Vanadium(V) oxide
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General
Systematic name	Vanadium(V) oxide
Other names	Vanadium pentoxide, vanadic anhydride, divanadium pentoxide
Molecular formula	V2O5
Molar mass	181.88 g/mol
Appearance	Orange-yellow crystalline solid.
CAS number	[1314-62-1]
Properties
Density and phase	3.357 g/cm³, solid
Solubility in water	0.8 g/100 mL (20°C)
in ethanol	Insoluble
Melting point	690°C (963 K)
Boiling point	1750°C (2020 K)
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
EU classification	Toxic (T)
R-phrases	R20, R22, R37, R48 R23, R51, R53
S-phrases	S36, S37, S38, S45, S61
NFPA 704
Flash point	Non-flammable
Structure
Coordination geometry	?
Crystal structure	?
Supplementary data page
Structure & properties	n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Related compounds
Other anions	Vanadium(III) sulfide
Other cations	Vanadium(IV) oxide Niobium(V) oxide Titanium(IV) oxide Chromium trioxide
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Vanadium(V) oxide (V₂O₅), commonly known as vanadium pentoxide, is the most important compound of vanadium. Upon heating it can reversibly lose oxygen to the air. Related to this ability, V₂O₅ catalyses the aerobic oxidation of sulfur dioxide, benzene and naphthalene, which is the basis for its industrial production of sulfuric acid, maleic anhydride, and phthalic anhydride, respectively. It is a poisonous orange solid which, because of its high oxidation state, is both an amphoteric oxide and an oxidising agent. Unlike most metal oxides, it is slightly soluble in water. IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a chemical element or chemical compound. ... 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The refractive index (or index of refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves) is reduced inside the medium. ... The relative dielectric constant of a material under given conditions is a measure of the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. ... Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy or Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV/ VIS) involves the spectroscopy of photons (spectrophotometry). ... Infrared spectroscopy (IR Spectroscopy) is the subset of spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. ... It has been suggested that NMR Data Processing be merged into this article or section. ... Mass spectrometry (also known as mass spectroscopy (deprecated)[1] or in common speech mass-spec) is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. ... “Multivalent” redirects here. ... “Multivalent” redirects here. ... Vanadium(IV) oxide Categories: | | ... Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO2. ... In chemistry, chromic acid (or Jones reagent) is a chromium (Cr) compound, yet to be isolated, that would have the formula H2CrO4. ... In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals) and 25 degrees Celsius (298. ... An inorganic compound is a chemical compound that is not an organic compound. ... General Name, Symbol, Number vanadium, V, 23 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 5, 4, d Appearance silver-grey metal Atomic mass 50. ... Sulfur dioxide (or Sulphur dioxide) has the chemical formula SO2. ... Benzene, also known as benzol, is an organic chemical compound with the formula C6H6. ... Naphthalene (not to be confused with naphtha) (also known as naphthalin, naphthaline, tar camphor, white tar, albocarbon, or naphthene), is a crystalline, aromatic, white, solid hydrocarbon, best known as the primary ingredient of mothballs. ... Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ... R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , , Flash point 102 °C RTECS number UE5950000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , , , Flash point 152 °C RTECS number TI3150000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... The skull and crossbones symbol traditionally used to label a poisonous substance. ... In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. ... In chemistry, an amphoteric substance is one that can react with either an acid or base (more generally, the word describes something made of, or acting like, two components). ... Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for oxidation/reduction reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... Solubility refers to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. ...

Chemical properties

In this compound, like all others having the vanadium(V) designation, the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state. All of the oxygen atoms in the compound are in the -2 oxidation state. Vanadium(V) oxide dissolves slightly in water to give an acidic solution, though it is an amphoteric oxide. Thus it reacts with strong non-reducing acids to form solutions containing the pale yellow dioxovanadium(V) ion: General Name, Symbol, Number vanadium, V, 23 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 5, 4, d Appearance silver-grey metal Atomic mass 50. ... In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Properties In chemistry and physics, an atom (Greek ἄτομος or átomos meaning indivisible) is the smallest particle still characterizing a chemical element. ... This article describes water from a scientific and technical perspective. ... In chemistry, an amphoteric substance is one that can react with either an acid or base (more generally, the word describes something made of, or acting like, two components). ...

V₂O₅ + 2 HNO₃ → 2 VO₂(NO₃) + H₂O

Thionyl chloride converts it to VOCl₃: The chemical compound nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen nitrate (anhydrous nitric acid). ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , Flash point non flammable Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Flash point  ? °C R/S statement R: S: RTECS number YW2975000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...

V₂O₅(s) + 3 SOCl₂(l) → 2 VOCl₃(l) + 3 SO₂(g)

It also reacts with strong alkali to form polyoxovanadates, which have a complex structure that depends on pH^[1]. If excess aqueous sodium hydroxide is used, the product is a colourless salt, sodium metavanadate, Na₃VO₄. If acid is slowly added to a solution of Na₃VO₄, the colour gradually deepens through orange to red before brown hydrated V₂O₅ precipitates around pH 2. These solutions contain mainly the ions HVO₄²⁻ and V₂O₇⁴⁻ between pH 9 and 13, but below pH 9 more exotic species such as V₄O₁₂⁴⁻ and HV₁₀O₂₈⁵⁻ predominate. For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , Flash point non flammable Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... A liquid will usually assume the shape of its container A liquid is one of the main states of matter. ... Flash point  ? °C R/S statement R: S: RTECS number YW2975000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... A liquid will usually assume the shape of its container A liquid is one of the main states of matter. ... Sulfur dioxide (or Sulphur dioxide) has the chemical formula SO2. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... In chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: al-qalyالقلوي, القالي ) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkali earth metal element. ... The correct title of this article is . ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye or caustic soda, is a caustic metallic base. ... A magnified crystal of a salt (halite/sodium chloride) Salt covering the floor of Bad Water in Death Valley, CA, the lowest point in the US. A salt, in chemistry, is any ionic compound composed of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negative ions) so that the product is neutral... Sodium vanadate is a yellow solid which is soluble in water. ...

V₂O₅ is easily reduced in acidic media to the stable vanadium(IV) species, the blue vanadyl ion (VO(H₂O)₅²⁺). This conversion illustrates the redox properties of V₂O₅. For example, hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid are oxidised to the corresponding halogen, e.g., The vanadyl cation, VO2+ The vanadyl or oxovanadium(IV) cation, [VO]2+, is a blue-coloured vanadium oxocation. ... Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for oxidation/reduction reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... The chemical compound hydrochloric acid is the aqueous (water-based) solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into hydrogen bromide. ... The halogens or halogen elements are a series of nonmetal elements from Group 17 (old-style: VII or VIIA; Group 7 IUPAC Style) of the periodic table, comprising fluorine, F, chlorine, Cl, bromine, Br, iodine, I, and astatine, At. ...

V₂O₅(s) + 6 HCl + 7 H₂O → 2 [VO(H₂O)₅]²⁺ + 4 Cl⁻ + Cl₂

Solid V₂O₅ is reduced by oxalic acid, CO, and SO₂ to give vanadium(IV) oxide, VO₂ as a deep-blue solid. Further reduction using hydrogen or excess CO can lead to complex mixtures of oxides such as V₄O₇ and V₅O₉ before black V₂O₃ is reached. Vanadates or vanadyl(V) compounds in acid solution are reduced by zinc amalgam through the interestingly colorful pathway - For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and are also called chlorides. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... Oxalic acid (IUPAC name: ethanedioic acid, formula C2H2O4) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure (HOOC)-(COOH). ... Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ... Sulfur dioxide (or Sulphur dioxide) has the chemical formula SO2. ... Vanadium(IV) oxide Categories: | | ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ...

yellow VO_{3^{- and VO2+ → blue VO2+ → green V3+ → purple V2+}}

_^Preparation

^{_{Technical grade V2O5 is produced as a black powder used for the production of vanadium metal and ferrovanadium. [1] A vanadium ore or vanadium-rich residue is treated with sodium carbonate to produce sodium metavanadate, NaVO3. This is then acidified to pH 2-3 using H2SO4 to yield a precipitate of "red cake" (see above). The red cake is then melted at 690°C to produce the crude V2O5.}} General Name, Symbol, Number vanadium, V, 23 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 5, 4, d Appearance silver-grey metal Atomic mass 50. ... Ferroalloy refers to various alloys of less than 50 percent iron and one or more other element, manganese or silicon for example. ... Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. ... Sodium vanadate is a yellow solid which is soluble in water. ... Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ...

Vanadium(V) oxide is also the main product when vanadium metal is heated with excess oxygen, but this product is contaminated with other lower oxides. A more satisfactory laboratory preparation involves the decomposition of ammonium metavanadate at around 200 °C: General Name, Symbol, Number vanadium, V, 23 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 5, 4, d Appearance silver-grey metal Atomic mass 50. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Ammonium vanadate is a yellow crystalline solid soluble in water and is the most common laboratory vanadate reagent (potassium vanadate is used a lot too). ...

2 NH₄VO₃ → V₂O₅(s) + 2 NH₃ + H₂O

For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. ...

Uses

The most important use of vanadium(V) oxide is in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, an important industrial chemical with an annual production of 145 million tonnes in 1986.^[1] Vanadium(V) serves the crucial purpose of catalysing the mildly exothermic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide by air in the contact process: Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... In chemistry, an exothermic reaction is one that releases heat . ... Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for oxidation/reduction reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... “SO3” redirects here. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

2 SO₂ + O₂ → 2 SO₃

The discovery of this simple reaction, for which V₂O₅ is the most effective catalyst, allowed sulfuric acid to become the cheap commodity chemical it is today. The reaction is performed between 400 and 620 °C; below 400 °C the V₂O₅ is inactive as a catalyst, and above 620 °C; it begins to break down. Since it is known that V₂O₅ can be reduced to VO₂ by SO₂, one likely catalytic cycle is as follows: General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale (previously known as the centigrade scale). ...

SO₂ + V₂O₅(s) → SO₃(g) + 2 VO₂(s) followed by

2 VO₂(s) + ¹/₂ O₂(g) → V₂O₅

Paradoxically, it is also used as catalyst in the selective catalytic reduction of NO_x emissions in some power plants. Due to its effectiveness in converting sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide, and thereby sulfuric acid, special care must be taken with the operating temperatures and placement of a power plant's SCR unit when firing sulfur-containing fuels. Vanadium(IV) oxide Categories: | | ... Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR): Gaseous or liquid ammonia is added to the flue gas stream and is absorbed onto a catalyst. ... The term nitrogen oxide is a general term and can be used to refer to any of these oxides (oxygen compounds) of nitrogen, or to a mixture of them: Nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen(II) oxide Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O) (Nitrous oxide) Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) Dinitrogen... A power station (also power plant) is a facility for the generation of electric power. ...

Maleic anhydride is another important industrial material, used for the manufacture of polyester resins and alkyd resins.^[6] Vanadium(V) oxide can catalyse its production from a variety of organic starting materials such as n-butane, furfural and benzene, the last of which is the usual commercial method. In a related process, phthalic anhydride, used for making plasticisers for PVC manufacture, may be produced by V₂O₅ catalysed oxidation of ortho-xylene or naphthalene at 350-400°C. R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , , Flash point 102 °C RTECS number UE5950000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... SEM picture of a bend in a high surface area polyester fiber with a seven-lobed cross section Polyester is a category of polymers, or, more specifically condensation polymers, which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. ... Glycerin, also well known as glycerine and glycerol, and less commonly as 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane, glyceritol, and glycyl alcohol is a colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, and sweet-tasting viscous liquid. ... Butane, also called n-butane, is the unbranched alkane with four carbon atoms, CH3CH2CH2CH3. ... The chemical compound furfural is an industrial chemical derived from a variety of agricultural byproducts, including corncobs, oat and wheat bran, and sawdust. ... Benzene, also known as benzol, is an organic chemical compound with the formula C6H6. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , , , Flash point 152 °C RTECS number TI3150000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Plasticizers are plastic additives, most commonly phthalates, that give plastics flexibility and durability. ... Polyvinyl chloride Polyvinyl chloride, (IUPAC Polychloroethene) commonly abbreviated PVC, is a widely used thermoplastic polymer. ... The term xylenes refers to a group of 3 benzene derivatives which encompasses ortho-, meta-, and para- isomers of dimethyl benzene. ... Naphthalene (not to be confused with naphtha) (also known as naphthalin, naphthaline, tar camphor, white tar, albocarbon, or naphthene), is a crystalline, aromatic, white, solid hydrocarbon, best known as the primary ingredient of mothballs. ...

In terms of quantity, the major use for vanadium(V) oxide is in the production of ferrovanadium (see above). The oxide is heated with scrap iron and aluminium, producing the iron-vanadium alloy along with alumina as a by-product. In 2005 a shortage of V₂O₅ caused a price rise to around $40/kg, which in turn caused a rise in the price of ferrovanadium. Ferroalloy refers to various alloys of less than 50 percent iron and one or more other element, manganese or silicon for example. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 26. ... Aluminium oxide (or aluminum oxide) (Al2O3) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen. ...

Due to its high thermal coefficient of resistance, vanadium(V) oxide finds use as a detector material in bolometers and microbolometer arrays for thermal imaging. Rendition of an imaging bolometer from Los Alamos National Laboratory A bolometer is a device for measuring incident electromagnetic radiation. ... A Microbolometer is a specific type of bolometer used as a detector in a thermal camera. ... Thermography can refer to a printing process and a imaging process. ...

Possible new uses include the preparation of bismuth vanadate ceramics for use in solid oxide fuel cells.^[7] A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i. ...

Biological activity

Despite being highly toxic in humans, vanadium occurs in nature for example in enzymes such as vanabins. Vanadate (VO₄³⁻), formed when V₂O₅ is dissolved in water at alkaline pH, appears to inhibit enzymes that process phosphate (PO₄³⁻). However the exact mode of action remains elusive.^[1] General Name, Symbol, Number vanadium, V, 23 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 5, 4, d Appearance silver-grey metal Atomic mass 50. ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = blend) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ... Vanabins (also known as vanadium-associated proteins or vanadium chromagen) are a class of metalloproteins containing vanadium. ...

Precautions

Vanadium(V) oxide is toxic.

See also

• VH: vanadium(I) hydride
• V₂H: vanadium hydride

Fluorides

• VF₂: vanadium(II) fluoride
• VF₃: vanadium(III) fluoride
• VF₄: vanadium(IV) fluoride
• VF₅: vanadium(V) fluoride

Chlorides This article lacks information on the importance of the subject matter. ... This article lacks information on the importance of the subject matter. ...

• VCl₂: vanadium(II) chloride
• VCl₃: vanadium(III) chloride
• VCl₄: vanadium(IV) chloride

Bromides Vanadium(II) chloride is VCl2. ... Vanadium trichloride is VCl3. ... Vanadium tetrachloride is the chemical compound with the formula VCl4. ...

• VBr₂: vanadium(II) bromide
• VBr₃: vanadium(III) bromide
• VBr₄: vanadium(IV) bromide

Iodides Vanadium(III) bromide, also known as vanadium tribromide, is VBr3. ...

• VI₂: vanadium(II) iodide
• VI₃: vanadium(III) iodide
• VI₄: vanadium(IV) iodide

Oxides

• VO: vanadium(II) oxide
• VO₂: vanadium(IV) oxide
• V₂O₃: vanadium(III) oxide
• V₂O₅: vanadium(V) oxide
• V₃O₅: vanadium oxide

Sulfides Vanadium(II) oxide Categories: | | ... Vanadium(IV) oxide Categories: | | ... Vanadium(III) oxide Categories: | | ... Vanadium oxide is a compund molecule of two Vanadium atoms and five Oxygen molecules(V2O5) Category: ...

• VS₂: vanadium(IV) sulphide
• V₂S₃: vanadium(III) sulphide

Selenides

• VSe₂: vanadium(IV) selenide

Tellurides

• VTe₂: vanadium(IV) telluride

Nitrides

• VN: vanadium(III) nitride

Carbonyls This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

• V(CO)₆: vanadium(O) carbonyl

References

1. N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1997.
2. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.
3. The Merck Index, 7th edition, Merck & Co, Rahway, New Jersey, USA, 1960.
4. D. Nicholls, Complexes and First-Row Transition Elements, Macmillan Press, London, 1973.
5. A. F. Wells, 'Structural Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1984.
6. Basic Organic Chemistry: Part 5, Industrial Products, J.M. Tedder, A. Nechvatal, A.H. Tubb (editors), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK (1975).
7. B. Vaidhyanathan, K. Balaji, K. J. Rao, Microwave-Assisted Solid-State Synthesis of Oxide Ion Conducting Stabilized Bismuth Vanadate Phases, Chem. Mater., 10, 3400, (1998).DOI:10.1021/cm980092f

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

• Links to external chemical sources