disambiguation). ...


Legion d'Honneur

On Thursday, 6 July 2006 President Chirac of France awarded Valentino with final jewel in the crown of his achievements: Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur from the country where he arrived as a 17-year-old Italian boy - and fell in love with haute couture. "I am very honored," said Valentino, who has gleaned awards from across the world from his native Italy to America. "French people are charming, adorable but not extremely generous with foreigners, but they believe in what they do. I feel proud in exchange because what I did in restoration is something I did for La France." (Herald Tribune) Valentino was referring to restoring Wideville, his Louis XIII chateau outside Paris. This article is about the political and administrative structures of the French government. ... “Chirac” redirects here. ... French Legion of Honor The Légion dhonneur (Legion of Honor ( AmE) or Legion of Honour ( ComE)) is an Order of Chivalry awarded by the President of France. ...


Patrons of the art

Both Valentino and Giancarlo Giammetti are renowned for their extensive collection of art spread among their homes around the world including Picasso, Cy Twombly, Balthus, Damien Hirst. A young Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso, formally Pablo Ruiz Picasso, (October 25, 1881 - April 8, 1973) was one of the recognized masters of 20th century art. ... Leda and The Swan 1962. ... Nude with arms raised, oil on canvas, 1951 by Balthus Balthazar Klossowski de Rola (February 29, 1908 in Paris – February 18, 2001) was an esteemed Polish/French modern artist whose work was ultimately anti-modern. ... Damien Hirst (born June 7, 1965) is an English artist and the most prominent of the group that has been dubbed Young British Artists (or YBAs). ...


High living

Valentino and Giametti's lifestyle has always been flamboyant to the extreme. John Fairchild, editor-at-large at Women's Wear Daily and W, told Vanity Fair (August 2004): Valentino and Giancarlo are the kings of high living. Every other designer looks and says, ‘How do they live the way they do?’ I don’t think they made the money that Valentino and Giancarlo did, because Giancarlo knows how to make money. If they did, they didn’t spend the money like Valentino. No other designer ever did. When the terrorism first started in Rome - the period when the Red Brigades were kidnapping people - Valentino was riding around in a bulletproof Mercedes. And do you know what color the Mercedes was? Red. My God, I thought, you must want to get blown up. Womens Wear Daily is an influential fashion-industry trade journal founded by Edmund Fairchild. ... Katie Holmes on the cover of the August 2005 edition of W. W is a monthly American fashion magazine. ... American actress Demi Moore, on a typical Vanity Fair cover (August, 1991) Vanity Fair is a glossy American glamour magazine monthly that offers a mixture of articles based on sensational exaggerations, jet-set and entertainment-business personalities, politics, and lies. ... The Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse in Italian, often abbreviated as the BR) were a terrorist group[1] located in Italy and active during the Years of Lead. Formed in 1970, the Marxist-Leninist Red Brigades sought to create a revolutionary state through armed struggle and to separate Italy from the...


Valentino owns marvelous villas and apartments around the world, all boasting an extensive array of art pieces. These are: Palazzo Mignanelli near the Spanish steps in Rome and a villa on the Via Appia Antica, a major historical landmark of Rome, Chalet Gifferhorn in Gstaad, Switzerland. In France it's the Chateau de Wideville, a castle on 120 acres (0.49 km²) in Davron, about 30 minutes outside Paris which he bought in 1998 and had meticulously restored by the late Henri Samuel, the dean of French interior design. The castle had been previously decorated by the late Renzo Mongiardino, the greatest of the Italian decorators, who also worked on Valentino’s Roman villa and Giammetti’s Tuscan house. Built circa 1600, the castle was once the home of Claude de Bullion, the finance minister for Louis XIII, who slept at Wideville, according to a plaque in the castle, on January 22, 1634. During the reign of Louis XIV, Madame de la Valliere, one of his mistresses, lived at Wideville. Her bedroom, a mirrored-walled chapel with a 30-foot (9.1 m)-high ceiling, was converted into a bathroom. Valentino also has an apartment near the Frick Museum overlooking Central Park, New York and one of the largest private houses in London’s Holland Park, a 19th-century mansion whose centerpiece is the grand salon, which features five late Picassos. The breakfast room is lined with 200 Meissen plates, and the small salon has two Basquiats and one painting by Damien Hirst. His villa on the cliffs of Capri has recently been sold.


Valentino also spends much time on T. M. Blue One, his hundred-and-fifty-two-foot long yacht boasting a full-time staff of eleven, and a selection of art ranging from Picassos to Andy Warhol and in Giancarlo Giammetti's residences: the penthouses in Via Condotti in Rome and on the Quai D'Orsay in Paris or the country estate in Cetona, Tuscany.


Valentino's big family

An enlarged family: Giancarlo, Carlos, Charlene, Anthony and Sean

Observers have often noticed how Valentino always seems to move surrounded by a court of friends which has become a real family for him. This court always comprises his business associate and ex boyfriend Giancarlo Giammetti, his current boyfriend American bag and jewel designer Bruce Hoeksema, Brazilian brothers Sean and Anthony Souza, as well as their parents Carlos Souza and socialite Charlene Shorto de Ganay, Souza's ex-wife, who are both Valentino's PR. Carlos Souza met Valentino and Giammetti in 1973 in Rio de Janeiro when he was 18 years old. Valentino and Giammetti are also the godfathers of Anthony and Sean. Giammetti confided to Vanity Fair that "this family has stayed together because of me, because when Valentino gets mad he cuts - that is that. I remember when Carlos left and moved to Brazil and married Charlene. Valentino refused to speak to him, but I always talked to Carlos. Then one day Carlos called and said he had a baby boy, Sean. I handed the phone to Valentino, and he started to cry and cry". Giancarlo Giammetti is the honorary president of the Valentino Fashion House. ... Charlene Shorto de Ganay a. ... Charlene Shorto de Ganay a. ...


Bruce Hoeksema

As affirmed in an interview with American Vanity Fair he has been romantically involved, since 1982, with American jewel and bag designer Bruce Hoeksema, a former model who was a vice president of the house of Valentino until 1998. American actress Demi Moore, on a typical Vanity Fair cover (August, 1991) Vanity Fair is a glossy American glamour magazine monthly that offers a mixture of articles based on sensational exaggerations, jet-set and entertainment-business personalities, politics, and lies. ...

Nati Abascal, September 2007
Nati Abascal, September 2007

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 476 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,616 × 2,036 pixels, file size: 434 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) (All user names refer to en. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 476 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,616 × 2,036 pixels, file size: 434 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) (All user names refer to en. ...

Spanish muses: Nati Abascal and Rosario Nadal

Valentino all along his career has been deeply inspired by many glamorous women. Some of them have become very close friends, making up what is referred to as the Valentino's "family". This includes Spanish socialites Nati Abascal, a former model who was married to the Duke of Feria, and Rosario of Bulgaria, the wife of Prince Kyril of Bulgaria. Valentino met Nati Abascal in 1968 at a party when she was a 19 year-old-model and brought her to Capri. Rosario of Bulgaria met Valentino in her native Mallorca in the 90's via Carlos Souza at a club. Another close friend of Valentino is his former PR French-Brazilian Georgina Brandolini, who worked for Valentino for 18 years before leaving for Balmain and ultimately starting a fashion career on her own love. Nati Abascal, September 2007 Nati Abascal is a socialite and a former fashion model discovered by designer Valentino in 1968 at a party when she was 19-years-old. ... Prince Kyril of Bulgaria, Prince of Preslav (November 17, 1895 - February 1, 1945) was the second son of Ferdinand I of Bulgaria and his first wife Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma. ... Nati Abascal, September 2007 Nati Abascal is a socialite and a former fashion model discovered by designer Valentino in 1968 at a party when she was 19-years-old. ... For other uses, see Capri (disambiguation). ... Location Location of Mallorca in Balearic Islands Coordinates : 39° 30’N , 3°0E Time Zone : CET (UTC+1) - summer: CEST (UTC+2) General information Native name Mallorca (Catalan) Spanish name Mallorca Postal code 07001-07691 Area code 34 (Spain) + 971 (Illes Balears) Website http://www. ... -1...


The Valentino entourage often travels together everywhere around the world for vacation, moving from one or the other Valentino and Giammetti's various homes around the world and in summer time to the yacht, where Giammetti, for a period in the 90s, made everyone except Valentino do needlepoint.


Valentino's PR Daniela Giardina, architect Tommaso Ziffer, a close friend of Giancarlo Giammetti, and actress Gwyneth Paltrow are also part of the group. Since Marzotto group's acquisition of Valentino from HDP group, Matteo Marzotto and her socialite mother, Marta Marzotto, often join the party. Tommaso Ziffer, Italy, architect. ... Gwyneth Kate Paltrow (born September 27, 1972)[1] is an Academy Award-, Golden Globe- and two-time Screen Actors Guild Award-winning American actress. ... Hemodialysis product (HDP) - is a number used to quantify hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis treatment adequacy. ...


Maude, Margot, Monty, Molly, Milton and Maggie

Valentino adores dogs to the point that he once named a second line of clothing after his late pug Oliver. Today Valentino owns six pugs: the mother, Molly; her sons, Milton and Monty; and her daughters, Margot, Maude and Maggie. When traveling on his 14-seat Challenger jet, three cars are needed to move Valentino and his entourage to the airport: one to move Valentino and Giammetti, another for the luggage and the staff and a third to transport five of six Valentino's pugs as one of them, Maude, always travels with Valentino.


Giammetti told Vanity Fair (August 2004): Valentino is embarrassed to be seen traveling with so many dogs. People look at him enough as it is. He often asks his valets to bring the pugs out of the car after he has boarded the plane, sometimes in two shifts so that there seem to be fewer animals. After take-off Maude is released by a butler. She runs forward and jumps up on Valentino's lap, but before she can settle in, another staff member appears with a light-blue linen cloth, which he unfurls and placed under the dog to minimize the effects of shedding. At lunchtime Maude is returned to her fellow pugs.


Other Appearances

Movie appearances

In 2006 Valentino did a cameo role as himself in the hit movie The Devil Wears Prada. One of the DVD's featurettes is called "Getting Valentino" and shows an interview of the designer and Valentino backstage with the movie's actresses, Meryl Streep and Anne Hathaway, and his associate Giancarlo Giammetti and his PR Carlos de Souza and Charlene Shorto de Ganay. The Devil Wears Prada may refer to: The Devil Wears Prada (novel), the 2003 novel by Lauren Weisberger. ...


Valentino: 45th Anniversary

Valentino Museum

During the festivities for the 45th year of Valentino's career the Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni accounced that the site of the Valentino museum will a building in via San Teodoro in Rome between the Palatine hill and the Bocca della Verità (mouth of truth). Walter Veltroni (Rome, 03 July, 1955) is a Italian politician and lead member of the Democrats of the Left party. ...


45 years of Valentino: 6 - 8 July 2007, Rome

A collection of black dresses by Valentino at the Museo Ara Pacis in Rome
A collection of black dresses by Valentino at the Museo Ara Pacis in Rome

In order to celebrate the 45th anniversary of Valentino's career a fashion extravaganza took place in Rome between 6th and 8th July 2007. Festivities started on Thursday 5th July with a dinner for Valentino's assistants and employees at Ristorante Gusto and ended on Sunday 8th July with the launch of a perfume and a brunch at the French Academy of Villa Medici. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,536 × 2,048 pixels, file size: 401 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,536 × 2,048 pixels, file size: 401 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...


The main five exclusive golden invitation cards have been sent from the Valentino headquarters for the main weekend's events:

  • 6 July 2007 at 7:30 pm: inauguration of the exhibit "Valentino in Rome, 45 years of style" designed by Patrick Kinmonth and Antonio Monfreda at the ancient sacrificial altar Ara Pacis showcasing Valentino's most important creations from the past 45 years. Valentino has gone through his archives and his clients' closets to narrow down his choices to about 300.
  • 6 July 2007 post-exhibit gala dinner at the Temple of Venus in the Imperial Forum. Dating back to 135 A.C. and dedicated to Emperor Hadrian the forum had never been opened to any event. Oscar-winning designer Dante Ferretti (The Aviator, Gangs of New York, The Age of Innocence) re-created the monument's long-lost columns in fibre glass, a special procedure called anastilosys, and choreographed a spectacular performance by high-wire ballerinas (costumed in exaggerated versions of the designer's ball gowns or signature lipstick-red evening dresses), who moved with poetic grace to Maria Callas's haunting arias, with the Coliseum, bathed in red and mauve light, as a breathtaking backdrop. The plexigas structure remained for the summer for tourists to enjoy. Culture Minister Francesco Rutelli also revealed that Valentino contributed to the restoration of the Temple with a donation of 200,000 euros.
  • 7th July at 5.00 pm: fashion show for 1000 people. For the first time after 16 years Valentino's Haute Couture fashion show will not take place in Paris during the HC fashion week but in Rome. Socialite and long-time Valentino fan Marina Palma took over the fashionable Bolognese restaurant for a tribute lunch before the international guest list set off for the designer's bravura couture runway show.

The fashion setting was two halls called Sala Incisa and Sala Baglivi of the restructured 16th century Santo Spirito in Saxia complex, next to Castel Sant'Angelo and the Vatican. Valentino showed about 61 couture dresses, a record number considering an HC show never shows more than 40 gowns. The collection referenced many of the leitmotifs revealed in the retrospective at Ara Pacis and was a tour de force of the flawless and unmatchable techniques that Valentino's brilliant workrooms. The music segued from Mahler's Fifth to Maria Callas's hauntingly beautiful rendition of Puccini's 'O Mio Babbino Caro' as Valentino took his bow. Ara Pacis:Detail of the processional frieze showing members of the Julio-Claudian family (north face) The Ara Pacis Augustae (Latin, Altar of Majestic Peace; commonly shortened to Ara Pacis) is an altar to Peace, envisioned as a Roman goddess. ... Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus (January 24, 76 –– July 10, 138), known as Hadrian in English, was emperor of Rome from 117 A.D. to 138 A.D., as well as a Stoic and Epicurean philosopher. ... Dante Ferretti is an Italian art director and costume designer for films. ... Francesco Rutelli, MP (born June 14, 1954, Rome, Italy) is an Italian politician, formerly Mayor of Rome, and former president of the centrist party Democracy is Freedom - Daisy. ... For the town with the same name, see Castel SantAngelo (RI) Castel SantAngelo from the bridge. ...


An impressive roster of fellow designers who had gathered to pay homage—Karl Lagerfeld, Giorgio Armani, Donatella Versace, Tom Ford, Diane von Furstenberg, Carolina Herrera, Zac Posen, Manolo Blahnik, and Philip Treacy among them—led the standing ovation, which drew tears from the habitually unflappable designer, who embraced Giancarlo Giammetti on the runway.'It was the most fantastic collection,' said Princess Firyal of Jordan backstage. 'I'm about to cry, too. Karl Lagerfeld (born Karl Otto Lagerfeldt on September 10, 1933) is widely recognized as one of the most influential fashion designers of the late 20th century He has collaborated with a variety of different fashion labels, with Chloé, Fendi and Chanel the most notable. ... This article is about the fashion designer. ... Donatella Versace (born May 2, 1955) is an affluent Italian fashion designer, like her famous brother, Gianni Versace, the founder of the Versace clothing empire. ... This article is about the fashion designer. ... Diane Prinzessin von Furstenberg also Princess Diane of Furstenberg (Prinzessin Diane von Furstenberg) , born Diane Simone Michelle Halfin on December 31, 1945 in Brussels, Belgium, is a fashion designer, businesswoman, and New York City socialite. ... Carolina Herrera (Carolina Pacanins Niño de Herrera Guevara). ... Zac Posen and actress Rachel Bilson Zac Posen (born October 24, 1980) is a contemporary fashion designer. ... Manolo Blahnik (born November 27, 1942) is a Spanish fashion designer and an eponymous fashion label, one of the worlds most prominent in womens shoes. ... Philip Treacy, OBE (born May 26, 1967) is one of the worlds foremost hat designers or milliners. ... Giancarlo Giammetti is the honorary president of the Valentino Fashion House. ...

  • The post-show gala dinner and ball took place in the Parco dei Daini at the Villa Borghese. There Dante Ferretti had created a spectacular Brighton Pavilion-inspired tent, with palm-tree columns and red, black, and mirrored walls, in the gardens. Guests included Princess Caroline of Monaco, Anna Wintour, former Persian Empress Farah Diba, Karl Lagerfeld, Princesses Marie-Chantal of the Hellenes, Rosario of Bulgaria, Fyrial of Jordan as well as Mayor Walter Veltroni. Other movie stars flocked too: Uma Thurman, Anne Hathaway, Sarah Jessica Parker in black draperies, Sienna Miller in an ostrich-feather crinoline gown, Jennifer Hudson in a gown with a train, Eva Mendes in a black version of the designer's iconic 1965 red crepe sheath (the original was encased in a giant red Perspex box at the entrance to his retrospective).

Socialites included Daphne Guinness in a black-and-white lace flamenco dress with silver platforms and ostrich-feather eyelashes and Lita Livanos, Sheetal Mafatlal, and Rena Sindi, Nada Kirdar, Lynn Wyatt (in the red taffeta ruffles of a dress Valentino made for her 25 years ago that she found in her attic), Allison Sarofim in a coral-beaded 1960s Valentino, Eugenia Niarchos and Phivos Istavrioglou, famous heir and socialite from Greece. Singer Annie Lennox held a surprise concert. Villa Borghese: the 19th century Temple of Aesculapius built purely as a landscape feature, influenced by the lake at Stourhead, Wiltshire Villa Borghese is a large landscape garden in the naturalistic English manner in Rome, containing a number of buildings, museums and attractions. ... Her Serene Highness The Princess Caroline of Monaco, a. ... Anna Wintour (born November 3, 1949, in London) has been the editor-in-chief of American Vogue since 1988. ... Farah Diba Farah Diba (born October 14, 1938 in Tehran, Iran) (also known as Farah Pahlavi) was the third wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran and the Shahbanu (Empress) of Iran. ... Karl Lagerfeld (born Karl Otto Lagerfeldt on September 10, 1933) is widely recognized as one of the most influential fashion designers of the late 20th century He has collaborated with a variety of different fashion labels, with Chloé, Fendi and Chanel the most notable. ... Prince Kyrill of Bulgaria, Prince of Preslav, Duke of Saxony (born July 11, 1964), also known as Kyrill of Saxe-Coburg, is the second son of the deposed tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria (later Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 2001 to 2005) and his wife Doña Margarita Gomez-Acebo... Walter Veltroni (Rome, 03 July, 1955) is a Italian politician and lead member of the Democrats of the Left party. ... Uma Karuna Thurman (born April 29, 1970) is an Academy Award-nominated American actress. ... Anne Jacqueline Hathaway (born November 12, 1982) is an American actress. ... Sarah Jessica Parker (born March 25, 1965) is an American actress and producer, with a portfolio of television, film, and theater performances. ... Sienna Rose Miller (born December 28, 1981) is a BAFTA and London Film Critics Circle Award nominated US-born English[1] actress and model. ... Jennifer Kate Hudson (born September 12, 1981) is an Academy Award-winning American actress and singer. ... Eva Mendes (born March 5, 1974[1]) is an American actress. ... The Hon Daphne Suzannah Diana Guinness (born 1967) is a socialite of Irish descent and an heiress of the Guinness family. ... Lynn Wyatt born July 16, 1935, is a famous Houston socialite and philanthropist. ... Annie Lennox (born 25 December 1954) is a Scottish musician, vocalist, Academy Award-winning songwriter. ...

  • Sunday, July 8: Valentino launched the house's latest perfume, Rock 'n Rose Couture and a giant book (see below).

In addition to the celebration in Rome, a tribute book written by Vanity Fair writer Matt Tyrnauer will be published in July by Taschen. This article is about the novel. ... Taschen is an art book publisher founded in 1980 by Benedikt Taschen in Cologne, Germany. ...


Italian fashion designer Valentino, who has dressed some of the world's most glamorous women, has announced that he is to retire. The 75-year-old has said he would step down in January. He celebrated 45 years in the industry this summer.[2]


Valentino's Movie

Tyrnauer is set to release a documentary about Valentino, three years in the making. The documentary, set to orignally premiere in 2008, offers a fly-on-the-wall look at the professional and personal life of the design icon and his long-time business partner, Giancarlo Giammetti. Tyrnauer and his crew spent months filming Valentino in his private studio, recording the design process for haute couture, and followed the designer and Giammetti around the world, capturing the duo at numerous important events, including the 45th anniversary events for Valentino in Rome last July.


Rosso Valentino

Valentino's trademark red colour, known as rosso Valentino, is a combination of 100% magenta, 100% yellow and 10% black (CMYK color model). Cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black). ...


Retirement

On September 4, 2007 Valentino announced that he would retire fully from the world stage after his last Haute-Couture show in Paris. He delivered his last women's Ready-to-wear show in Paris on October 4 to a raptuous applause. is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...


His last Haute Couture show was presented in Paris at the Musée Rodin on January 23, 2008. It was, however, somewhat marred by his criticism of fellow Italian design duo Dolce and Gabbana[3], and the death of Australian actor Heath Ledger (a prominent fashion show-goer) although few allowed these things to detract from his final show receiving a standing ovation from the entire audience, which included hundreds of notable names from all areas of showbusiness. Many models returned to show for Valentino's last Haute-Couture show, including Eva Herzigova, Naomi Campbell,Claudia Schiffer, Nadja Auermann, Karolina Kurkova and Karen Mulder[4]. Haute couture (French for high sewing or high dressmaking; IPA: ) refers to the creation of exclusive custom-fitted fashions. ... The Musée Rodin in Paris, France, is a museum that was opened in 1919 in the Hôtel Biron and surrounding grounds. ... is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... Dolce & Gabbana SpA is a high-end designer company owned by Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana. ... Heath Andrew Ledger (April 4, 1979 – January 22, 2008) was an Academy Award, BAFTA, Golden Globe, and SAG Award-nominated Australian-born film actor who lived in New York City. ... Claudia Schiffer (born August 25, 1970[2]) is a German supermodel and actress, who reached the height of her popularity during the 1990s. ...


Valentino was presented with the Medal of the City of Paris the following day Thursday January 24, 2008 for his services to fashion in the city where he was educated. is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ...


The new designer at Valentino's brand is Alessandra Facchinetti, the former designer at the House of Gucci[5]. Alessandra Facchinetti (born 2 June 1972 in Bergamo) is an Italian fashion designer. ...


Timeline

  • 1959 Having completed his fashion studies and an apprenticeship with Jean Desses and Guy Laroche, Valentino starts up his first studio in Rome
  • 1960 Begins his collaboration with Giancarlo Giammetti, who manages the commercial development of the House of Valentino
  • 1962 His first collection at the international fashion Gotha in the Palazzo Pitti, Florence, is a triumphant success
  • 1965 Valentino is recognized as the top name in Italian Haute Couture
  • 1967 He is awarded the Neiman Marcus Prize in Dallas (the equivalent of an Oscar in the world of Fashion)
  • 1968 Valentino's reputation is secured with the enormous success of his "Collezione Bianca", the first clothes and accessories to have the magic "V" label Designs the wedding dress worn by Jacqueline Kennedy for her marriage to Aristotle Onassis.
  • 1969 Begins his Boutique line of clothes and opens the first Valentino shop in Milan
  • 1970 Launch of his first Ready-to-Wear collections Opening of Valentino boutiques in Rome and New York
  • 1971 Opening of the first menswear shop in Via Condotti
  • 1975 First fashion show of his Ready-to-Wear collection in Paris
  • 1976 Opens a boutique in Tokyo
  • 1978 Launch of the Valentino perfume at a gala evening in Paris, at the Theater des Champs Elysees
  • 1982 Publication of the book "Valentino", edited by Franco Maria Ricci 20 September, Valentino presents his Autumn/Winter collection at the Metropolitan Museum in New York
  • 1984 Valentino celebrates his twenty-fifth year in the business and receives an official award from the Minister for Industry
  • 1985 He is awarded the Grand'Ufficiale dell'Ordine al Merito by the President of Italy
  • 1986 Receives the highest decoration possible in Italy, the Cavaliere di Gran Croce, from the President
  • 1989 First show of the Haute Couture collection in Paris
  • 1990 In February, Valentino and Giancarlo Giammetti found L.I.F.E (initials in Italian for "Fighting, Informing, Building, Teaching"), an association working for the fight against Aids. The Accademia Valentino is also officially opened to the public with an exhibition of painters of the Roman School Exhibition of "The Art of Cartier" at the Accademia Valentino Publication of the book "Valentino: Trent'Anni de Magia", by Leonardo arte.
  • 1991 To celebrate his 30th year in the fashion business, an exhibition entitled "Valentino: Thirty Years of Magic" is organized in Valentino's honour by the Mayor of Rome at the Capitole Museum, while the Accademia Valentino presents a retrospective of his designs. Creation of the perfume Vendetta for men and women.
  • 1992 Exhibition at the Accademia Valentino entitled: "La seduzione da Boucher a Warhol" The "Valentino: Thirty Years of Magic"' exhibition is invited to go to New York to coincide with the fifth centenary celebrations of the discovery of America. Valentino is invited by the Chinese government to stage a show in Beijing* 1994 In January, Valentino presents his first ever costume designs at the Eisenhower Theatre in the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Center, Washington, for an opera entitled "The Dream of Valentino", based on the life of the movie star Rudolf Valentino
  • 1995 Valentino's return to Italy is celebrated on 14 January in Florence with a fashion show at the Stazione Leopolda, over thirty years his first show at the Palazzo Pitti. The Mayor of Florence awards him the "Premio speciale dell'arte nella moda"
  • 1996 Valentino is named Cavaliere del Lavoro
  • 2004 launch of V perfume which will be followed by V for men
  • 2006 Opens a boutique on Newbury Street in Boston
  • 2006 President Chirac awards Valentino of the Legion d'Honneur
  • 2007 Opens a boutique in Bangkok
  • 2007 Opens a boutique in Honolulu on the Waikiki beachwalk (Kalakaua Avenue)
  • 2007 September 4: Valentino announces his retirement
  • 2007 October 4, Valentino shows his last fashion
  • 2007 Opens a boutique in Dallas

show.[6] Jean Desses Jean Desses (August 6, 1904 – August 2, 1970), was a world leading fashion designer in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. ... Guy Laroche, French fashion designer (born in La Rochelle, France, 1921 — died 1989), and founder of the eponymous company. ... Giancarlo Giammetti is the honorary president of the Valentino Fashion House. ... Gotha may refer to: A district in the German state of Thuringia A town in the District of Gotha (its capital) A former Thuringian Dukedom, see Sachsen-Gotha the Gothaer Waggonfabrik Company. ... Early, tinted 20th-century photograph of the Palazzo Pitti, then still known as La Residenza Reale following the residency of King Emmanuel II between 1865–71, when Florence was the capital of Italy. ... Florence (or Firenze, Florentia and Fiorenza) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany, and of the province of Florence. ... Categories: Stub | Retail companies of the United States ... Dallas redirects here. ... First official White House portrait. ... Aristotelis Sokratis (also Ari) Onassis (in Greek, Αριστοτέλης Ωνάσης) (January 20, 1900 – March 15, 1975) was the most famous shipping magnate of the 20th century. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... The Via Condotti is the narrow, shaded, street running up the picture. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation). ... Franco Maria Ricci is the publisher of FMR, an art magazine published six times yearly in Italian, English, German, French and Spanish, based in Milan, Italy. ... Haute couture (French for high sewing or high dressmaking; IPA: ) refers to the creation of exclusive custom-fitted fashions. ... Giancarlo Giammetti is the honorary president of the Valentino Fashion House. ... A feud is a long-running argument or fight between parties—often groups of people, especially families or clans. ... Peking redirects here. ... For the capital city of the United States, see Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see Washington (disambiguation). ... Florence (or Firenze, Florentia and Fiorenza) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany, and of the province of Florence. ... Early, tinted 20th-century photograph of the Palazzo Pitti, then still known as La Residenza Reale following the residency of King Emmanuel II between 1865–71, when Florence was the capital of Italy. ... Florence (or Firenze, Florentia and Fiorenza) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany, and of the province of Florence. ... Newbury Street is located in the Back Bay area of Boston, Massachusetts. ... Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1, Athens of America, The Cradle of Revolution, Puritan City, Americas Walking City Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino(D) Area    - City 232. ... “Chirac” redirects here. ... French Legion of Honor The Légion dhonneur (Legion of Honor ( AmE) or Legion of Honour ( ComE)) is an Order of Chivalry awarded by the President of France. ... Location Coordinates: , Country Settled Ayutthaya Period Founded as capital 21 April 1782 Government  - Type Special administrative area  - Governor Apirak Kosayothin Area  - City 1,568. ... Honolulu as seen from the International Space Station Honolulu is the largest city and the capital of the U.S. state of Hawai‘i. ... WaikÄ«kÄ« seen from the top of Diamond Head or LÄ“ahi. ... Dallas redirects here. ...

  • 2008 January 23, Valentino shows his last Haute-Couture show, and retires fully from the world stage

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

  Results from FactBites:
 
VALENTINO (925 words)
Valentino Garavani's biography is not only the history of an artist of fashion, but also the history of "Made in Italy" for the strategic decisions and commercial innovations which have marked the legendary growth of his House of Fashion from the original "atelier" dimension to the nowaday's status of fashion empire.
Valentino Garavani was born in Voghera, north of Milan.
Valentino's clothes appear on the covers of both TIME and LIFE magazines and the already prestigious circle of his clients and friends is further extended to some of the most important ladies in the world, such as Jacqueline Kennedy, Princess Margaret, Elizabeth Taylor, Farah Diba, Marella Agnelli, the Begum Aga Khan and so forth.
  More results at FactBites »


 

COMMENTARY     


Share your thoughts, questions and commentary here
Your name
Your comments
Please enter the 5-letter protection code

Want to know more?
Search encyclopedia, statistics and forums:

 


Lesson Plans | Student Area | Student FAQ | Reviews | Press Releases |  Feeds | Contact
The Wikipedia article included on this page is licensed under the GFDL.
Images may be subject to relevant owners' copyright.
All other elements are (c) copyright NationMaster.com 2003-5. All Rights Reserved.
Usage implies agreement with terms.