American cowboy circa 1887 A cowhand tends livestock, especially cattle. A cowhand is responsible for feeding the livestock, branding cattle and marking other livestock, and tending to their injuries or other needs. Cowhands also repair fences and maintain other equipment. Cowhands are inextricably linked to horses, their constant companions and transportation. Working in the wild, cowhands utilize many skills. Danger and excitement are a part of a cowhand's daily life. The shift of transportation by inanimate machine has caused horse-back riding to become a novelty rather than a norm, ultimately resulting in the expansion of the definition of cowhand to include any rider or trainer of horses.
Male cowhands are more common than females, and are usually referred to as cowboys. Female cowhands are called cowgirls. In spite of the term, "cowboy" or "cowgirl" usually refers to an adult.
History
The Spanish were adept at herding livestock. During the 15th century, they brought the tradition with them to the New World. American ranchers absorbed Mexican vaquero culture after the Mexican-American War in the 1850s, borrowing vocabulary and attire from their southern counterparts. In particular, the vaquero lifestyle appealed to freed African-American slaves.
Over time, the cowhands of the American West developed a culture of their own, a blend of frontier and Victorian values. Such hazardous work in isolated conditions bred a tradition of loneliness and misery, which is exemplified in their songs and poetry. Poor weather and management in the 1880s lessened the need in America for ranching cowhands, so the profession of rodeo cowboy was invented to keep their traditions alive. In the 1930s and 1940s, Western movies popularized the cowboy lifestyle but also formed persistent stereotypes. In pop culture, the cowboy and the gunslinger are often associated with one another.
Paniolo The Hawaiian cowboy, the paniolo, has as rich a history and tradition as the mainland cowboy. As with the cowboy, the paniolo learned their skills from Mexican vaqueros. Kamehameha III brought these vaqueros over from California in 1832 to teach the Hawaiians how to handle their cattle. At that time California was still part of Mexico and Hawaii was known as the Sandwich Islands.
Around the world In addition to the Mexican vaquero, the North American cowboy, and the the Hawaiian paniolo, the Spanish also exported their horsemanship and knowledge of cattle ranching to the gaucho of Argentina, the llanero of Venezuela, the huaso of Chile and, indirectly through the Americans, to Australia. In Australia, which has a large ranch (station) culture, cowboys are known as jackaroos and cowgirls as jillaroos.
See also
Further reading - Cowboys: A Vanishing World, Photographs by Jon Nicholson, Macmillan, 2001, hardcover, ISBN 0-333-90208-4
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