It has been suggested that Battle of Van be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

Van Resistance Վասպուրականի ապստամբությունը
Armenian troops holding a defense line against Turkish forces in the walled city of Van in May 1915.
Date April 19, 1915 - May 6, 1915 Location City of Van, vilâyet of Van Result Armenian victory
Combatants
Ottoman Army	Armenian residents of Van
Commanders
Jevdet Bey Rafael de Nogales	Armenak Yekarian Aram Manougian
Strength
5,000	1,500
Casualties
	55,000 civilians [1]

For air resistance of a van, please see Automotive aerodynamics. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... Background by April 1915, the Armenians had already donated their grains, their food, their warehouse supplies, money and men to the Ottoman war effort. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 464 pixel Image in higher resolution (1350 × 783 pixel, file size: 1. ... April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (127th in leap years). ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... Van (Armenian ) is a city in eastern Turkey and the seat of Van Province, and is located on the eastern shore of Lake Van. ... Ruins at the location of old city of Van. ... Image File history File links Ottoman_Flag. ... This article details the military of the Ottoman Empire. ... Van (Armenian ) is a city in eastern Turkey and the seat of Van Province, and is located on the eastern shore of Lake Van. ... Jevdet Bey was the governor of the Van vilayet of the Ottoman Empire during World War I and the Armenian Genocide. ... Rafael de Nogales was a Venezuelan mercenary who was an officer in the Ottoman Army in World War I. He directed artillery against Armenians during the Van Resistance. ... Aram Manougian Aram Manougian, (born:1879) or less known as Sarkis Hovanessian. He is also known as Aram of Van. He is an Armenian patriot and revolutionary who is credited as a political, military and spiritual leader of Armenian people. ... A van is a kind of vehicle used for transporting goods or groups of people. ... Automotive aerodynamics is the study of the aerodynamics of road vehicles. ...

The Resistance at Van (Armenian: Վասպուրականի ապստամբությունը) was an insurgency against the Ottoman Empire's attempts to liquidate its Armenian population. It was one of the few instances during the Armenian Genocide where Armenians, in an act of self-defense, fought against the Ottoman Empire's armed forces. Combatants Ottoman Empire Russian Empire Democratic Republic of Armenia Commanders Enver Pasha Vehip Pasha Kerim Pasha Mustafa Kemal Kazım Karabekir Kress von Kressenstein Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov Nikolai Yudenich Andranik Ozanian Drastamat Kanayan Garegin Njdeh Movses Silikyan Lionel Dunsterville The Caucasus Campaign was fought from 1914 until 1918 in the... Combatants Russia Ottoman Empire Commanders General Vorontsov General Yudenich Enver Pasha Strength 100,000 90,000 (plus aprox. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Background by April 1915, the Armenians had already donated their grains, their food, their warehouse supplies, money and men to the Ottoman war effort. ... Combatants Russia Ottoman Empire Casualties  ?  ? In the Battle of Koprukoy the Russians advance to Erzurum. ... Combatants Russia Ottoman Empire Commanders Nikolai Yudenich Karim Pasha Strength Russian Caucasus Army Turkish Third Army Casualties ? 25,000 dead or wounded, 9,000 prisoners The Erzurum Campaign was a modest Russian victory over the Turks along the Caucasus Front during World War I. the Erzurum campaign is often known... Combatants Russia Ottoman Empire Commanders Nikolai Yudenich Vehip Pasha Strength Russian Caucasus Army Turkish Third Army Casualties ? 34,000 The Battle of Erzincan was a Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. ... Combatants Russian Empire Ottoman Empire Commanders Tovmas Nazarbekian, Andranik Toros Ozanian Ali Çetinkaya, Mustafa Kemal Strength Russian Caucasus Army Third Army Battle of Bitlis was a battle between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I. The first conflict was in July 1915... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Democratic Republic of Armenia Commanders Vahib Pasha Movses Silikian Strength Third Army 100,000 [2] 40,000 Casualties 30,000 30,000 30,000 Armenian civilian casualties The Battle of Sardarabad was a battle of the Caucasus Campaign of World War I that took place in the... Combatants Ottoman Empire Democratic Republic of Armenia Commanders  ? Drastamat Kanayan Strength Third Army  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Battle of Bash Abaran was a battle of Caucasus Campaign of World War I that took place in the vicinity of Bash Abaran, in 1918. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Azerbaijan Democratic Republic British Empire United Kingdom Australia New Zealand Diktatura Tsentrokaspiya White Russians Commanders Nuri Pasha Lionel Dunsterville Strength 12,000 Ottoman and Azerbaijani troops of the Army of Islam. ... The US government and media was using the term insurgent as early as 1899 to describe rebels during the Philippine-American War, here Filipinos described as insurgents at the time lie in a trench after being executed by US forces. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish (official); spoken languages include Abkhazian, Adyghe, Albanian, Arabic, Aramaic, Armenian, Azerbaijani... Armenian Genocide photo. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish (official); spoken languages include Abkhazian, Adyghe, Albanian, Arabic, Aramaic, Armenian, Azerbaijani...

The fighting lasted from April 19, 1915 to May 6 of that year, when Russian forces relieved the beleaguered Armenian defenders. April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (127th in leap years). ...

Background

Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919-1920 were court martials of the Ottoman Empire after the armistice of Mudros during the aftermath the World War One, which the leadership of the Committee of Union and Progress and selected former officials had court-martial with/including the charges of subversion of the... Operation Nemesis is the Armenian Revolutionary Federation code-name for the covert operation in the 1920s to assassinate the Turkish masterminds of the Armenian Genocide. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire is direct consequence of the World War I with the Ottomans involvement in the Middle Eastern theatre. ... Turkish Denial: To have genocide denied is to die twice — An advertisement for the Armenian Genocide Commemoration Holiday on 24th April, 2006 posted in The Times newspaper. ...

History

During the late Ottoman period, Van was an important center of Armenian cultural, social, and economic life. Khrimian Hayrik established a printing press in Van, and thereafter launched Artsiv Vaspurakan (Eagle of Vaspourakan), which was the first periodical publication in Armenia. In 1885, the Armenakan party was established in the city of Van. Soonafter, the Hnchak and Dashnak parties established branshes in the city. Mkrtich Khrimian Mkrtich Khrimian (Armenian: Õ„Õ¯Ö€Õ¿Õ«Õ¹ Ô½Ö€Õ«Õ´Õ¥Õ¡Õ¶; b. ... The Ramgavar is an Armenian political party in Lebanon. ... Foundation: 1887 Founders: Avetis Nazarbekian, Mariam Vardanian, Gevorg Gharadjian, Ruben Khan-Azat, Christopher Ohanian, Gabriel Kafian and Manuel Manuelian Head: Setrag Ajemian Ideology: Socialism International alignment:  ? Colour: Red Seats:  ? Website: Partys Official Web Site The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (SDHP), also known as Hentchak, Henchak, Social-Democratic Hentchakists, Huntchakians... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: it is patent nonsense. ...

Hamidian Massacres

Main articles: Hamidian massacres and Defense of Van

Throughout 1895-96 Armenians in the Ottoman Empire suffered in a wave of violence commonly known as the Hamidian massacres. While Van largely avoided massacres in 1895, the Ottomans send a military expedition in June of 1896. Armenians were initially able to defend themselves in Van, but upon agreeing to disarm in exchange for safety, massacres continued, culminating in the death of over 20,000 Armenians. Contemporary political cartoon portraying Hamid as a butcher of the Armenians During the long reign of Sultan Hamid, unrest and rebellion occurred in many areas of the Ottoman Empire. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Armenakans, assisted by members of the Hunchak and Dashnak organizations The Defense of Van or Van revolt was a conflict between the Armenian population in the province of Van, and the Ottoman Empire in June, 1896. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (İstanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish (official); spoken languages include Abkhazian, Adyghe, Albanian, Arabic, Aramaic, Armenian, Azerbaijani... Contemporary political cartoon portraying Hamid as a butcher of the Armenians During the long reign of Sultan Hamid, unrest and rebellion occurred in many areas of the Ottoman Empire. ...

Despite this, Armenians continued to make up a relative majority of the population in what is today known as Eastern Anatolia or Western Armenia). According to Viscount Bryce, their numbers were between 1.8 and 2.1 million.^[2] In the Van province, they constituted an absolute majority over the combined Turkish and Kurdish population.^[3] Anatolia lies east of the Bosphorus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Anatolia or Anatolian Peninsula is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion, (Eastern) Thrace; tr:Trakya. ... now. ... Photograph of James Bryce James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce (1838-1922), was a British jurist, historian and politician, He was the son of James Bryce (LL.D. of Glasgow, who had a school in Belfast for many years), and was born at Belfast on May 10 1838. ...

Start of hostilities

Main articles: World War I and Battle of Sarikamish

With the start of hostilities against Russia in fall of 1914, the Ottoman Army under Enver Pasha embarked on an expedition north into Russian Armenia that led to the defeat at Sarıkamış in winter of 1914. However, this had not been the only defeat on the Caucasus front. “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Combatants Russia Ottoman Empire Commanders General Vorontsov General Yudenich Enver Pasha Strength 100,000 90,000 (plus aprox. ... Ismail Enver Ismail Enver, known to Europeans during his political career as Enver Pasha ( Istanbul, November 22, 1881 - August 4, 1922) was a military officer and a leader of the Young Turk revolution in the closing days of the Ottoman Empire. ... Eastern Armenia or Russian Armenia is the portion of Ottoman Armenia that was ceded to the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829. ... Sarıkamış (Armenian: Սարիկմիսհ (Latin transliteration: Sarikamish)) is a district of Kars Province of Turkey. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Russian Empire Democratic Republic of Armenia Commanders Enver Pasha Vehip Pasha Kerim Pasha Mustafa Kemal Kazım Karabekir Kress von Kressenstein Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov Nikolai Yudenich Andranik Ozanian Drastamat Kanayan Garegin Njdeh Movses Silikyan Lionel Dunsterville The Caucasus Campaign was fought from 1914 until 1918 in the...

Jevdet's reign of terror

The most important change prior to the start of the war had been the replacement of the more moderate Hassan Tahsin Pasha with Jevdet Bey, as the new governor of Van. Djevdet's extremism towards Armenians was more open. A man of dangerously unpredictable moods, friendly one moment, ferociously hostile the next, was capable of treacherous brutality.

Massacres in Persia

Main articles: Assyrian Genocide and Armenian Genocide

Map of the vilâyet of Van and Salmas district

To the south, Ottoman forces attacked Russian-occupied Persian Azerbaijan, and occupied its capital, Tabriz in January of 1915. There was a large non-Muslim population in this district, consisting of Armenians and Assyrians. Many fled with the retreating Russian army, in a horrible winter trek to the Russian border town of Julfa. Those that remained endured a grim period of looting and massacre; many villages were plundered and destroyed. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Armenian Genocide photo. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 460 × 600 pixels Full resolution (480 × 626 pixel, file size: 79 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Van Resistance User:Hetoum/Sandbox... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 460 × 600 pixels Full resolution (480 × 626 pixel, file size: 79 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Van Resistance User:Hetoum/Sandbox... Ruins at the location of old city of Van. ... This Sassanid relief is located near Salmas, and is believed to depict either Ardashir I or Shapur I. Salmas or Salamas (Persian: سلماس) is a district in West Azarbaijan Province of Iran. ... Iranian Azerbaijan or Iranian Azarbaijan (Persian: آذربایجان ایران; Āzārbāijān-e Irān), (Azeri: اذربایجان, c. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that Assyrian people be merged into this article or section. ... Map of Azerbaijan showing Julfa rayon Julfa is a city in northwestern Iran in the province of East Azarbaijan. ...

The Turks were thrown out of Tabriz on 30 January 1915, but remained in occupation of part of Persian Azerbaijan. A campaign to capture Khoi, 160 kilometres north-west of Tabriz, ensued, led by Djevdet Bey, brother-in-law of Enver. After an unsuccessful attempt, Djevdet ordered the cold-blooded killing of about 800 people – mostly old men, women and children – in the Salmas district (to the north-east of Lake Urmia) in early March. The Khoikhoi (men of men) or Khoi are a division of the Khoisan ethnic group of south-western Africa, closely related to the Bushmen (San). ... A kilometre (American spelling: kilometer) (symbol: km) is a unit of length equal to 1000 metres (from the Greek words khilia = thousand and metro = count/measure). ... This Sassanid relief is located near Salmas, and is believed to depict either Ardashir I or Shapur I. Salmas or Salamas (Persian: سلماس) is a district in West Azarbaijan Province of Iran. ...

The massacres continue in Van

Aram Manougian

Upon returning to Van, Jevdet "instigated a reign of terror in the outlying villages of the province on the pretext of searching for arms." In the process, the Turkish gendarmes indiscriminately murdered Armenians. ^[4] The Armenian leaders of Van in the meanwhile exhorted the people to endure in silence. "Better," they said, "that some villages be burned and destroyed unavenged than give the slightest pretext to the Moslems for a general massacre." Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Aram Manougian Aram Manougian, (born:1879) or less known as Sarkis Hovanessian. He is also known as Aram of Van. He is an Armenian patriot and revolutionary who is credited as a political, military and spiritual leader of Armenian people. ...

Local Armenian leaders Aram Manougian, Vramyan, Ishkhan, and Armenak Yekaryan told the Armenian population to remain loyal to the Ottoman government and not to antagonize it.^[5] On April 15, 1915, Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim, the German ambassador in Constantinople, reported "that the Armenians have given up their ideas of a revolution since the introduction of the Constitution and that there is no organization for such a revolt".^[6] Baron Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim (1859-1915) - German diplomat. ...

In mid-April of 1915, there was trouble in the village of Shadakh, not far from Van: a schoolmaster had been arrested, and there had been a local demonstration in his favour. At the request of Jevdet, several prominent Armenians from Van, led by Iskhan^[7], went to mediate the dispute. Accompanied by Turkish guards of honor, they stopped midway in a village, where a feast was prepared for them. Here, on April 16, Ishkhan and his Armenian companions were treacherously murdered at the orders of Jevdet bay.

In the meantime, the massacres under the pretexts of an arms search continued. In self defense and retaliation, Armenians attacked a Turkish patrol to Jevdet's anger. Alarmed, Armenians in Van requested Dr. Clarence Ussher, missionary and representative of the United States, to mediate between them and Jevdet. Djevdet attempted to violate the diplomatic immunity of Ussher's compound by trying to garrison 50 Turkish soldiers inside. It became clear to Ussher that mediation attempts would be futile.

Order of general massacre, defense begins

At the same time, Jevdet demanded that the city of Van furnish him 4,000 soldiers immediately under the pretexts of conscription. However, it was clear that his goals were to massacre the able bodied men of Van so as there would be no defenders, as he had done in the villages under the pretexts of arms searches, which had turned into massacres. ^[8]

The Armenians offered five hundred soldiers and to pay exemption money for the rest to buy time, however, Djevdet accused Armenians of "rebellion," and spoke of his determination to "crush" it at any cost. "If the rebels fire a single shot," he declared, "I shall kill every Christian man, woman, and" (pointing to his knee) "every child, up to here."

Digging trenches at Van

At the same time, the Turks had been constructing entrenchments around the Armenian quarter of Van and garrisoning them for some time. In response to this, the Armenians began to make preparations for a defense. They were protected by eighty manned and barricaded houses called teerks as well as walls and trenches.^[9] Image File history File links Van3. ... Image File history File links Van3. ... Closeup of a collection of blinker equipped barricades A barricade is any object or structure that creates a barrier or obstacle to control, block passage or force the flow of traffic in the desired direction. ...

On April 19, Jevdet issued an order throughout the Van province, which read: "The Armenians must be exterminated. If any Muslim protect a Christian, first, his house shall be burnt; then the Christian killed before his eyes, then his [the Muslim's] family and himself." ^[10]. On the same day, Turkish soldiers attacked all Armenian villages in the Van province. ^[11]

April, 20

On the following day, shots were heard to the east of the city. According to American ambassador Henry Morgenthau, on April 20, 1915 Ottoman soldiers seized an Armenian women who wanted to enter the city. Two Armenian men that came to help were later shot dead. Morgenthau would remark that this act lead to the Turkish military forces to open fire upon Van with artillery, effectively laying it under siege.^[12] There are two notable people called Henry Morgenthau, father and son: Henry Morgenthau, Sr. ... April 20 is the 110th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (111th in leap years). ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ...

For battle, Jevdet brought forth his self-proclaimed "kesab taburi," or butcher battalions, numbering some 5,000 men. ^[13] To counter them, the Armenian defenders had 1,500 able bodied riflemen who were supplied with 300 rifles and 1,000 pistols and antique weapons. The defenders were essentially protecting 30,000 residents and 15,000 refugees in an area of roughly one square kilometer of the Armenian Quarter and suburb of Aigestan. Jevdet earlier had allowed Armenian survivors from the villages, now refugees to enter the city through his lines as part of his strategy to subdue the defenders with more ease.

Defense of Van

After easily fighting off the initial assaults, the Armenian defenders of Van with the leadership of Aram of Van, established a local provisional government dealing with defense, provisions, and administration – and foreign relations, to ensure that the neutrality of foreign property was respected. Judges, police and health officials were appointed.^[14] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 462 pixels Full resolution (1800 × 1039 pixel, file size: 156 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Van Resistance User:Hetoum/Sandbox... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 462 pixels Full resolution (1800 × 1039 pixel, file size: 156 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Van Resistance User:Hetoum/Sandbox... Aram Manougian Aram Manougian, (born:1879) or less known as Sarkis Hovanessian. He is also known as Aram of Van. He is an Armenian patriot and revolutionary who is credited as a political, military and spiritual leader of Armenian people. ...

Their supply of ammunition was not great, so they were very sparing of it and employed all sorts of devices to draw the fire of the enemy and waste their ammunition. They also began to make bullets and cartridges, manufacturing 2,000 a day. The defenders also improvised mortars and barricades, and made use of anything they could find.

As part of their strategy, they also attacked the nearby Turkish barracks, but besides this, they did not take many offensive actions. Their numbers were too few, and they were only fighting for their homes and families. Their conflict was with Jevdet, not the Muslim population of the city at large. ^[15]

Russian relief

As food ran low, it soon became urgent to get a messenger out, to tell the Russians of their plight, and so several messengers with messages sewn in their garments were sent out. By the fourth week of the siege, the outlook was poor. Though enemy artillery was largely ineffectual, they had superiority in men and arms.

Then on Friday evening, 14 May, a group of ships sailed from Van, and more followed the next day. Turks were evacuating their women and children. On the 16th there was a bombardment of 46 shells to signal the retreat of Turkish units. When it came time to collect the dead, they numbered some 55,000.

The following day, Armenians had control of the entire town. Soon after, the advance guard of the Russian army, consisting of Armenian volunteers, arrived^[16]. Russian regular soldiers followed. Once General Nikolayev arrived he received the keys to the city and citadel and confirmed the Armenian provisional government in office, with Aram Manougian as governor. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Aram Manougian Aram Manougian, (born:1879) or less known as Sarkis Hovanessian. He is also known as Aram of Van. He is an Armenian patriot and revolutionary who is credited as a political, military and spiritual leader of Armenian people. ...

Aftermath

Setback, August 1915

Main articles: Battle of Malazgirt (1915) and Battle of Kara Killisse

However, this did not last long, and six weeks later, the Russian forces suffered reverses. In July, the Russian army moved from Van to the fortress town of Malazgirt in preparation for a new offensive into Anatolia. However, the Ottoman Army attacked the Russian Army at Malazgirt before the Russians could launch an offensive of their own. As a result of the defeat, the Russians had to evacuate Van. However, they offered to evacuate the Armenian population of Van, who followed the Russians in a harrowing trek to Russian territory north. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Battle of Kara Killisse was a battle of World War 1 Which took place in the town of Kara Killisse in 1915. ... Malazgirt (formerly also called Manzikert) is a town in Muş in eastern Turkey, with a population of 23 697 (year 2000) (??of 68 990). ... Anatolia and Europe Anatolia (Turkish: from Greek: Ανατολία - Anatolia) is a peninsula of Western Asia which forms the greater part of the Asian portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion (Thrace, or traditionally Rumelia). ...

After this, the Ottoman Army was in the city for roghly a month. However, they had to retread once more from defeats suffered on the field. Some Armenian residents returned to find a pillaged and destroyed town, and began to rebuild. For the next two years the front line moved farther west to Mush and Bitlis. The login screen from M*U*S*H, the centre of development for PennMUSH. A MUSH (sometimes said to be an abbreviation for Multi-User Shared Hack, Habitat, Holodeck, or Hallucination, though these are backronyms) is a text-based online social medium to which multiple users are connected at the... Bitlis is a city in Turkey, capital of Bitlis Province. ...

The last evacuation, 1918

The Russian Revolution of 1917 changed the situation in the region. The new provision government came to power and old order collapsed. Soon, with disintegration of the Russian Army and Ottoman offensives, the Armenian units of the Russian Army were forced to make a fighting withdrawal back east laden with terrified refugees. This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ...

Further southeast, in Van, the Armenians resisted the Turkish army until April 2, 1918, but were eventually forced to evacuate it and withdraw to Persia. The Azerbaijani Tatars sided with the Ottoman Empire and seized the lines of communication, thus cutting off the Armenian National Councils in Baku and Erevan from the National Council in Tiflis. Armenian National Council is a general term that might refer to Armenian National Council of Karabagh, Armenian National Council of Baku or Armenian National Council of Tiflis which all of them are united under Armenian Congress of Eastern Armenians. ... Municipality: Baku Area: 260 km² Altitude: -28 m Population: 2,074,300 census 2003 Population density: 1280 persons/km² Postal Code: AZ10 Area code: +99412 Municipality code: BA Latitude: 40° 23 N Longitude: 49° 52 E Mayor: Hajibala Abutalybov The Baku region. ... Yerevan (Armenian: Երեվան or Երևան; sometimes written as Erevan; former names include Erivan and Erebuni) (population: 1,201,539 (1989 census); 1,088,300 (2004 estimate)[1]) is the largest city and capital of Armenia. ... View of Tiflis from the Grounds of Saint David Church, ca. ...

Memorial to the battle

To commemorate the defenders of the battle a memorial was created during the 1970's in Soviet Armenia in Agarak. ^[17] State motto: Պրոլետարներ բոլոր երկրների, միացեք! (Workers of the world, unite!) Official language None. ... Agarak (Armenian: ) is a city (established in 1949, from 1954 - town) in Syunik province, Armenia. ...

Gallery

Defense of Van Image File history File links Size of this preview: 334 × 600 pixels Full resolution (1200 × 2155 pixel, file size: 210 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Van Resistance User:Hetoum/Sandbox...

See also

• Armenian Genocide
• Caucasus Campaign
• Ottoman Armenian population

Armenian Genocide photo. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Russian Empire Democratic Republic of Armenia Commanders Enver Pasha Vehip Pasha Kerim Pasha Mustafa Kemal Kazım Karabekir Kress von Kressenstein Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov Nikolai Yudenich Andranik Ozanian Drastamat Kanayan Garegin Njdeh Movses Silikyan Lionel Dunsterville The Caucasus Campaign was fought from 1914 until 1918 in the... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

References

HarperCollins is a publishing company owned by Rupert Murdochs News Corporation. ...

Bibliography

• Morgenthau, H. (1918) Ambassador Morgenthau's Story Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Company
• Accounts of Armenian survivors from Van.
• Bryce, V.(1916) The Treatement of Armenians on the Ottoman Empire. II Vilayet of Van. London: Couston & Sons Ltd.
• Walker, Christopher J.(1990) Armenia: The Survival of a Nation. London: Palgrave Macmillan
• Balakian, Peter (2004). The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-0605-5870-9.
• Hohanissian, Richard G. (1997) The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. New York. St. Martin's Press.
• Ussher, Clarence D.(1917), An American Physician in Turkey. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Company