View over the East Valley

The Valley of the Kings, or Wadi el-Muluk (وادي الملوك) in Arabic, is a valley in Egypt where tombs were built for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom, the Eighteenth through Twentieth Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. Panoramic view of the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. ... Panoramic view of the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. ... The Arabic language ( ), or simply Arabic ( ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Fljótsdalur in East Iceland, a rather flat valley Mt. ... A tomb is a small building (or vault) for the remains of the dead, with walls, a roof, and (if it is to be used for more than one corpse) a door. ... Pharaoh is a title used to refer to any ruler, usually male, of the Egyptian kingdom in the pre-Christian, pre-Islamic period. ... This is a Conventional Egyptian chronology. ... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Eighteenth Dynasty. ... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Twentieth Dynasty. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ...

The valley is located at 25°44′N 32°36′E. It stands on the west bank of the Nile, across from Thebes (modern Luxor), under the peak of the pyramid-shaped mountain Al-Qurn. It is separated into the East and West Valleys, with most of the important tombs in the East Valley. The West Valley has only one tomb open to the public: the tomb of Ay, Tutankhamun's successor. There are a number of other important burials there, including that of Amenhotep III, but these are still being excavated and are not publicly accessible. The Nile (Arabic: النيل an-nÄ«l, Egyptian iteru) is a river in Africa, often regarded as the longest river on Earth, although some sources claim the Amazon in South America is longer. ... Thebes For the ancient capital of Boeotia, see Thebes, Greece. ... The River Nile at Luxor Pharaonic statue in Luxor Temple Hot-air ballooning in Luxor Luxor (Arabic: الأقصر ) is a city in Upper (southern) Egypt and the capital of the Al Uqsur governorate, population approximately 200,000. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The peak of al-Qurn Located on the West bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes, modern Luxor, the peak al-Qurn is the modern Arabic name for the highest point in the Theban Hills. ... If this is not the Ay you are looking for, go to the AY disambiguation page nomen or birth name Kheperkheprure Ay (occasionally Aya or Aye) was the penultimate Pharaoh of Ancient Egypts 18th dynasty. ... Nebkheperure Lord of the forms of Re Nomen Tutankhaten Living Image of the Aten Tutankhamun Hekaiunushema Living Image of Amun, ruler of Upper Heliopolis Horus name Kanakht Tutmesut The strong bull, pleasing of birth Nebty name Neferhepusegerehtawy One of perfect laws, who pacifies the two lands [1] Golden Horus Wetjeskhausehetepnetjeru... nomen or birth name Nebmaatre Amenhotep III (called Nibmu(`w)areya in the Amarna letters) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. ...

The official name for the site was The Great and Majestic Necropolis of the Millions of Years of the Pharaoh, Life, Strength, Health in The West of Thebes, or more usually, Ta-sekhet-ma'at (the Great Field).

The Valley was used for primary burials from approximately 1539 BC to 1075 BC, and contains some 64 tombs, starting with Thutmose I and ending with Ramesses X or XI. (Redirected from 1539 BC) Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1580s BC 1570s BC 1560s BC 1550s BC 1540s BC - 1530s BC - 1520s BC 1510s BC 1500s BC 1490s BC 1480s BC Events and Trends 1539 BC: Approximate first use of the Valley of the... (Redirected from 1075 BC) Centuries: 12th century BC - 11th century BC - 10th century BC Decades: 1120s BC 1110s BC 1100s BC 1090s BC 1080s BC - 1070s BC - 1060s BC 1050s BC 1040s BC 1030s BC 1020s BC Events and Trends 1079 BC - Death of Zhou cheng wang, King of the... Thutmose Thoth is born Praenomen Aakheperkare Great is the manefestation of the soul of Re Golden Horus Nefer Reneput Sankhibu Good of Years, Making Hearts to Live Nebty name Kham neseret aa pehet Crowned with the royal serpent, Great of power Horus name Kanekhet meri maat Mighty Bull, Beloved of... Khepermare Ramesses X (also written Ramses and Rameses) Amonhirkhepeshef (ruled c. ... Menmare Ramesses XI (also written Ramses and Rameses) reigned 1102 BC – 1073 BC or 1069 BC) was the tenth and final king of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. ...

The Valley of the Kings also had tombs for the favourite nobles and the wives and children of both the nobles and pharaohs. Around the time of Ramesses I (ca. 1300 BC) the Valley of the Queens was begun, although some wives were still buried with their husbands. nomen or birth name Menpehtyre Ramesses I (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the founding Pharaoh of Ancient Egypts 19th dynasty. ... The Valley of the Queens or Wadi el-Melikat is a place in Egypt where wives of Pharoahs were buried in ancient times. ...

Geology

The quality of the rock in the Valley is very inconsistent. Tombs were built, by cutting through various layers of limestone, each with its own quality. This poses problems for modern day conservators, as it must have to the original architects. Building plans were probably changed on account of this. The most serious problem are the shale layers. This fine material expands when it comes into contact with water. This has damaged many tombs, particularly during floods. Architect at his drawing board, 1893 An architect is a person involved in the planning, designing and oversight of a buildings construction. ... Shale Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. ... Impact of a drop of water. ... Look up flood in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The investigation of the Amarna Royal Tombs Project (1998 – 2002) investigated the valley floor with ground-penetrating radar, and found that below the modern surface the Valley’s cliffs descend beneath the scree in a series of abrupt, natural "shelves", arranged one below the other, descending several metres down to the bedrock in the valley floor. ^[1] A ground-penetrating radar data image, generated as part of the search for the head of Yagan within a grave site in Everton Cemetery in 1997. ...

Important tombs

See also: List of burials in the Valley of the Kings for full list of burials

The tombs are numbered in the order of 'discovery' from Ramesses VII (KV1) to the recently discovered KV63, although some of the tombs have been open since antiquity, and KV5 has only recently been rediscovered. The abbreviation "KV" stands for "Kings' Valley". A number of the tombs are unoccupied, the owners of others remain unknown, and some are merely pits used for storage. Only the principal tombs are noted here (these are the publicly accessible or best known tombs). Sketch map of the major tombs in the Valley The following is a list of burials in the Valley of the Kings, in Thebes (modern Luxor in Egypt) and nearby areas. ... Nebmaatre Meryamun Ramesses VII (also written Ramses and Rameses) (reigned from 1134 BC to 1126 BC). ... [KV2] ... KV63 is the most recently discovered chamber in Egypts Valley of the Kings pharaonic necropolis. ... KV5 is the tomb of the sons of Ramesses II, and the recent discovery of its great extent has been called the most amazing discovery in the Valley of the Kings since the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun. ...

East Valley

Most of the open tombs in the Valley of the Kings are located in the East Valley, and this is where most tourists can be found.

KV2

KV2 – Tomb of Ramesses IV

Main article: KV2

KV4 – Tomb of Ramesses XI

Main article: KV4

KV5 – Tomb of Sons of Ramesses II

Main article: KV5

The recently rediscovered tomb of some of the sons of Ramesses II. With 120 known rooms and excavation work still underway, it is probably the largest tomb in the valley. It is not currently open to the public. Image File history File links Grabmalereien. ... Image File history File links Grabmalereien. ... nomen or birth name Heqamaatre Ramesses IV (often written Ramses or Rameses) was the third pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. ... ➥the Epopt 30 June 2005 19:23 (UTC) Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Menmare Ramesses XI (also written Ramses and Rameses) reigned 1102 BC – 1073 BC or 1069 BC) was the tenth and final king of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. ... Naturenet | Talk 29 June 2005 16:09 (UTC) Categories: Possible copyright violations ... KV5 is the tomb of the sons of Ramesses II, and the recent discovery of its great extent has been called the most amazing discovery in the Valley of the Kings since the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun. ... Usermaatre-setepenre The Justice of Re is Powerful, Chosen of Re Nomen Ramesses (meryamun) Born of Re, (Beloved of Amun) Horus name Kanakht Merymaa Nebty name Mekkemetwafkhasut Golden Horus Userrenput-aanehktu Consort(s) Isetnofret, Nefertari Maathorneferure Issues Bintanath, Khaemweset, Merneptah, Amun-her-khepsef Meritamen Father Seti I Mother Queen Tuya...

KV6

KV6 – Tomb of Ramesses IX

Main article: KV6

KV7 – Tomb of Ramesses II

Main article: KV7

The ruined tomb of Ramesses the Great is not open to the public, as it is currently undergoing excavation and conservation by a Franco-Egyptian team led by Christian Leblanc^[2]. Tomb of Ramses IX Valley of the Kings Photo taken by Hajor, Dec. ... Tomb of Ramses IX Valley of the Kings Photo taken by Hajor, Dec. ... Tomb Interior of Ramesses IX Neferkare Ramesses IX (also written Ramses and Rameses) (1124 BC – 1106 BC) was the eighth king of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. ... Ramses IXs names appear on the doorway to the tomb This article is about a tomb in the Theban Necropolis. ... Usermaatre-setepenre The Justice of Re is Powerful, Chosen of Re Nomen Ramesses (meryamun) Born of Re, (Beloved of Amun) Horus name Kanakht Merymaa Nebty name Mekkemetwafkhasut Golden Horus Userrenput-aanehktu Consort(s) Isetnofret, Nefertari Maathorneferure Issues Bintanath, Khaemweset, Merneptah, Amun-her-khepsef Meritamen Father Seti I Mother Queen Tuya... Tomb KV7, located in the Valley of the Kings, is the tomb of Ramesses II, and is located in the main valley, opposite the tomb of his sons, KV5, and near to the tomb of his son and successor, Merenptah, KV8. ...

KV8

KV8 – Tomb of Merenptah

Main article: KV8

The tomb of Merenptah is one of the tombs that can be viewed by the public, although in 2005 it was not open. Sarcophagus of Pharaoh Merenptah Tomb KV8, Valley of the Kings Photo taken by Hajor, Dec. ... Sarcophagus of Pharaoh Merenptah Tomb KV8, Valley of the Kings Photo taken by Hajor, Dec. ... Merneptah (occasionally: Merenptah) was pharaoh of Ancient Egypt (1213 – 1203 BC), the fourth ruler of the 19th Dynasty. ... Tomb KV8, located in the Valley of the Kings, in Egypt was used for the burial of Merenptah of the Nineteenth Dynasty. ...

KV9 – Tomb of Ramesses V and Ramesses VI

Main article: KV9

Also known as the Tomb of Memnon or La Tombe de la Métempsychose, this is the tomb of Ramesses V and Ramesses VI. Ramesses V (also written Ramses and Rameses) (reigned 1146 BC to 1142 BC) was the fourth pharaoh of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. ... Image of Ramesses VI on display at the Louvre Ramesses VI (also written Ramses and Rameses) (reigned 1142 BC to 1134 BC) was the fifth ruler of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt and his tomb, KV9, is located near King Tutankhamens in the Valley of the Kings. ... Tomb KV9 in Egypts Valley of the Kings was original constructed by Ramses V, and he was interred here, but his brother Ramses VI later reused the tomb as his own. ...

KV11

KV11 – Tomb of Ramesses III

Main article: KV11

The tomb of Ramesses III (or Bruce's Tomb, The Harper's Tomb) is one of the largest tombs in the valley, and is open to the public, it is located close to the central 'rest–area', and is usually one of the tombs visited by tourists. Image File history File links Luxor,_Tal_der_Könige,_Grab_von_Thutmosis_III._(1,_1995,_800x570). ... Image File history File links Luxor,_Tal_der_Könige,_Grab_von_Thutmosis_III._(1,_1995,_800x570). ... Osirid statues of Ramses III at his temple at Medinet Habu. ... Located in the main valley of the Valley of the Kings, tomb KV11 was originally started by Setnakhte, but abandoned when it broken into another tomb (KV10), then restarted and extended by Ramesses III. Categories: Ancient Egypt stubs | Valley of the Kings ...

KV14 – Tomb of Twosret, later reused by Setnakhte

Main article: KV14

KV15 – Tomb of Seti II

Main article: KV15

KV16 – Tomb of Ramesses I

Main article: KV16

KV17 – Tomb of Seti I

Main article: KV17

The tomb of Seti I and is also known as Belzoni's tomb, the tomb of Apis, or the tomb of Psammis, son of Necho. nomen or birth name Queen Twosret Sitre Meryamun was a Queen of Egypt and the last Pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty. ... Setnakht Meryamunra (stX-nxt mrr-imnra) Seth Is Victorious ; Beloved Of Amon-Re[1] Praenomen Userkhaure-setepenre (wsr-xaw-ra stp. ... Tomb KV14 is a joint tomb, used originally by Twosret and then reused and extended by Setnakhte. ... nomen or birth name Userkheperure Setepenre/Meryamun Seti II (reigned 1200 BC - 1194 BC) was the sixth ruler of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt. ... Tomb KV15, located in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt, was used for the burial of Pharaoh Seti II of the Nineteenth Dynasty. ... nomen or birth name Menpehtyre Ramesses I (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the founding Pharaoh of Ancient Egypts 19th dynasty. ... Tomb KV16, located in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt, was used for the burial of Pharaoh Ramesses I of the Nineteenth Dynasty. ... nomen or birth name Menmaatre, or Seti I was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt (Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt), the son of Ramesses I and Queen Sitre, and the father of Ramesses II. According to some historians, he reigned between either 1294 BC or 1290 BC to 1279 BC or 1305... Tomb KV17, located in Egypts Valley of the Kings and also known by the names Belzonis tomb, the Tomb of Apis, and the Tomb of Psammis, son of Nechois, is the tomb of Pharaoh Seti I of the Nineteenth Dynasty. ... nomen or birth name Menmaatre, or Seti I was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt (Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt), the son of Ramesses I and Queen Sitre, and the father of Ramesses II. According to some historians, he reigned between either 1294 BC or 1290 BC to 1279 BC or 1305...

KV34

KV34 – Tomb of Thutmose III

Main article: KV34

KV35 – Tomb of Amenhotep II

Main article: KV35

This tomb was originally the tomb of Amenhotep II. Over a dozen mummies, many of them royal, were later relocated here (see list). Image File history File links Egypt. ... Image File history File links Egypt. ... Menkheperre Lasting is the Manifestation of Re Nomen Thutmose Neferkheperu Son of Ra, Thutmose, beautiful of forms Horus name Kanakht Khaemwaset Horus Mighty Bull, Arising in Thebes Nebty name Wahnesytmireempet He of the Two Ladies, Enduring in kingship like Re in heaven Golden Horus Sekhempahtydsejerkhaw Horus of Gold Powerful of... Tomb KV34 in the Valley of the Kings (near the modern-day Egyptian city of Luxor) was the final resting place of 18th dynasty Pharaoh Thutmose III. One of the first tombs to be dug in the Valley, it was cut high in the cliff face of the furthermost wadi. ... nomen or birth name Aakheperure Amenhotep II (d. ... KV35 in the Valley of the Kings (Luxor, Egypt) is the tomb of Amenhotep II. It was discovered by Victor Loret in April 1898. ... KV35 in the Valley of the Kings (Luxor, Egypt) is the tomb of Amenhotep II. It was discovered by Victor Loret in April 1898. ...

KV39 – Tomb of Amenhotep I

Main article: KV39

KV43

KV43 – Tomb of Thutmose IV

Main article: KV43

KV46 – Tomb of Yuya and Tjuyu

Main article: KV46

The tomb of the nobles Yuya and Tjuyu, who were possibly the parents of Queen Tiy. Until the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun, this was the best preserved tomb to be found in the Valley. nomen or birth name Djeserkare Amenhotep I (d. ... Tomb KV39 in the Valley of the Kings is one of the possible locations of the tomb of Amenhotep I. It is located high in the cliffs, away from the main valley bottom and other royal burials. ... Image File history File links Egypt. ... Image File history File links Egypt. ... nomen or birth name Menkheperure Thutmose IV (d. ... Thutmose receives life from, in turn, Osiris, Anubis, and Hathor (wall decoration in KV43) KV43 is the tomb of Pharaoh Thutmose IV in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor, Egypt. ... Yuya (left), suspected of being foreign, compared with his Egyptian wife Tuya (right). ... Tjuyu (sometimes transliterated as Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and descedant of Ahmose-Nefertari. ... Tomb KV46 in the Valley of the Kings is the tomb of Yuya and his wife Thuya, the parents of Queen Tiye, the wife of Amenhotep III. It was the discovered in February 1905, and until the discovery of Tutankhamuns tomb it was the richest tomb found in the... Tiy (c. ...

KV47 – Tomb of Siptah

Main article: KV47

KV55 – Possible Amarna Period Mummy cache

Main article: KV55

The tomb maybe another mummy cache, and has the possible burials of several Amarna Period royals РTiy and Smenkhkare/Akhenaten. nomen or birth name Akhenre Setepenre Siptah or Merneptah Siptah was the son of Seti II and Queen Tiaa. ... Tomb KV47, located in the Valley of the Kings, in Egypt was used for the burial of Siptah of the Nineteenth Dynasty. ... Amarna (commonly known as el-Amarna) is the name given to an extensive archaeological site that represents the remains of the capital city built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty (c. ... Edward R. Ayrton discovered Tomb KV55 in Egypts Valley of the Kings on January 6, 1907; Ayrtons sponsor, Theodore M. Davis, published an account of the dig (The Tomb of Queen T̨yi) in 1910. ... Tiy (c. ... Smenkhkare (sometimes spelled Smenkhare and Smenkare; meaning Strong is the Soul of Ra) was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, successor of the heretic Akhenaten, and predecessor of Tutankhamen. ... Neferkheperre-waenre Beautiful are the forms of Re, the one of Re Nomen Akhenaten He who is beneficial to the Aten (after Year 4 of his reign) Amenhotep Horus name Meryaten Nebty name Wernesytemakhetaten Golden Horus Wetjesrenenaten[1] Consort(s) Nefertiti, Kiya Meritaten, Ankhesenpaaten, Ankhesenpaaten-ta-sherit Issues Meritaten, Meketaten...

KV57 – Tomb of Horemheb

Main article: KV57

KV62

KV62 – Tomb of Tutankhamun

Main article: KV62

Perhaps the most famous discovery of modern Western archaeology was made here by Howard Carter on November 4, 1922, with clearance and conservation work continuing until 1932. King Tutankhamun's tomb was the first royal tomb to be discovered that was still largely intact (although tomb robbers had entered it), and was, until the excavation of KV63 in 2006, considered the last major discovery in the valley. The opulence of his grave goods notwithstanding, Tutankhamun was a rather minor king and other burials probably had more numerous treasures. Some members of the archaeological teams led by Carter and later archaeologists contracted local lethal viruses through food or animals (particularly insects), resulting in the infamous "Curse of the Pharaohs" modern legend. nomen or birth name Djeserkheperure Horemheb was the last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypts 18th Dynasty from 1321 BC to early 1292 BC. Horemheb came from Herakleopolis Magna near the entrance to the Fayum. ... Tomb KV57, located in the Valley of the Kings, in Egypt was used for the burial of Horemheb of the Eighteenth dynasty. ... Painted walls in the burial chamber KV62 (Tutankhamuns tomb) Valley of the Kings, Egypt Photo taken by Hajor, Dec. ... Painted walls in the burial chamber KV62 (Tutankhamuns tomb) Valley of the Kings, Egypt Photo taken by Hajor, Dec. ... Nebkheperure Lord of the forms of Re Nomen Tutankhaten Living Image of the Aten Tutankhamun Hekaiunushema Living Image of Amun, ruler of Upper Heliopolis Horus name Kanakht Tutmesut The strong bull, pleasing of birth Nebty name Neferhepusegerehtawy One of perfect laws, who pacifies the two lands [1] Golden Horus Wetjeskhausehetepnetjeru... The pharaohs solid gold funerary mask was laid to rest with him in KV62 The wall decorations in KV62s burial chamber are modest in comparison to other tombs in the Valley Tomb KV62 in Egypts Valley of the Kings is the Tomb of Tutankhamun, famous the world... Bold textSUCK ON THAT MUTHA FUCKA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech/discourse) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Plate LXXA shows detail on a ceremonial walking staff found buried with Tutankhamun; it depicts the two foes, or the Northern and Southern enemies of Egypt. ... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... KV63 is the most recently discovered chamber in Egypts Valley of the Kings pharaonic necropolis. ... Nebkheperure Lord of the forms of Re Nomen Tutankhaten Living Image of the Aten Tutankhamun Hekaiunushema Living Image of Amun, ruler of Upper Heliopolis Horus name Kanakht Tutmesut The strong bull, pleasing of birth Nebty name Neferhepusegerehtawy One of perfect laws, who pacifies the two lands [1] Golden Horus Wetjeskhausehetepnetjeru... Groups I: dsDNA viruses II: ssDNA viruses III: dsRNA viruses IV: (+)ssRNA viruses V: (-)ssRNA viruses VI: ssRNA-RT viruses VII: dsDNA-RT viruses A virus (Latin, poison) is a microscopic particle that can infect the cells of a biological organism. ... Phyla Subregnum Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subregnum Agnotozoa Placozoa (trichoplax) Orthonectida (orthonectids) Rhombozoa (dicyemids) Subregnum Eumetazoa Radiata (unranked) (radial symmetry) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, anemones) Bilateria (unranked) (bilateral symmetry) Acoelomorpha (basal) Myxozoa (slime animals) Superphylum Deuterostomia (blastopore becomes anus) Chordata (vertebrates, etc. ... Classes & Orders See taxonomy Insects are invertebrate animals of the Class Insecta, the largest and (on land) most widely-distributed taxon within the phylum Arthropoda. ... The Curse of the Pharaohs refers to the belief that any person who disturbs the mummy of an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh is placed under a curse whereby they will shortly die. ...

KV63 – Unknown tomb discovered on 10 March 2005^[3].

Main article: KV63

KV64 – Radar anomaly believed to be a tomb or chamber announced on 28 July 2006

Main article: KV64

Panoramic view of the Valley

KV63 is the most recently discovered chamber in Egypts Valley of the Kings pharaonic necropolis. ... KV64 is a radar anomaly discovered in the Valley of the Kings pharaonic necropolis in Egypt. ... Download high resolution version (3141x858, 623 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (3141x858, 623 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

West Valley

The numbering the West Valley follows in sequence to that of the East Valley, and there are only four known tombs and several pits in this branch of the valley.

WV22 – Tomb of Amenhotep III

Main article: WV22

This is the tomb of one the greatest rulers of the Egyptian New Kingdom, Amenhotep III. It has recently been re–investigated, but is not open to the public. Tomb WV22 in the Western arm of the Valley of the Kings was used as the resting of the one the greatest rulers of Egypts New Kingdom, Amenhotep III. It was officially discovered by Prosper Jollois and Eduard de Villiers du Terrage, engineers with Napoleons expedition to Egypt in... The New Kingdom is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BCE and the 11th century BCE, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. ... nomen or birth name Nebmaatre Amenhotep III (called Nibmu(`w)areya in the Amarna letters) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. ...

WV23 – Tomb of Ay

Main article: WV23

The reconstructed tomb of Ay is the only tomb that is open to the public in the West Valley. .. contains a broken sarcophagus and some bad fresco painting of peculiarly short and graceless proportions. ... If this is not the Ay you are looking for, go to the AY disambiguation page nomen or birth name Kheperkheprure Ay (occasionally Aya or Aye) was the penultimate Pharaoh of Ancient Egypts 18th dynasty. ...

WV25 – Possible Theban tomb of Akhenaten

Main article: WV25

This tomb may have been started as the Theban burial of Akhenaten, but it was never finished. WV25 in the West Valley of the Valley of the Kings, is clearly the beginnings of a Royal Tomb, but was never finished or decorated. ... Neferkheperre-waenre Beautiful are the forms of Re, the one of Re Nomen Akhenaten He who is beneficial to the Aten (after Year 4 of his reign) Amenhotep Horus name Meryaten Nebty name Wernesytemakhetaten Golden Horus Wetjesrenenaten[1] Consort(s) Nefertiti, Kiya Meritaten, Ankhesenpaaten, Ankhesenpaaten-ta-sherit Issues Meritaten, Meketaten...

Deir el-Bahri

Royal mummy cache

Main article: DB320

While this tomb is not strictly in the Valley of the Kings, it contained an astounding mummy cache. It is located in the cliffs overlooking Hatshepsut's famous temple at Deir el-Bahri, was found to contain many of Egypt's most famous pharaohs. They were found in a great state of disorder, many placed in other people's coffins, and several are still unidentified. Tomb DB320 is located next to Deir el-Bahri, in the Theban Necropolis, opposite modern Luxor contained an extraordinary cache of mummified remains and funeral equipment of more than 50 kings, queens, royals and various nobility. ... Maat-ka-re[1] Truth is the Soul of Re Nomen HatshepsutCite error 3; Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e. ... Djeser-Djeseru – the focal point of the complex Deir el-Bahri (Arabic دير البحري dayr al-baḥrī, literally meaning, “The Northern Monastery”) is a complex of mortuary temples and tombs located on the west bank of the Nile, opposite the city of Luxor, Egypt. ...

Decline of the Royal Necropolis

By the end of the New Kingdom, Egypt had entered a long period of political and economic decline. The priests at Thebes grew in power and effectively administered Upper Egypt, while kings ruling from Tanis controlled Lower Egypt. The Valley began to be heavily plundered, so during the 21st Dynasty the priests of Amen opened most of the tombs and moved the mummies into three tombs in order to better protect them, even removing most of their treasure in order to further protect the bodies from robbers. Later most of these were moved to a single cache near Deir el-Bari (see below). During the later Third Intermediate Period and later periods, intrusive burials were introduced into many of the open tombs. or Tanis (Τάνις), the Greek name of ancient Djanet (modern صان الحجر Ṣān al-Ḥaǧar), is a city in the north-eastern Nile delta of Egypt (). It lays on the Tanitic branch of the Nile (now silted up), and it was the supposed site of some of the action in the film... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Twenty-First Dynasty. ... The word Amen (Tiberian Hebrew אמן ’Āmēn So be it; truly, Standard Hebrew אמן Amen, Arabic آمين ’Āmīn) is a declaration of affirmation found in the Hebrew Bible and in the Quran. ... The Third Intermediate Period is a phrase used to refer the period of the history of Ancient Egypt from the death of pharaoh Rameses XI in 1070 BC to the foundation of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty by Psamtik I, following the expulsion of the Nubian rulers of the Twenty-fifth...

Grave robbers

Almost all of the tombs have been ransacked, including Tutankhamun's, though in its case, it seems that the robbers were interrupted, so very little was removed.

The valley was surrounded by steep cliffs and heavily guarded. In 1090 BC, or the year of the Hyena, there was a collapse in Egypt's economy leading to the emergence of tomb robbers. Because of this, it was also the last year that the valley was used for burial. (Redirected from 1090 BC) Centuries: 12th century BC - 11th century BC - 10th century BC Decades: 1140s BC 1130s BC 1120s BC 1110s BC 1100s BC - 1090s BC - 1080s BC 1070s BC 1060s BC 1050s BC 1040s BC Events and Trends Significant People Categories: 1090s BC ...

The valley also seems to have suffered an official plundering during the virtual civil war which started in the reign of Ramesses XI. The tombs were opened, all the valuables removed, and the mummies collected into two large caches. One, the so-called Deir el-Bahri cache, contained no less than forty royal mummies and their coffins; the other, in the tomb of Amenhotep II, contained a further sixteen. Menmare Ramesses XI (also written Ramses and Rameses) reigned 1102 BC – 1073 BC or 1069 BC) was the tenth and final king of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. ... Djeser-Djeseru – the focal point of the complex Deir el-Bahri (Arabic دير البحري dayr al-baḥrī, literally meaning, “The Northern Monastery”) is a complex of mortuary temples and tombs located on the west bank of the Nile, opposite the city of Luxor, Egypt. ... nomen or birth name Aakheperure Amenhotep II (d. ...

Exploration of the Valley of the Kings

The Valley of the Kings has been a major area of modern Egyptological exploration for the last two centuries. Before this the area was a site for tourism in antiquity (especially during Roman times). This areas illustrates the changes in the study of ancient Egypt, starting as antiquity hunting, and ending as scientific excavation of the whole Theban Necropolis. Despite the exploration and investigation noted below, only eleven of the tombs have actually been completely recorded. Egyptology is the scientific study of Ancient Egypt and Egyptian antiquities and is a regional and thematic branch of the larger disciplines of ancient history and archaeology. ... The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ... The Theban Necropolis is an area of the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes in Egypt. ...

Antiquity

The Greek writers Strabo and Diodorus Siculus were able to report that the total number of Theban royal tombs was 47, of which at the time only 17 were believed to be undestroyed. Pausanias and others wrote of the pipe-like corridors of the Valley – i.e. the tombs. the Greek georgapher Strabo, in a 16th‑century engraving. ... Diodorus Siculus (c. ... Pausanias is the name of several ancient people: Pausanias was a Spartan general of the 5th century BC. Pausanias of Sparta was King of Sparta from 409 BC-395 BC. Pausanias was the servant/lover who assassinated Philip II of Macedon in 336 BC Pausanias, Greek traveller and geographer of...

Clearly others also visited the valley in these times, as many of the tombs have graffiti written by these ancient tourists. Jules Baillet located over 2000 Greek and Latin graffiti, along with a smaller number in Phoenician, Cypriot, Lycian, Coptic, and other languages. Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal region then called Phoenicia /Canaan (now Lebanon, coastal Syria and northern Israel ). Phoenician is a Semitic language of the Canaanite subgroup, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... The word Lycian can mean: The Lycian language From or related to Lycia This is a disambiguation page &#8212; a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Coptic is the most recent phase of ancient Egyptian. ...

Eighteenth Century

Before the nineteenth century, travel from Europe to Thebes (and indeed anywhere in Egypt) was difficult, time-consuming and expensive, and only the hardiest of European travelers visited – before the travels of Father Claude Sicard in 1726, it was unclear just where Thebes really was. It was known to be on the Nile, but it was often confused with Memphis and several other sites. One of the first travelers to record what he saw at Thebes was Frederic Louis Norden, a Danish adventurer and artist. He was followed by Richard Pococke, who published the first modern map of the valley itself, in 1743. Thebes For the ancient capital of Boeotia, see Thebes, Greece. ... The Nile (Arabic: النيل an-nÄ«l, Egyptian iteru) is a river in Africa, often regarded as the longest river on Earth, although some sources claim the Amazon in South America is longer. ... Memphis, coordiates , , was the ancient capital of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 1300 BC. Its Ancient Egyptian name was Ineb Hedj (The White Walls). The name Memphis is the Greek deformation of the Egyptian name of Pepi... Frederic Louis Norden (October 22, 1708 – September 22, 1742), Danish naval captain and explorer. ... Richard Pococke (1704-1765) was an English prelate and anthropologist. ...

French Expedition

In 1799, Napoleon's expedition drew maps and plans of the known tombs, and for the first time noted the Western Valley (where Prosper Jollois and Édouard de Villiers du Terrage located the tomb of Amenhotep III, WV22). The Description de l'Égypte contains two volumes (out a total of 19) on the area around Thebes. For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Jean-Baptiste Prosper Jollois (1776 – 1842) was a French engineer who together with Édouard de Villiers du Terrage journeyed with Napoleon to Egypt, and prepared the Description de lEgypte. ... Édouard de Villiers du Terrage (1780–1855) was a French engineer who together with Jean-Baptiste Prosper Jollois journeyed with Napoleon to Egypt, and prepared the Categories: 1780 births | 1855 deaths | Egyptologists ... nomen or birth name Nebmaatre Amenhotep III (called Nibmu(`w)areya in the Amarna letters) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. ... Tomb WV22 in the Western arm of the Valley of the Kings was used as the resting of the one the greatest rulers of Egypts New Kingdom, Amenhotep III. It was officially discovered by Prosper Jollois and Eduard de Villiers du Terrage, engineers with Napoleons expedition to Egypt in... Description de lEgypte is the title of several books. ...

Nineteenth Century

European exploration continued in the area around Thebes during the Nineteenth Century, boosted by Champollion's translation of hieroglyphs early in the century. Early in the century, the area was visited by Belzoni, working for Henry Salt, who discovered several tombs, including those of Ay in the West Valley (WV23) in 1816 and Seti I (KV17) the next year. At the end of his visits, Belzoni declared that all of the tombs had been found and nothing of note remained to be found. Jean_François Champollion For the comet rendezvous spacecraft, see Champollion (spacecraft). ... Giovanni Battista Belzoni, from Narrative of the Operations and Recent Discoveries Within the Pyramids, Temples, Tombs and Excavations in Egypt and Nubia by Giovanni Battista Belzoni,London, 1820. ... Henry Salt (June 14, 1780 &#8211; October 30, 1827) was an English artist, traveler, diplomat, and Egyptologist. ... If this is not the Ay you are looking for, go to the AY disambiguation page nomen or birth name Kheperkheprure Ay (occasionally Aya or Aye) was the penultimate Pharaoh of Ancient Egypts 18th dynasty. ... .. contains a broken sarcophagus and some bad fresco painting of peculiarly short and graceless proportions. ... nomen or birth name Menmaatre, or Seti I was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt (Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt), the son of Ramesses I and Queen Sitre, and the father of Ramesses II. According to some historians, he reigned between either 1294 BC or 1290 BC to 1279 BC or 1305... Tomb KV17, located in Egypts Valley of the Kings and also known by the names Belzonis tomb, the Tomb of Apis, and the Tomb of Psammis, son of Nechois, is the tomb of Pharaoh Seti I of the Nineteenth Dynasty. ...

In 1827 John Gardiner Wilkinson was assigned to paint the entry of every tomb, giving them each a designation that is still in use today – they were numbered from KV1 to KV21 (although the maps show 28 entrances, some of which were unexplored). These paintings and maps were later published in The Topography of Thebes and General Survey of Egypt, in 1830. At the same time James Burton explored the valley. His works included making KV17 safer from flooding, but he is more well known for entering KV5. John Gardiner Wilkinson (October 5, 1797 - October 29, 1875) was a well-known English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. ... James Burton (1788 – 1862) was an early British Egyptologist, who worked at a number of sites throughout Egypt, but notably in the Valley of the Kings. ...

In 1829, Champollion himself visited the valley, along with Ippolito Rosellini. The expedition spent two months studying the open tombs, visiting about 16 of them. They copied the inscriptions and identfied the original tomb owners. In tomb KV17, they removed some wall decorations, which are now on display in the Louvre in Paris. Ippolito Rosellini (1800-1843), Italian Egyptologist, was born at Pisa. ... The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre) in Paris, France, is the largest museum in the world. ... Part of the Paris skyline with from left to right: Montparnasse Tower, Eiffel Tower, and in the background, towers of neighboring La Défense. ...

In 1845 – 1846 the valley was explored by Karl Richard Lepsius's expedition, they explored and documented 25 in the main valley and four in the west. Karl Richard Lepsius 1810 – 1884 Karl (or Carl) Richard Lepsius (December 23, 1810 – July 10, 1884) was a pioneering Prussian Egyptologist and linguist and pioneer of modern archaeology. ...

The later half of the century saw a more concerted effort to preserve rather than simply gathering antiquities. Auguste Mariette's Egyptian Antiquities Service started to explore the valley, first with Eugéne Lefébre in 1883, then Jules Baillet and Georges Bénédite in early 1888 and finally Victor Loret in 1898 to 1899. During this time Georges Daressy explored KV9 and KV6. A statue of Auguste Mariette in his home city of Boulogne-sur-Mer. ... Victor Clement Georges Philippe Loret (1 September 1859 – 3 February 1946) was a French Egyptologist. ...

Loret added a further 16 tombs to the list of tombs, and explored several tombs that had already been discovered.

When Gaston Maspero was reappointed to head the Egyptian Antiquities Service, the nature of the exploration of the valley changed again, Maspero appointed Howard Carter as the Chief Inspector of Upper Egypt, and the young man discovered several new tombs and explored several others, clearing KV42 and KV20. Gaston Camille Charles Maspero (June 23, 1846 - June 30, 1916), French Egyptologist, was born in Paris, his parents being of Lombard origin. ... Plate LXXA shows detail on a ceremonial walking staff found buried with Tutankhamun; it depicts the two foes, or the Northern and Southern enemies of Egypt. ...

Twentieth century

Around the turn of the Twentieth Century, the American Theodore M. Davis had the excavation permit in the valley, and his team (led mostly by Edward R. Ayrton) discovered several royal and non-royal tombs (KV43, KV46 & KV57 being the most important). In 1907 they discovered the possible Amarna Period cache in KV55. After finding what they thought was the burial of Tutankhamun (KV61), it was announced that the valley was completely explored and no further burials were to be found. An American lawyer, Theodore M. Davis (1837 - 1915) was most famous for his work excavating Egypts Valley of the Kings between 1889 and 1912. ... Edward R. Ayrton was an English archaeologist. ...

Howard Carter then acquired the right to explore the valley and after a systematic search discovered the actual tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62) in November 1922. Plate LXXA shows detail on a ceremonial walking staff found buried with Tutankhamun; it depicts the two foes, or the Northern and Southern enemies of Egypt. ...

At the end of the century, the Theban Mapping Project re-discovered and explored tomb KV5, which has since been discovered to be probably the largest in the valley, and was either a cenotaph or real burial for the sons of Ramesses II. Elsewhere in the eastern and western branches of the valley several other expeditions cleared and studied other tombs. Recently (up until 2002) the Amarna Royal Tombs Project has been exploring the area around KV55 and KV62, the Amarna Period tombs in the main valley. The goal of the Theban Mapping Project is to create a masterplan of the Valley of the Kings and Thebes in general. ... The Cenotaph, London A ceremony at the Cenotaph, London, on Sunday 12th June 2005, remembering Irish war dead Memorial Cenotaph, Hiroshima, Japan A cenotaph is a tomb or a monument erected in honor of a person or group of persons whose remains are elsewhere. ...

Twenty-first century

Various expeditions have continued to explore the valley, adding greatly to the knowledge of the area. In 2001 the Theban Mapping Project designed new signs for the tombs, providing information and plans of the open tombs. A new visitors' centre is currently being planned. The goal of the Theban Mapping Project is to create a masterplan of the Valley of the Kings and Thebes in general. ...

On February 8, 2006, an American team led by the University of Memphis uncovered a pharaonic-era tomb (KV63), the first uncovered there since King Tutankhamun's in 1922. The 18th Dynasty tomb included five mummies in intact sarcophagi with coloured funerary masks along with more than 20 large storage jars, sealed with pharaonic seals. February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The University of Memphis is a public American research university located in Memphis, Tennessee, USA. The University was founded under the auspices of the General Education Bill, enacted by the Tennessee Legislature in 1909. ... KV63 is the most recently discovered chamber in Egypts Valley of the Kings pharaonic necropolis. ...

On 31st July 2006, Nicholas Reeves announced that analysis of ground penetrating radar for the autumn of 2000 showed a sub-surface anomaly in the area of KV62 and KV63 ^[4][5]. Ground penetrating radar works much like regular radar, using pulses of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range and reading the reflected signal to detect subsurface structures and objects without drilling, probing or otherwise breaking the ground surface. ...

Miscellanea

• Pets were also buried here. There is a group of three animal tombs.
• The largest tomb, known as KV5, was built for the sons of Ramesses II. It contains at least 150 burial chambers. ^{[citation needed]}
• Graffiti on the walls of some of the tombs indicate that this was an attraction during time of the ancient Greeks and in Roman times.

Pets and humans often contribute toward the happiness of the other in a pet relationship. ... Phyla Subregnum Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subregnum Agnotozoa Placozoa (trichoplax) Orthonectida (orthonectids) Rhombozoa (dicyemids) Subregnum Eumetazoa Radiata (unranked) (radial symmetry) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, anemones) Bilateria (unranked) (bilateral symmetry) Acoelomorpha (basal) Myxozoa (slime animals) Superphylum Deuterostomia (blastopore becomes anus) Chordata (vertebrates, etc. ... KV5 is the tomb of the sons of Ramesses II, and the recent discovery of its great extent has been called the most amazing discovery in the Valley of the Kings since the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun. ... Usermaatre-setepenre The Justice of Re is Powerful, Chosen of Re Nomen Ramesses (meryamun) Born of Re, (Beloved of Amun) Horus name Kanakht Merymaa Nebty name Mekkemetwafkhasut Golden Horus Userrenput-aanehktu Consort(s) Isetnofret, Nefertari Maathorneferure Issues Bintanath, Khaemweset, Merneptah, Amun-her-khepsef Meritamen Father Seti I Mother Queen Tuya... Graffiti is the application of media on publicly viewable surfaces. ... Ancient Greece is the term used to describe the Greek_speaking world in ancient times. ... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ...

Tourism

Most of the tombs are not open to the public (16 of the tombs can be open, but they are rarely open at the same time), and officials occasionally close those that are open for restoration work. The number of visitors to KV62 has led to a separate charge for entry into the tomb. The West Valley has only one open tomb, that of Ay, and a separate ticket is needed to visit this tomb as well. The tour guides are no longer allowed to lecture inside the tombs and visitors are expected to proceed quietly and in single file through the tombs. This is to minimise time in the tombs, and prevent the crowds from damaging the surfaces of the decoration. Photography is no longer allowed in the tombs.

In 1997, 58 tourists and 4 Egyptians were massacred at Deir el-Bahri by Islamist militants from Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, leading to a drop in tourism. 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Djeser-Djeseru The Luxor Massacre took place on 17 November 1997, at Deir el-Bahri, an archaelogical site located across the River Nile from Luxor in Egypt. ... Djeser-Djeseru – the focal point of the complex Deir el-Bahri (Arabic دير البحري dayr al-baḥrī, literally meaning, “The Northern Monastery”) is a complex of mortuary temples and tombs located on the west bank of the Nile, opposite the city of Luxor, Egypt. ... Al-Gamaa al-Islamiyya (Arabic: ألجماعه الاسلاميه ) (Arabic for the Islamic Group; also transliterated Gamaat Islamiya, Jamaat al Islamiya, al-Jamāah al-Islāmiyah etc. ...

As of 2005, on most days of the week an average of four to five thousand tourists visit the main valley. On the days on which the Nile Cruises arrive the number can rise to nearly ten thousand ^[6]. These levels are expected to rise to 25,000 by 2015. The West Valley is much less visited, as there is only one tomb that is open to the public. The Nile (Arabic: النيل an-nīl, Egyptian iteru) is a river in Africa, often regarded as the longest river on Earth, although some sources claim the Amazon in South America is longer. ...

In January 2006 it was announced that a new visitors centre is to be constructed ^[7]. Its planned opening date is March 2007.

References

1. ^ [1] Amarna Royal Tombs Project
2. ^ [2]Christian Leblanc, "The Tomb of Ramesses II and Remains of His Funerary Treasure,"; [3]"Recherches et travaux dans la tombe de Ramses II: Aujourďhui."
3. ^ [4] First look - MSNBC article
4. ^ [5] Another new tomb in the Valley of the Kings: ‘KV64’
5. ^ [6] Nicholas Reeves interview
6. ^ [7] Projected visitors
7. ^ [8] New visitors centre

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Valley of the Kings

• Theban Mapping Project – Includes detailed maps of most of the tombs.
• Maps and aerial photos
• Valley of the Kings photographs on GlobalAmity.net
• Read more information on the Valley of The Kings

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ...

Selected reading

• John Romer, Valley of the Kings (Henry Holt, 1981) – Covers the history of the exploration of the Valley in chronological order.
• Nicholas Reeves and Richard H. Wilkinson, The Complete Valley of the Kings (1996, Thames and Hudson) – Details of all the major tombs, their discovery, art and architecture.
• Alberto Siliotti, Guide to the Valley of the Kings (Barnes and Noble, 1997) – A good introduction to the valley and surroundings.
• Kent R. Weeks, Araldo De Luca (photographs), Valley of the Kings (Friedman/Fairfax, 2001) – Spectacular photography of the best tombs.
• C. N. Reeves, Valley of the Kings: The Decline of a Royal Necropolis (Keegan Paul, 1990)
• Richard H. Wilkinson (ed.) Valley of the Sun Kings (University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition, 1994) chapters by archaeologists working in the valley from an international conference on the Valley of the Kings.

Dr. Kent R. Weeks (b. ...

Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Bold text For at least ten thousand years, the Nile valley has been the site of one of the most Historical civilizations in the world. ... Ancient Egyptian art is five thousand years old. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This page lists articles on dynasties of Ancient Egypt. ... General context: Ancient Egypt. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Egyptian mythology or Egyptian religion is the succession of tentative beliefs held by the people of Egypt for over three thousand years, prior to major exposure to Christianity and Islam. ... This article contains a list of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, from the Early Dynastic Period before 3000 BC through to the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, when Egypt became a province of Rome under Augustus Caesar in 30 BC. It should be noted that there are three women rulers... Map of Ancient Egypt List of Ancient Egyptian sites, throughout all of Egypt and Nubia Sites are listed with their classical name whenever possible, else their modern name and last if no other available their ancient name. ... The writing systems of ancient Egypt include: Egyptian hieroglyphs Cursive hieroglphs Hieratic Demotic the Coptic alphabet Other texts discovered in Egypt and dating to the period before Islam include those written in: the Greek alphabet the Latin alphabet the Cuneiform script the Old Persian cuneiform script Tifinagh the South Arabian... ... Egyptologist is the designation given to an archaeologist or historian who specialises in Egyptology, the scientific study of Ancient Egypt and its antiquities. ...