 A conduction-style vaporizer from the 1970s. The material to be vaporized is placed on the electrically heated metal plate in the center. The vapors are contained in the glass bell and inhaled through the plastic tube in the foreground. A vaporizer (or vaporiser) is a device used to release the active ingredients of plant material, commonly cannabis, or tobacco, or to release therapeutic compounds from herbs (phyto-inhalation; see also: aromatherapy). Vaporizing is an alternative to smoking. Rather than burning the herb, which produces numerous harmful by-products, a vaporizer heats the material, ideally to 180°C (356°F), so that the active compounds contained in the plant melt, causing a phase change of the matter, which is now an aromatic vapor. This new gas is not smoke from combustion, but an evaporated vapor that has the appearance of smoke. This vapor ideally contains virtually zero particulate matter (tar) and reduced noxious gases such as carbon monoxide. Vapors may be filtered and cooled further using a water pipe or an inline water/ice attachment. The vapors are then inhaled directly; through a hose or pipe, or are then stored for subsequent inhalations in container such as a "dome" or "balloon". With little to no smoke produced, cooler temperatures, and less material required to achieve the same effect, the irritating/harmful effects of smoking are greatly reduced or eliminated along with second hand smoke by using a vaporizer. This makes vaporizers useful in places where there are public bans on smoking. It is rumored to have been invented by the Serbian physicist Nikola Tesla A humidifier is a household appliance that increases humidity (moisture) in a single room or in the entire home. ...
An anaesthetic vaporiser is a device generally attached to an anaesthetic machine which delivers a given concentration of a volatile anaesthetic agent. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1573x2315, 414 KB) A low end (~€60, ~$75) conduction style vaporizer for marijuana or similar uses. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1573x2315, 414 KB) A low end (~€60, ~$75) conduction style vaporizer for marijuana or similar uses. ...
For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ...
Cannabis, also known as marijuana[1] or ganja (Hindi: गांजा),[2] is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa. ...
Shredded tobacco leaf for pipe smoking Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. ...
Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine that uses volatile liquid plant materials, known as essential oils (EOs), and other aromatic compounds from plants for the purpose of affecting a persons mood or health. ...
Cannabis smoking is the process of inhaling the smoke created by burning cannabis, mostly either the flowering buds of, or hashish, a preparation of, the cannabis plant. ...
This article is about the chemical reaction combustion. ...
This article is about the chemical use. ...
Tar is the common name for the resinous partially combusted particulate matter produced by the burning of tobacco, cannabis, and other plant material in the act of smoking. ...
Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ...
Tobacco smoke used to fill the air of Irish pubs before the smoking ban came into effect on March 29, 2004 Passive smoking is the involuntary inhalation of smoke from tobacco products. ...
This is a list of smoking bans by country. ...
Nikola Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: ) (10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer. ...
Medical implications
The shortcomings of smoked cannabis have been widely viewed as a major obstacle for the approval of medical marijuana. In response, several scientific studies have tried to establish whether vaporizers could offer a clinically reliable and safe method of cannabis use. Though vaporizers show great variations of performance, model to model, such studies have always found vaporization superior to smoking. When using high-end vaporizers along with high grade cannabis (containing elevated levels of THC), all undesired compounds are found to be eliminated, in a manner consistent enough for clinical trials.[citation needed] In comparison to other THC delivery methods such as ingestion, vaporization offers the advantages of: rapid onset, direct delivery into the bloodstream, and the possibility to gradually increase delivery until the desired level is reached; enabling for more effective self-dosage. A catalog page offering Cannabis sativa extract. ...
The acronym THC has several possible meanings: Teens Hate Chains, a Japanese singing group Tetrahydrocannabinol, the main active ingredient in Cannabis Tetrahydrocurcuminoids, extracted from Turmeric as an active ingredient in cosmetics Texas Historical Commission Therapeutic Humane Cannabis Act Thermohaline circulation The History Channel Terminal Handling Charges This page concerning a...
Types
Cannabis after vaporization Vaporizers are available in many varieties and price ranges. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2200x1412, 3933 KB) Author: Bradley Grillo Date created: June 2006 Source: Friend Rights: Free to the public I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2200x1412, 3933 KB) Author: Bradley Grillo Date created: June 2006 Source: Friend Rights: Free to the public I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Simple vaporizers commonly use a lighter as heat source. A lighter is a portable device used to create a flame. ...
Precise vaporizers use an electric heating element, often featuring a temperature control. High-end models may cost from one to several hundred dollars.
Broadly, vaporizers may be classified by how they heat the substance:
- By conduction
- By convection
- By radiation
In conduction heating, the substance is placed on a metal plate that is then heated to release the active constituents. The direct contact between hot metal and the herbs can cause them to burn; thus this is not a preferred approach and is rarely used in modern vaporizer designs.
In convection heating, the substance itself never touches a heating element. Instead, hot air passes through it, heating it rapidly, and allowing the release of the active constituents. This method of heating releases more active constituents than conduction heating, especially if the extraction chamber utilizes Venturi effect design.[citation needed] A Venturi meter is shown in a diagram, the pressure in 1 conditions is higher than 2, and the relationship between the fluid speed in 2 and 1 respectively, is the same as for pressure. ...
In radiation heating, the substance is subjected to bright light. The substance absorbs radiant energy and its temperature raises.
Many convection vaporizers use a tube (called a "Whip") that is held to the heat source, through which the user inhales the vapors. Some vaporizers have a bag or balloon attachment; vapor is blown into the bag, and the user detaches the bag and inhales the contents.
Another important classification for vaporizers includes the type of materials used in the heating element, the extraction chambers, and delivery means. Most common "wood box and whip" type vaporizers use a heating element with a glass extraction chamber and plastic or rubber tubing for delivery. This is a very effective approach; however, there are concerns about off-gassing depending on what materials were used in the construction. Certain vaporizers utilize a heating chamber completely separated from all electronics. Some companies, are now using a higher-grade plastic hose while the makers of the higher end vaporizers have opted for a silicone hose. A high end vaporizer made in Germany, uses an aluminum heat exchanger and a food grade plastic bag (known as a "zeppelin") for storage and delivery.
Health and medical use Regardless of the benefits of medical cannabis, the widely perceived health risks of smoking as a route of administration have been viewed as a major obstacle for the legal approval of cannabis for medical uses, though some studies indicate that the expectorant activity of THC may help the lungs remove much of the inhaled tar through coughing. [1] In response to the concerns, several studies have aimed to establish whether or not vaporizers could offer a clinically reliable and safe route of administration for cannabis. Though vaporizers show great variations in performance, such studies have consistently found vaporization superior to smoking and with best case (high-end vaporizers used with potent cannabis) results showing an elimination of undesired compounds suitable for clinical trials.[citation needed] In comparison to other routes of administering cannabis such as eating, vaporization offers the advantages of inhalation - immediate delivery into the bloodstream, rapid onset of effect, and more precise titration, the ability to more accurately control the dosage to produce a desired effect. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 260 KB) Summary Vapor-Bong After Use Of Legally Obtained Medicinal Herbs. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 260 KB) Summary Vapor-Bong After Use Of Legally Obtained Medicinal Herbs. ...
A catalog page offering Cannabis sativa extract. ...
This article is about volumetric titration. ...
Scientific studies At least five scientific studies have examined vaporizers. Studies have found the release of harmful constituents dramatically reduced[2] or completely eliminated.[3] Substantial reductions were also found for the M1-volatizer.[4] However, a 1996 study[5] including two simple vaporizers still found ten times more tar in the vapor than THC, although this was nevertheless up to a 30% improvement compared to the best alternative smoking method.
In 2007, a study by University of California, San Francisco published in the Official Journal of the American Academy of Neurology[6] examined the effectiveness of a vaporizer that heats cannabis to a temperature between 180°C (356°F) and 200°C (392°F) degrees and found: The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) is one of the worlds leading centers of health sciences research, patient care, and education. ...
| “ | Using CO as an indicator, there was virtually no exposure to harmful combustion products using the vaporizing device. Since it replicates smoking's efficiency at producing the desired THC effect using smaller amounts of the active ingredient as opposed to pill forms, this device has great potential for improving the therapeutic utility of THC | ” | In 2006, a study performed by researchers at Leiden University, tested a Volcano Vaporizer with preparations of pure THC and found that:[3] Leiden University, located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands[1]. It is a member of the Coimbra Group, the Europaeum and the League of European Research Universities. ...
| “ | Our results show that a safe and effective cannabinoid delivery system seems to be available to patients. The final pulmonal uptake of THC is comparable to the smoking of cannabis, while avoiding the respiratory disadvantages of smoking. | ” | When using plant material (crude flower tops), besides THC, several other cannabinoids as well as a range of other plant components including terpenoids were detected in the plant material. However, using pure THC in the Volcano Vaporizer, no degradation products (delta-8-THC (D8-THC), cannabinol (CBN), or unknown compounds) were detected by HPLC analysis. Also, a substantially larger fraction of the THC was delivered to the vapor by using pure THC. Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which activate the bodys cannabinoid receptors. ...
Many terpenes are derived from conifer resins, here a pine. ...
Cannabinol, also known as CBN, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ...
High-performance liquid chromatography (or High pressure liquid chromatography, HPLC) is a form of column chromatography used frequently in biochemistry and analytical chemistry to separate, identify, and quantify compounds. ...
Analysis of the vapor from the Volcano Vaporizer found that using multiple passes it delivered 36% - 61% of the THC in the sample.[2] A more recent study using pure cannabinoid preparations achieved a maximum of 54%.[3] For comparison, studies of cannabis cigarettes smoked via a smoking machine under varying conditions of puff duration and air speed found very similar efficiencies of 34% to 61%. Consequently, users can achieve the desired effect with a similar amount of material as when smoking.
In a 2001 study testing a device called the M1 Volatizer,[4] the researchers found that "it is possible to vaporize medically active THC by heating marijuana to a temperature short of the point of combustion, thereby eliminating or substantially reducing harmful smoke toxins that are normally present in marijuana smoke." The M1 Volatizer, produced THC at a temperature of 185°C (365°F), while eliminating three measured combustion products, benzene, toluene and naphthalene. Carbon monoxide and smoke tars were also reduced, but not quantified. Benzene, or Benzol (see also Benzine), is an organic chemical compound and a known carcinogen with the molecular formula C6H6. ...
Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. ...
R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , , Flash point 79 - 87 °C Autoignition temperature 525 °C Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Naphthalene (not to be confused with naphtha) (also known as naphthalin, naphthaline, moth ball, tar...
Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ...
Tar can be produced from corn stalks by heating in a microwave. ...
These positive results are in contrast to MAPS/NORML's previous studies into vaporizers which found less encouraging results, leading one to the conclusion that the effectiveness of vaporization varies greatly from vaporizer to vaporizer. See Factors affecting vaporizer output for possible causes of variation. See map for the navigational aid The acronym MAPS could refer to: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies Mail Abuse Prevention System Multi-jurisdictional Automated Preclearance System Mid-Atlantic Percussion Society Medical Advanced Pain Specialists Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship Multidisciplinary Academic PerspectiveS Metropolitan Area ProjectS Category: ...
The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws or NORML (pronounced normal) is a US-based non-profit corporation founded in 1970 to, according to their most recent mission statement, move public opinion sufficiently to achieve the repeal of marijuana prohibition so that the responsible use of cannabis by...
Not to be confused with humidifier. ...
A 1996 MAPS study[5] tested two simple vaporizer models against water pipes and filtered and unfiltered cannabis cigarettes (joints). The smoke produced by each was analyzed for solid particulates (tars) and 3 major cannabinoids. The various smoking methods were then rated based on their cannabinoid-to-tar ratio. The two tested vaporizers performed up to 25% better than unfiltered cannabis cigarettes (second best) in terms of tar delivery. However, both vaporizers produced more than ten times more tars than cannabinoids, which may partly be attributable to the low potency (2.3%) of the NIDA-supplied cannabis used in the study. Surprisingly, the same study found that water pipes (bongs) and filtered cigarettes performed 30% worse than regular, unfiltered joints. The reason was that waterpipes and filters filter out psychoactive THC with the tars, thereby requiring users to smoke more to reach their desired effect. The study did not, however, rule out the possibility that waterpipes could have other benefits, such as filtering out harmful gases such as carbon monoxide. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Nida may have one of the following meanings. ...
For information on pipes used to transfer water and fluids, see plumbing and pipeline transport. ...
These studies have not measured the presence of toxic gases, such as ammonia, hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide, though previous studies have indicated unquantified decreases in carbon monoxide with vaporization. For other uses, see Ammonia (disambiguation). ...
R-phrases , , , , . S-phrases , , , , , , , , . Flash point −17. ...
Although vaporizers produce cleaner vapors than smoking, they do not completely eliminate respiratory irritation. A puff of strong vaporized cannabis will occasionally cause coughing. This however, could be due to THC itself, which is known to have a strong expectorant effect.
Extraction and delivery capabilities The wide range of results from tests of different vaporizers suggest that the choice of vaporizer is a major factor in determining extraction and delivery efficiency as well as the amount of harmful byproducts produced, or not produced, as in the case of a superior system. In Cannabis, and many other medicinal plants, the components responsible for the aromatic nature of the plant will often vaporize at a low-end temperature in the range of extraction temperature values for all the bioactive components. In Cannabis, the temperature range across which the actives will vaporize is at least 56°C (132°F) starting at around 127°C (260°F) where only aromatic compounds of minimal bioactivity will release and going all the way up to 200°C (392°F) with the higher end of this range representing where the cannabinoids of higher bioactivity appear to be released. It is believed that both the total amount of actives delivered as well as the breadth of spectrum delivered per inhalation is critical in determining the value of the delivered dose and, in turn, systems that deliver the highest amount of actives and broadest spectrum of actives per inhalation are believed to be the most effective for medicinal applications: i.e. venturi enhanced extraction / convection based systems.
Proposed factors affecting output include:[2][3]
- Temperature
- Specimen density
- Weight, content of water and essential oils
- Consistency of material in the filling chamber
- Variety and potency of cannabis used
- Different preparations such as crude flowertops, hashish, hash oil, etc.
- Storage time of the vapor
- Proportion of THC exhaled (breathing technique)
Not all those have been scientifically tested. Research using the vaporizer found the delivery efficiency highest at around 226°C (439°F), falling to about half efficiency at 150°C (302°F) to 180°C (356°F) degrees depending on material.[3] The purest preparations produced the highest efficiencies, about 54% for pure THC versus 29% for plant material (female flowertops) with 12% THCA content. Besides THC, several other cannabinoids as well as a range of other plant components including terpenoids were detected in the plant material. Using pure THC in the Volcano Vaporizer, no degradation products (delta-8-THC (D8-THC), cannabinol (CBN), or unknown compounds were detected by HPLC analysis.[3] Hashish Hashish (from Arabic: , lit. ...
Hash oil is a solution of tetrahydrocannabinol, but is a misnomer in suggesting any resemblance to hashish. ...
The longer vapor is stored, the more of the THC is lost as it condenses on the surface of the vaporizer or the balloon. This loss may be negligible over a few minutes but may exceed 50% after 90 minutes.[3]
Interestingly, the Leiden Univsersity study [3] found that as much as 30%–40% of inhaled THC was not absorbed by the lungs and simply exhaled. However, they did not find large individual differences in the amounts exhaled.
Byproducts of vaporized cannabis "Re-Dope" Unlike the black ashes produced by burning plants, the byproducts of vaporization are usually brown. The vaporized remains of cannabis may still contain THC or any number of the other 60 cannabinoids found in the plant that may not be vaporizable. It is possible to extract these cannabinoids using a number of methods, including cooking, making a tincture, or re-vaporizing. It is also possible to smoke these remains and gain a mild psychoactive effect, but the negative health effects typically leave this option as a last resort for someone seeking a high. Some of the slang terms used to refer to the vaporized remains of cannabis include: ReDope ,Spent, Phil, Reburn, Duff, Revap, Post Roast, Gak, Eva Brown, Mary Brown, Vapoo, Vapor poo, Vaped Chron, or Vaped Bud. When scraped off, the resin buildup within a vaporizer, known as Scrapings, can also be re-vaporized for a potent effect.
References - ^ [1]
- ^ a b c Cannabis Vaporizer Combines Efficient Delivery of THC with Effective Suppression of Pyrolytic Compounds By D. Gieringer et.al. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, Vol. 4(1) 2004, [2]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Evaluation of a Vaporizing Device (Volcano Vaporizer) for the Pulmonary Administration of Tetrahydrocannabinol. By A. HAZEKAMP, R. RUHAAK, et.al. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, VOL. 95, NO. 6, JUNE 2006 abstract
- ^ a b Cannabis Vaporization: A Promising Strategy for Smoke Harm Reduction. By D. Gieringer, published in Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics Vol. 1#3-4: 153-70 (2001) Summary.
- ^ a b Marijuana Water Pipe and Vaporizer Study. By D. Gieringer. Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies MAPS - Volume 6 Number 3 Summer 1996 [3]
- ^ "Marijuana Vaporizer Provides Same Level Of THC, Fewer Toxins, Study Shows", Official Journal of the American Academy of Neurology (summarized by Science Daily), 05-16-2007. Retrieved on 2007-06-06.
Science Daily is an online news source. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
See also This article is about health issues and the effects of cannabis. ...
Alcohol without liquid (AWOL) is a process introduced first in Asia and Europe that allows people to take in liquor without actually consuming liquid. ...
External links | Cannabis resources | | | General | | | | Preparations | | | | Use | | | | Strains | | | | Oral consumption | | | | Organizations | | | This article is about the plant genus Cannabis. ...
A very young cannabis seedling. ...
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
Aerial view of illegal marijuana cultivation plot. ...
There are many alternative cannabis cultivation techniques. ...
Santa Cruz 4/20 celebration at Porter Meadow on UCSC campus in 2007 On April 20th 2007, at 4:20pm PST more than 700 people gathered at City Hall in Victoria, BC to celebrate Victorias 10th annual 4/20 celebration. ...
A stoner film (or stoner movie) is colloquial term referring to a subgenre of movies depicting the use and/or the users of marijuana. ...
Cannabis, also known as marijuana[1] or ganja (Hindi: गांजा),[2] is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa. ...
This article is about health issues and the effects of cannabis. ...
World laws on cannabis possession (small amount). ...
A catalog page offering Cannabis sativa extract. ...
Cannabis has an ancient history of ritual usage as a trance inducing drug and is found in pharmacological cults around the world. ...
A bhang shop in India. ...
Hashish Hashish (from Arabic: , lit. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
This article is about cannabis resin. ...
Cannabis smoking is the process of inhaling the smoke created by burning cannabis, mostly either the flowering buds of, or hashish, a preparation of, the cannabis plant. ...
A Dutch Master blunt A blunt is a cigar or (L) which is wider than a cigarillo and not quite as wide as a traditional cigar. ...
A bong, also commonly known as a water pipe, is a smoking device, generally used to smoke cannabis or tobacco, but also other substances. ...
Bowl used for smoking marijuana A bowl is a smoking apparatus, similar to a pipe, intended for inhalation of herbal and tobacco smokes, but much more commonly used for marijuana smoking. ...
A dugout, sometimes called a one-hitter, chillum, Straight-shooter, Bomber, bat, batty a oney (pronounced one-knee), a pinchey, or a tote a smoke, pinger(because it makes a ping when you open it), is a device used to facilitate discreet personal use of marijuana. ...
In cannabis culture, gravity bong is a term that can refer to either of two devices used for smoking cannabis that use water to create a vacuum whereby the suction created draws air through a bowl to fill the container with smoke. ...
Egyptian hookah Hookah (Hindi: , Urdu: hukka) or shisha (Arabic: ‎, Hebrew: × ×¨×’×™×œ×”) or (Turkish:nargile) is a single or multi-stemmed (often glass-based) water pipe device for smoking. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
A variety of metal pipes. ...
In the slang of consumers of cannabis, shotgun can have one of a number of meanings. ...
Acapulco Gold is the traditional name of a legendary potent strain of marijuana () originating in Mexico. ...
This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...
Panama Red is a legendary cannabis sativa cultivar of the 1960s and 1970s, popular amongst cannabis afficiandos. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
White Widow, a week from harvest. ...
Cannabis tea (also known as weed tea or pot tea) is an infusion of cannabis--usually the leaves of the plant, in hot water. ...
This article is about the drink. ...
The American Alliance for Medical Cannabis, or AAMC, is a pro-medical cannabis organization whose goals include patient advocacy, patient rights, and support. ...
The British Legalise Cannabis Campaigns originated in the 1970s. ...
The Cannabis Buyers Club was the first public medical marijuana dispensary. ...
The California Cannabis Research Medical Group is a non-profit organization dedicated to educating physicians about the medical use of cannabis. ...
The Drug Policy Alliance is a New York City-based non-profit organization with the principal goal of ending the American War on Drugs. Its publicly-stated goals include nationwide availability of medicinal marijuana, the creation of drug-related public health measures, ending abuses of asset forfeiture, repealing non-violent...
SKY - Suomen Kannabis Yhdistys or The Finnish Cannabis Association (FCA) eller Finlands Cannabisförening (FCF) oder Finnische Cannabis Vereinigung (FCV). ...
Madrid, Spain. ...
Cannabis leaves The Legalise Cannabis Alliance (LCA) is a political party registered in the United Kingdom with the cannabis leaf image as its emblem. ...
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The Marijuana Policy Project, or MPP, is an organization in the United States working to minimize the harm associated with the drug cannabis[1]. MPP advocates taxing and regulating the possession and sale of cannabis, arguing that a regulated cannabis industry would separate purchasers from the street market for cocaine...
The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws or NORML (pronounced normal) is a US-based non-profit corporation whose aim is, according to their most recent mission statement, move public opinion sufficiently to achieve the repeal of marijuana prohibition so that the responsible use of cannabis by adults...
Cannabis political parties are formal political parties set up specifically to legalize cannabis. ...
Patients Out of Time, or POT, is a patient advocacy organization dedicated to educating public health professionals and the public about medical marijuana. ...
Promena (Bulgarian: Промена) is an organisation in Bulgaria campaigning for reform of drug laws and freedom for marijuana users. ...
The Coalition for Rescheduling Cannabis is a U.S. organization founded circa 2002 to support removal of marijuana from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act. ...
Americans for Safe Access bills itself as the largest national grassroots coalition working to protect the rights of patients and doctors to legally use marijuana for medical purposes. ...
SAFER Logo Safer Alternative For Enjoyable Recreation (SAFER) is a non-profit organization based in Denver, Colorado. ...
Students for Sensible Drug Policy (SSDP) is a Washington, DC-based non-profit advocacy organization founded in 1998 by a small group of students, including Shawn Heller of George Washington University, David Epstein of American University, and Kris Lotlikar. ...
The THC Ministry, founded by Roger Christie from the Religion of Jesus Church, is a religion which considers cannabis to be a sacrament. ...
The Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics is an organization supporting medical marijuana that was founded in 1981 by Robert Randall and Alice OLeary. ...
The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) is a non-profit organization that aims to assist scientists to design, fund, obtain approval for and report on studies into the risks and benefits of MDMA, psychedelic drugs and marijuana. ...
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