Arginine vasopressin (neurophysin II, antidiuretic hormone, diabetes insipidus, neurohypophyseal)
Space-filling model of arginine vasopressin
Available structures: 1jk4, 1jk6, 1npo, 2bn2
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	AVP; ADH; AVP-NPII; VP
External IDs	OMIM: 192340 MGI: 88121 Homologene: 417
Gene Ontology Molecular Function: • neurohypophyseal hormone activity Cellular Component: • extracellular region • soluble fraction Biological Process: • generation of precursor metabolites and energy • water transport • signal transduction • cell-cell signaling • diuresis • positive regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process • vasoconstriction
RNA expression pattern
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 795 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1325 × 1000 pixel, file size: 323 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Vasopressin ... This is a calotte model of cyclohexane. ... Look up Hugo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) website is run by The Jackson Laboratory. ... HomoloGene[1], a tool of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[2], is a system for automated detection of homologs (similarity attributable to descent from a common ancestor) among the annotated genes of several completely sequenced eukaryotic genomes. ... The Gene Ontology, or GO, project can be broadly split into two parts. ... More reference expression data
Orthologs
	Human	Mouse
Entrez	551	11998
Ensembl	ENSG00000101200	ENSMUSG00000037727
Uniprot	P01185	Q3UUQ5
Refseq	NM_000490 (mRNA) NP_000481 (protein)	NM_009732 (mRNA) NP_033862 (protein)
Location	Chr 20: 3.01 - 3.01 Mb	Chr 2: 130.27 - 130.27 Mb
Pubmed search	[1]	[2]

Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a hormone found in most mammals, including humans.^[1] The primary effect of vasopressin is to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys. The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... Ensembl is a bioinformatics research project aiming to develop a software system which produces and maintains automatic annotation on selected eukaryotic genomes. It is run in a collaboration between the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the European Bioinformatics Institute, an outstation of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory. ... UniProt is the universal protein database, a central repository of protein data created by combining Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL and PIR. This makes it the worlds most comprehensive resource on protein information. ... Medline is a comprehensive literature database of life sciences and biomedical information. ... For other uses, see Hormone (disambiguation). ...

Vasopressin is a peptide hormone. It is derived from a preprohormone precursor that is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in vesicles at the posterior pituitary. Most of it is stored in the posterior pituitary to be released into the blood stream; some of it is also released directly into the brain. Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. ... A preprohormone is the precursor protein to one or more prohormones, which are in turn precursors to peptide hormones. ... The posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ...

Physiology

Function

One of the most important roles of AVP is to regulate the body's retention of water; it is released when the body is dehydrated and causes the kidneys to conserve water, thus concentrating the urine, and reducing urine volume. It also raises blood pressure by inducing moderate vasoconstriction. In addition, it has a variety of neurological effects on the brain, having been found, for example, to influence pair-bonding in voles (although not in humans). The kidneys are the organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... This article is about the urine of animals generally. ... The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ... A vole is a small rodent resembling a mouse but with a stouter body; a shorter, hairy tail; and smaller ears and eyes. ...

A very similar substance, lysine vasopressin (LVP) or lypressin, has the same function in pigs and is often used in human therapy. For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation). ...

Kidney

AVP increases the permeability to water of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules in the nephrons of kidneys and thus allows water reabsorption and excretion of a smaller volume of concentrated urine - antidiuresis. This occurs through insertion of additional water channels (Aquaporin-2s) into the apical membrane of the tubules/collecting duct epithelial cells. The aquaporin allow water to pass out of the nephron (at the distal convoluted tubules and the conducting tubules) and into the cell, increasing the amount of water re-absorbed from the filtrate. Sideview of Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) Channel Aquaporins are a class of integral membrane proteins or more commonly referred to as a class of major intrinsic proteins (MIP) that form pores in the membrane of biological cells. ... Alpha intercalated cell The apical membrane of a polarized cell is the part of the plasma membrane that forms its lumenal surface, distinct from the basolateral membrane. ...

V2 receptors, G protein-coupled receptors coupled to G_s, on the basolateral membrane of the cells lining the distal convoluted tubules and conducting tubules (in the nephron) have an active site for AVP. The G protein, which is in contact with the V2 receptor inside the cell, move to adenylyl cyclase, triggering adenylyl cyclase to convert ATP into cAMP, plus 2 inorganic phosphates. The cAMP cascade then triggers the insertion of Aquaporin-2 water pores by exocytosis of storage vesicles. A Mu-opioid G protein-coupled receptor with its agonist Figure 1. ... G(s)alpha is a heterotrimeric G protein subunit which activates adenylate cyclase. ... Adenylate cyclase (EC 4. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Camp may mean: Gatherings of people: Campsite Temporary settlement of a band of foragers. ...

The repressor protein that regulates the gene for protein kinase A (PKA) has a binding site for cAMP, causing the repressor protein to change its shape and leave the operator region of the gene. This allows for transcription of the gene for PKA. PKA then signals ATP to dephosphorylate, providing energy for vesicles (which contain aquaporin channel proteins in their their membranes) to fuse with the apical membrane of the cell. In cell biology, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK), also known as protein kinase A (PKA)(EC 2. ...

AVP also increases permeability of the medullary portion of the collecting duct to urea, allowing increased reabsorption of urea into the medullary interstitium, down the concentration gradient created from the removal of water in the cortical collecting duct. Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula (NH2)2CO. Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Nonproprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. ...

Cardiovascular system

Vasopressin, as the name tells, increases the resistance of the peripheral vessels and thus increases arterial blood pressure. This effect appears small in healthy individuals; however it becomes an important compensatory mechanism for restoring blood pressure in hypovolemic shock such as occurs during hemorrhage. A sphygmomanometer, a device used for measuring arterial pressure. ... In physiology and medicine, hypovolemia is a state of decreased blood volume. ...

Central nervous system (CNS)

Vasopressin released within the brain has many actions:

• It has been implicated in memory formation, including delayed reflexes, image, short- and long-term memory, though the mechanism remains unknown, and these findings are controversial. However, the synthetic vasopressin analogue desmopressin has come to interest as a likely nootropic.

• Vasopressin is released into the brain in a circadian rhythm by neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus.

• Vasopressin released from centrally-projecting hypothalamic neurons is involved in aggression, blood pressure regulation and temperature regulation.

In recent years there has been particular interest in the role of vasopressin in social behavior. It is thought that vasopressin, released into the brain during sexual activity, initiates and sustains patterns of activity that support the pair-bond between the sexual partners; in particular, vasopressin seems to induce the male to become aggressive towards other males. For other uses, see Memory (disambiguation). ... Vasopressin analogues are chemicals similar in function but not necessarily similar in structure to vasopressin (ADH), such as desmopressin. ... Desmopressin (DDAVP®, Stimate®, Minirin®) is a synthetic drug that mimics the action of antidiuretic hormone, also known as arginine vasopressin. ... Nootropics, popularly referred to as smart drugs, smart nutrients, cognitive enhancers and brain enhancers, are substances which claim to boost human cognitive abilities (the functions and capacities of the brain). ... A circadian rhythm is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria. ... The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a region of the brain, located in the hypothalamus, that is responsible for controlling endogenous circadian rhythms. ...

Evidence for this comes from experimental studies in several species, which indicate that the precise distribution of vasopressin and vasopressin receptors in the brain is associated with species-typical patterns of social behavior. In particular, there are consistent differences between monogamous species and promiscuous species in the distribution of vasopressin receptors, and sometimes in the distribution of vasopressin-containing axons, even when closely-related species are compared. Moreover, studies involving either injecting vasopressin agonists into the brain, or blocking the actions of vasopressin, support the hypothesis that vasopressin is involved in aggression towards other males. There is also evidence that differences in the vasopressin receptor gene between individual members of a species might be predictive of differences in social behavior.

Control

Vasopressin is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland in response to reductions in plasma volume, in response to increases in the plasma osmolality, and in response to Cholecystokinin by the small intestine: Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. ... Plasma osmolality is a measure of the concentration of substances such as sodium, chloride, potassium, urea, glucose, and other ions in human blood. ... Cholecystokinin (from Greek chole, bile; cysto, sac; kinin, move; hence, move the bile-sac (gall bladder)) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. ... In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. ...

• Secretion in response to reduced plasma volume is activated by pressure receptors in the veins, atria, and carotids.
• Secretion in response to increases in plasma osmotic pressure is mediated by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.
• Secretion in response to increases in plasma Cholecystokinin is mediated by an unknown pathway.

The neurons that make vasopressin, in the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus, are themselves osmoreceptors, but they also receive synaptic input from other osmoreceptors located in regions adjacent to the anterior wall of the third ventricle. These regions include the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the subfornical organ. Baroreceptors (or baroceptors) in the human body detect the pressure of blood flowing though them, and can send messages to the central nervous system to increase or decrease total peripheral resistance and cardiac output. ... In the circulatory system, a vein is a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart. ... In anatomy, the atrium (plural: atria) is the blood collection chamber of a heart. ... The carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck that supplies blood to the head and neck. ... An osmoreceptor is a sensory receptor primarily found in the hypothalamus of most homeothermic organisms that detects changes in osmotic pressure. ... The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). ... Cholecystokinin (from Greek chole, bile; cysto, sac; kinin, move; hence, move the bile-sac (gall bladder)) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. ... The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain. ... The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is an aggregation of neurons in the hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle. ... The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) is one of the circumventricular organs of the brain . ... The Subfornical organ is one of the circumventricular organs of the brain and is involved in thirst-regulation. ...

Many factors influence the secretion of vasopressin:

• Ethanol (alcohol) reduces vasopressin secretion. The resulting decrease in water reabsorption by the kidneys leads to a higher urine output.
• Angiotensin II may stimulate the secretion of vasopressin.^[2]

Grain alcohol redirects here. ... This article is about the urine of animals generally. ... Angiotensin is an oligopeptide in the blood that causes vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. ...

Secretion

The main stimulus for secretion of vasopressin is increased osmolarity of plasma. Reduced volume of extracellular fluid also has this effect, but is a less sensitive mechanism.

The vasopressin that is measured in peripheral blood is almost all derived from secretion from the posterior pituitary gland (except in cases of vasopressin-secreting tumours). However there are two other sources of vasopressin with important local effects: The posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ...

• Vasopressin is produced in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus and travels down the axons in neurosecretory granules through the infundibulum. These carry the peptide directly to the posterior pituitary gland, where it is stored in Herring bodies until it is released into the blood.
• Vasopressin is also released into the brain by several different populations of neurons (see below).

The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain. ... The pituitary stalk, also known as the infundibular stalk or simply the infundibulum is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. ... The posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ...

Summary Table

Here is a table summarizing some of the actions of AVP at its three receptors, differently expressed in different tissues and exerting different actions:

In cell physiology, a secondary messenger system (also known as a second messenger system) is a method of cellular signalling where the signalling molecule does not enter the cell, but rather utilizes a cascade of events that transduces the signal into a cellular change. ... Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1A) is a protein that acts as receptor for arginine vasopressin. ... Chemical structure of sn-1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl phosphatidylinositol Phosphatidylinositol (abbreviated PtdIns, or PI) is a minor phospholipid component of eukaryotic cell membranes. ... For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ... The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body, and is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... The kidneys are the organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... For other uses, see Brain (disambiguation). ... The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ... Pyruvic acid Oxaloacetic acid Phosphoenolpyruvate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Fructose 6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Glucose Gluconeogenesis is the generation of glucose from non-sugar carbon substrates like pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids (primarily alanine and glutamine). ... A 250 ml bag of newly collected platelets. ... Factor VIII (FVIII) is an essential clotting factor. ... Von Willebrand factor is a blood glycoprotein of the coagulation system. ... Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B (AVPR1B, vasopressin 3 receptor) is a protein that acts as receptor for arginine vasopressin. ... Chemical structure of sn-1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl phosphatidylinositol Phosphatidylinositol (abbreviated PtdIns, or PI) is a minor phospholipid component of eukaryotic cell membranes. ... For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ... | Latin = hypophysis, glandula pituitaria | GraySubject = 275 | GrayPage = 1275 | Image = Gray1180. ... For other uses, see Brain (disambiguation). ... Pronunciation (IPA): /əˈdrinoʊˌkɔrtɪkoʊˈtrɒpɪk ˈhɔrmoʊn, əˈdrinoʊˌkɔrtɪkoʊˈtroʊpɪk ˈhɔrmoʊn/ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) is a polypeptide hormone produced and secreted by the pituitary gland. ... Arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2) is a protein that acts as receptor for arginine vasopressin. ... Epinephrine binds its receptor, that associates with an heterotrimeric G protein. ... Structure of cAMP cAMP represented in three ways, the left with sticks-representation, the middle with structure formula, and the right with space filled representation. ... The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of: The connecting tubule The cortical collecting duct The medullary collecting duct Categories: Urinary system ... AQP2 is found in the apical cell membranes of the kidneys collecting duct principal cells and in intracellular vesicles located throughout the cell. ... Von Willebrand factor is a blood glycoprotein of the coagulation system. ... P-selectin is a cell adhesion molecule (CAM) found in granules in endothelial cells (cells lining blood vessels) and activated platelets. ... In physiology, Weibel-Palade bodies are organelles in the endothelium, the cells lining all blood vessels. ... The endothelium is the layer of thin, flat cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. ...

Structure and relation to oxytocin

The vasopressins are peptides consisting of nine amino acids (nonapeptides). (NB: the value in the table above of 164 amino acids is that obtained before the hormone is activated by cleavage). The amino acid sequence of arginine vasopressin is Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly, with the cysteine residues forming a sulfur bridge. Lysine vasopressin has a lysine in place of the arginine. Peptides (from the Greek πεπτος, digestible), are the family of short molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various α-amino acids. ... This article is about the class of chemicals. ... Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in most proteins, although only in small quantities. ... Tyrosine (from the Greek tyros, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in the protein casein from cheese[1][2]), 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, or 2-amino-3(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells... Phenyl alanine is an α-amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2C6H5. ... Glutamine (abbreviated as Gln or Q; Glx or Z represents either glutamine or glutamic acid) is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. ... For other articles using the abbreviation or acronym asn see ASN. Asparagine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. ... Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in most proteins, although only in small quantities. ... Proline is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH[CH2)3]. L-Proline is one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids. ... Arginine (abbreviated as Arg or R)[1] is an α-amino acid. ... For the plant, see Glycine (plant). ... A disulfide bond (SS-bond), also called a disulfide bridge, is a strong covalent bond between two sulfhydryl groups. ... Lysine is one of the 20 amino acids normally found in proteins. ...

The structure of oxytocin is very similar to that of the vasopressins: it is also a nonapeptide with a sulfur bridge and its amino acid sequence differs at only two positions (see table below). The two genes are located on the same chromosome separated by a relatively small distance of less than 15,000 bases in various species. The magnocellular neurons that make vasopressin are adjacent to magnocellular neurons that make oxytocin, and are similar in many respects. The similarity of the two peptides can cause some cross-reactions: oxytocin has a slight antidiuretic function, and high levels of vasopressin can cause uterine contractions. Oxytocin (Greek: quick birth) is a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. ... Magnocellular neurosecretory cells are cells within the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus. ...

Here is a table showing the superfamily of vasopressin and oxytocin neuropeptides:

Vertebrate Vasopressin Family
Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2	Argipressin (AVP, ADH)	Most mammals
Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Lys-Gly-NH2	Lypressin (LVP)	Pigs, hippos, warthogs, some marsupials
Cys-Phe-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2	Phenypressin	Some marsupials
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2	Vasotocin†	Non-mammals
Vertebrate Oxytocin Family
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2	Oxytocin (OXT)	Most mammals, ratfish
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2	Mesotocin	Most marsupials, all birds, reptiles, amphibians, lungfishes
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Ser-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2	Seritocin	Frogs
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Ser-Asn-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2	Isotocin	Bony fishes
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Ser-Asn-Cys-Pro-Gln-Gly-NH2	Glumitocin	Skates
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Asn/Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu/Val-Gly-NH2	Various tocins	Sharks
Invertebrate VP/OT Superfamily
Cys-Leu-Ile-Thr-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2	Diuretic Hormone	Locust
Cys-Phe-Val-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Thr-Gly-NH2	Annetocin	Earthworm
Cys-Phe-Ile-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Lys-Gly-NH2	Lys-Connopressin	Geography & imperial cone snail, pond snail, sea hare, leech
Cys-Ile-Ile-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2	Arg-Connopressin	Striped cone snail
Cys-Tyr-Phe-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2	Cephalotocin	Octopus
Cys-Phe-Trp-Thr-Ser-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2	Octopressin	Octopus
†Vasotocin is the evolutionary progenitor of all the vertebrate neurohypophysial hormones. Only vasotocin found in hagfish & lampreys (Agnatha appeared 500 million years ago)

This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria For the folk-rock band see The Mammals. ... For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758[2] Range map[1] The hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), from the Greek ἱπποπόταμος (hippopotamos, hippos meaning horse and potamos meaning river), often shortened to hippo, is a large, mostly plant-eating African mammal, one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae (the other being the Pygmy... Binomial name (Pallas, 1766) This article is about the animal. ... This article is about mammals. ... This article is about mammals. ... Oxytocin (Greek: quick birth) is a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. ... Families Callorhynchidae Rhinochimaeridae Chimaeridae Other meanings, based on a fantastic animal, are at Chimera Chimaera is the common name of the species in the families Callorhynchidae, Rhinochimaeridae and Chimaeridae which all are closely related to sharks; they are also called ghost sharks. ... For other uses, see Bird (disambiguation). ... Reptilia redirects here. ... ‹ The template below (Citations missing) is being considered for deletion. ... For the band, see Lungfish (band). ... Distribution of frogs (in black) Suborders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia - List of Anuran families The frogness babe is an amphibian in the order Anura (meaning tail-less from Greek an-, without + oura, tail), formerly referred to as Salientia (Latin saltare, to jump). ... Subclasses Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii Osteichthyes are the bony fish, a group paraphyletic to the land vertebrates, which are sometimes included. ... Broad skate, Amblyraja badia A skate egg case, known as a mermaids purse. ... For other uses, see Shark (disambiguation). ... Invertebrate is an English word that describes any animal without a spinal column. ... Desert locust Nymph of Locust Schistocera americana with distinct wing-rudiments Locust nymph from the Philippines Egyptian grasshopper Anacridium aegyptum Locust from the 1915 Locust Plague For other uses, see Locust (disambiguation). ... For the LPG album, see The Earthworm (album). ... Genera Asprella Chelyconus Conus Floraconus Leptoconus The cone snails or cone shells, sometimes simply known as cones, (family Conidae), are a taxonomic family of medium-sized to large, sophisticated predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. ... Families Superfamily Akeroidea Akeridae Superfamily Aplysioidea Aplysiidae Sea hares (also called sea slugs) are small marine gastropod molluscs of the suborder Anaspidea (P. Fisher, 1883) in the subclass Orthogastropoda, class Gastropoda, phylum Mollusca. ... For other uses, see Leech (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Octopus (disambiguation). ... Genera Eptatretus Myxine Nemamyxine Neomyxine Notomyxine Paramyxine Quadratus This article is about the Hagfish. ... For other uses, see Lamprey (disambiguation). ... Idealized agnatha. ...

Role in disease

Decreased vasopressin release or decreased renal sensitivity to vasopressin leads to diabetes insipidus, a condition featuring hypernatremia (increased blood sodium content), polyuria (excess urine production), and polydipsia (thirst). Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine, which cannot be reduced when fluid intake is reduced. ... Hypernatremia is an electrolyte disturbance consisting of an elevated sodium level in the blood (compare to hyponatremia, meaning a low sodium level). ... For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ... Polyuria is the passage of a large volume of urine in a given period. ... Polydipsia is a medical condition in which the patient ingests abnormally large amounts of fluids by mouth. ...

High levels of vasopressin secretion (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, SIADH) and resultant hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels) occurs in brain diseases and conditions of the lungs. In the perioperative period, the effects of surgical stress and some commonly used medications (e.g., opiates, syntocinon, anti-emetics) lead to a similar state of excess vasopressin secretion. This may cause mild hyponatremia for several days. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a condition commonly found in the hospital population, especially in patients being hospitalized for central nervous system (CNS) injury. ... The electrolyte disturbance hyponatremia or hyponatraemia exists in humans when the sodium level in the plasma falls below 135 mmol/l. ... For other uses, see Brain (disambiguation). ... For the village in Tibet, see Lung, Tibet. ... The perioperative period is the time period surrounding a patients surgical procedure; this commonly includes ward admission, anesthesia, surgery and recovery. ... An opioid is any agent that binds to opioid receptors found principally in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. ... Pitocin and Syntocinon are synthetic versions of the hormone oxytocin. ... An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea. ...

Pharmacology

Vasopressin analogues

Vasopressin agonists are used therapeutically in various conditions, and its long-acting synthetic analogue desmopressin is used in conditions featuring low vasopressin secretion, as well as for control of bleeding (in some forms of von Willebrand disease) and in extreme cases of bedwetting by children. Terlipressin and related analogues are used as vasocontrictors in certain conditions. Use of vasopressin analogues for esophageal varices commenced in 1970.^[9] Desmopressin (DDAVP®, Stimate®, Minirin®) is a synthetic drug that mimics the action of antidiuretic hormone, also known as arginine vasopressin. ... Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common hereditary coagulation abnormality described in humans, although it can also be acquired as a result of other medical conditions. ... Terlipressin as vasoactive drug used for the management of hypotension. ... Vasoconstriction is the constriction of blood vessels, in other words, when the lumen narrows. ... In medicine (gastroenterology), esophageal varices are extreme dilations of sub mucosal veins in the mucosa of the esophagus in diseases featuring portal hypertension, secondary to cirrhosis primarily. ...

Vasopressin infusion has been used as a second line of management in septic shock patients not responding to high dose of inotropes (e.g., dopamine or norepinephrine). It had been shown to be more effective than epinephrine in asystolic cardiac arrest.^[10] While not all studies are in agreement, a 2006 study of out-of hospital cardiac arrests has added to the evidence for the superiority of vasopressin in this situation.^[11]
Septic shock is a very serious medical condition caused by decreased tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery as a result of infection and sepsis. ... For other uses, see Dopamine (disambiguation). ... Norepinephrine (INN)(abbr. ... In medicine, asystole is a state of no cardiac electrical activity, hence no contractions of the myocardium and no cardiac output or blood flow. ...

Vasopressin receptor inhibition

Demeclocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, is sometimes used to block the action of vasopressin in the kidney in hyponatremia due to inappropriately high secretion of vasopressin (SIADH, see above), when fluid restriction has failed. A new class of medication (conivaptan, tolvaptan, relcovaptan, lixivaptan) acts by inhibiting the action of vasopressin on its receptors (V1 and V2), with conivaptan acting on V1a and V2 and the remainder mainly on V2 receptors. The same class of drugs is also being studied in congestive heart failure. Demeclocycline (marketed as Declomycin®, Declostatin® and Ledermycin®) is a tetracycline antibiotic used in various types of bacterial infections. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Conivaptan (YM 087) is a non-peptide inhibitor of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin). ... Tolvaptan (INN), also known as OPC-41061, is a selective, competitive arginine vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist under investigation as a potential treatment for fluid retention and hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels) associated with congestive heart failure. ... In biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. ... Congestive heart failure (CHF), also called congestive cardiac failure (CCF) or just heart failure, is a condition that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to fill with or pump a sufficient amount of blood throughout the body. ...

References

Further Reading

• Brenner & Rector's The Kidney, 7th ed., Saunders, 2004. Full Text with MDConsult subscription

• Caldwell, H.K. and Young, W.S., III. Oxytocin and Vasopressin: Genetics and Behavioral Implications in Lim, R. (ed.) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, 3rd edition, Springer, New York, pp. 573-607, 2006. 320kb PDF