 Example showing effect of vector graphics on ppm scale: (a) original vector-based illustration; (b) illustration magnified 8x as a vector image; (c) illustration magnified 8x as a raster image. Raster images scale poorly, but vector-based images can be scaled indefinitely without degradation. (Images were converted to JPEG for display on this page.) Vector graphics or geometric modeling is the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and polygons, which are all based upon mathematical equations to represent images in computer graphics. It is used by contrast to the term raster graphics, which is the representation of images as a collection of pixels (dots). Image File history File links VectorGraphicsExample. ...
Image File history File links VectorGraphicsExample. ...
In geometry, a primitive is the simplest kind of figure. ...
A spatial point is an entity with a location in space but no extent (volume, area or length). ...
A line, or straight line, can be described as an (infinitely) thin, (infinitely) long, perfectly straight curve (the term curve in mathematics includes straight curves). In Euclidean geometry, exactly one line can be found that passes through any two points. ...
In mathematics, the concept of a curve tries to capture the intuitive idea of a geometrical one-dimensional and continuous object. ...
Look up Polygon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
For images in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Images. ...
Computer graphics (CG) is the field of visual computing, where one utilizes computers both to generate visual images synthetically and to integrate or alter visual and spatial information sampled from the real world. ...
Suppose the smiley face in the top left corner is an RGB bitmap image. ...
This example shows an image with a portion greatly enlarged. ...
Overview
All modern current computer video displays translate vector representations of an image to a raster format. The raster image, containing a value for every pixel on the screen, is stored in memory and the entire screen is repainted 30 or more times per second. Suppose the smiley face in the top left corner is an RGB bitmap image. ...
Starting in the earliest days of computing in the 1950s and into the 1980s, a different type of display, the vector graphics system, was used. In these systems the electron beam of the CRT display monitor was steered directly to trace out the shapes required, line segment by line segment, with the rest of the screen remaining black. This process was repeated many times a second to achieve a flicker-free or near flicker-free picture. These systems allowed very high-resolution line art and moving images to be displayed without the (for that time) unthinkably huge amounts of memory that an equivalent-resolution raster system would have needed. These vector-based monitors were also known as X-Y displays. Originally, the word computing was synonymous with counting and calculating, and a science that deals with the original sense of computing mathematical calculations. ...
The 1950s were the decade that traditionally speaking, spanned the years 1950 through 1959. ...
The 1980s decade refers to the years from 1980 to 1989, inclusive, informally sometimes including the years 1979, 1990 and 1991. ...
Cathode ray tube employing electromagnetic focus and deflection Cutaway rendering of a color CRT Electron guns Electron beams Focusing coils Deflection coils Anode connection Mask for separating beams for red, green, and blue part of displayed image Phosphor layer with red, green, and blue zones Close-up of the phosphor...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Line Art. ...
 Vectorising is good for removing unnecessary detail from a photograph. (Images were converted to JPEG for display on this page.) Two of the first uses of vector graphic displays was the US SAGE air defense system. Vector graphics systems were only retired from U.S. en route air traffic control in 1999 and are likely still in use in military and specialized systems. Vector graphics were also used on the TX-2 at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory by computer graphics pioneer Ivan Sutherland to run his revolutionary program Sketchpad in 1963. Steam locomotive at Northampton & Lamport Railway Photograph by AmosWolfe File links The following pages link to this file: Vector graphics Categories: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2. ...
Steam locomotive at Northampton & Lamport Railway Photograph by AmosWolfe File links The following pages link to this file: Vector graphics Categories: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2. ...
In computing, JPEG (pronounced JAY-peg) is a commonly used standard method of lossy compression for photographic images. ...
Suppose the smiley face in the top left corner is an RGB bitmap image. ...
Steam locomotive at Northampton & Lamport Railway Vector image traced by hand from a photograph by AmosWolfe (converted to GIF for display on Wikipedia). ...
Steam locomotive at Northampton & Lamport Railway Vector image traced by hand from a photograph by AmosWolfe (converted to GIF for display on Wikipedia). ...
Steam Locomotive 7646 Northampton officially named by the Mayor of Northampton The Northampton & Lamport Railway is a standard gauge heritage railway in Northamptonshire England, and is based at Pitsford and Brampton station, roughly 5 miles (8 km) north of Northampton. ...
Windows Metafile (WMF) is a graphics file format on Microsoft Windows systems, originally designed in the early 1990s and not commonly used after the rise of the Internet and the widely used graphics formats such as GIF and JPEG. It is a vector graphics format which also allows the inclusion...
With pictures like this you can see the restriction of 256 colours. ...
SAGE Sector Control Room. ...
Air Traffic Control Towers (ATCTs) at Schiphol Airport Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air. ...
1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...
The MIT Lincoln Laboratory TX-2 computer was the successor to the Lincoln TX-0 and was known for its role in advancing both artificial intelligence and human-computer interaction. ...
Mapúa Institute of Technology (MIT, MapúaTech or simply Mapúa) is a private, non-sectarian, Filipino tertiary institute located in Intramuros, Manila. ...
MIT Lincoln Laboratory, also known as Lincoln Lab, is a federally funded research and development center managed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and funded by the United States Department of Defense. ...
Ivan Sutherland Ivan Sutherland, working at MIT (1963) Ivan Edward Sutherland (born 1938 in Hastings, Nebraska) is a computer programmer and Internet pioneer. ...
Sketchpad was a revolutionary computer program written by Ivan Sutherland in 1963 in the course of his PhD thesis. ...
Subsequent vector graphics systems include Digital's GT40 [1]. There was a home gaming system that used vector graphics called Vectrex [2] as well as various arcade games like Asteroids and Space Wars. The Tektronix 4014 also deserves a mention even though the display was static. The Vectrex is an 8-bit video game console developed by General Consumer Electric (GCE) and later bought by Milton Bradley Company. ...
Asteroids is a popular vector-based video arcade game released in 1979 by Atari. ...
Space Wars was the first vector-graphics arcade game. ...
The Tektronix 4014 was an early text and graphics computer terminal based on the companys own storage tube technology. ...
The term vector graphics is mainly used today in the context of two-dimensional computer graphics. It is one of several modes an artist can use to create an image on a raster display. Other modes include text, multimedia and 3D rendering. Virtually all modern 3D rendering is done using extensions of 2D vector graphics techniques. Plotters used in technical drawing still draw vectors directly to paper. Multimedia is the use of several media (e. ...
The rewrite of this article is being devised at Talk:3D computer graphics/Temp. ...
Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model, by means of a software program. ...
Dimension (from Latin measured out) is, in essence, the number of degrees of freedom available for movement in a space. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
An example of a technical drawing with orthographic and isometric view. ...
Piece of A4 paper Paper is a thin, flat material produced by the amalgamation of plant fibres, which are subsequently held together without extra binder, largely by hydrogen bonds and to a small degree by fiber entanglement. ...
Motivation For example, consider a circle of radius r. The main pieces of information a program needs in order to draw this circle are In Euclidean geometry, a circle is the set of all points in a plane at a fixed distance, called the radius, from a fixed point, the centre. ...
In classical geometry, a radius of a circle or sphere is any line segment from its center to its boundary. ...
Information as a concept bears a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. ...
The terms computer program, software program, applications program, system software, or just program are used to refer to either an executable program by both lay people and computer programmers or the collection of source code from which an executable program is created (eg, compiled). ...
- the radius r
- the location of the center point of the circle
- stroke line style and colour (possibly transparent)
- fill style and colour (possibly transparent)
Advantages to this style of drawing over raster graphics: Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques. ...
Suppose the smiley face in the top left corner is an RGB bitmap image. ...
- This minimal amount of information translates to a much smaller file size compared to large raster images (the size of representation doesn't depend on the dimensions of the object).
- Correspondingly, one can indefinitely zoom in on e.g. a circle arc, and it remains smooth. On the other hand, a polygon representing a curve will reveal being not really curved.
- On zooming in, lines and curves need not get wider proportionally. Often the width is either not increased or less than proportional. On the other hand, irregular curves represented by simple geometric shapes may be made proportionally wider when zooming in, to keep them looking smooth and not like these geometric shapes.
- The parameters of objects are stored and can be later modified. This means that moving, scaling, rotating, filling etc. doesn't degrade the quality of a drawing. Moreover, it is usual to specify the dimensions in device-independent units, which results in the best possible rasterization on raster devices.
- From a 3-D perspective, rendering shadows is also much more realistic with vector graphics, as shadows can be abstracted into the rays of light which form them. This allows for photo realistic images and renderings.
This page is a candidate to be copied to Wiktionary. ...
You may be looking for one of the following: Dimensions: length, width, height Clothing measurements such as shoe size or dress size Geometry Measurement Gelatinous or glutinous substance made from glue, wax, clay or similar Or the following command-line Unix tool: Size (Unix) This is a disambiguation page: a...
2-dimensional renderings (ie. ...
Motion involves change in position, such as this perspective of rapidly leaving Yongsan Station In physics, motion means a change in the position of a body relative to a reference point, as measured by a particular observer in a particular frame of reference. ...
The term scaling can have several manings: Scaling can be defined as the determination of the interdependency of variables in a physical system. ...
This article is about rotation as a movement of a physical body. ...
In civil engineering, a Fill is an artificial ridge or dam of earth or gravel constructed to support a prepared right-of-way such as a railroad or highway across a valley or depression. ...
Quality refers to the distinctive characteristics or properties of a person, object, process or other thing. ...
Rasterization is the task of taking an image described in an outline format, and converting it into a series of dots for output on a dot matrix display or printer. ...
A peripheral device is any part of a computer other than the Motherboard, CPU or working memory, i. ...
Typical primitive objects This list is not complete. There are various types of curves (Catmull-Rom splines, NURBS etc.), which are useful in certain applications. This page is a candidate to be copied to Wiktionary. ...
Look up Polygon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
In Euclidean geometry, a circle is the set of all points in a plane at a fixed distance, called the radius, from a fixed point, the centre. ...
The ellipse and some of its mathematical properties. ...
In the mathematical subfield of numerical analysis a Bézier curve is a parametric curve important in computer graphics. ...
In the mathematical subfield of numerical analysis and in computer graphics a Bézier spline is a spline curve where each polynomial of the spline is in Bézier form. ...
The term text has multiple meanings depending on its context of use: In language, text is a broad term for something that contains words to express something. ...
TrueType is an outline font standard originally developed by Apple Computer in the late 1980s as a competitor to Adobes Type 1 fonts used in PostScript. ...
In the mathematical subfield of numerical analysis a Bézier curve is a parametric curve important in computer graphics. ...
In mathematics, a Catmull-Rom spline is a cardinal spline with a tension of 0. ...
NURBS, short for nonuniform rational B-spline, is a computer graphics technique for drawing curves. ...
Often, a bitmap image is considered as a primitive object. From the conceptual view, it behaves as a rectangle. For the use of the term raster in radio regulation, see frequency raster. ...
In geometry, a rectangle is defined as a quadrilateral polygon in which all four angles are right angles. ...
Vector operations Vector graphics editors typically allow to rotate, move, mirror, stretch, skew, generally perform affine transformations of objects, change z-order and combine the primitives into more complex objects. A vector graphics editor is a computer program that allows users to compose and edit vector graphics images interactively on the computer screen (compare with MetaPost) and save them in one of many popular vector graphics formats such as EPS, PDF, WMF or SVG. // Vector editors versus bitmap editors Vector...
In geometry, an affine transformation or affine map (from the Latin, affinis, connected with) between two vector spaces consists of a linear transformation followed by a translation: In the finite-dimensional case each affine transformation is given by a matrix A and a vector b, which can be written as...
Z-order is an ordering of overlapping two-dimensional objects, such as windows in a graphical user interface (GUI) or shapes in a vector graphics editor. ...
More sophisticated transformations include set operations on closed shapes (union, difference, intersection, etc.) In mathematics, a transformation in elementary terms is any of a variety of different operations from geometry, such as rotations, reflections and translations. ...
In logic and mathematics, an operation ω is a function of the form ω : X1 × … × Xk → Y. The sets Xj are the called the domains of the operation, the set Y is called the codomain of the operation, and the fixed non-negative integer k is called the arity of the operation. ...
In geometry, two sets have the same shape if one can be transformed to another by a combination of translations, rotations and uniform scalings. ...
In set theory and other branches of mathematics, the union of a collection of sets is the set that contains everything that belongs to any of the sets, but nothing else. ...
In set theory and other branches of mathematics, two kinds of complements are defined, the relative complement and the absolute complement. ...
In mathematics, the intersection of two sets A and B is the set that contains all elements of A that also belong to B (or equivalently, all elements of B that also belong to A), but no other elements. ...
Vector graphics are ideal for simple or composite drawings that need to be device-independent, or do not need to achieve photo-realism. For example, the PostScript and PDF page description languages use a vector graphics model. This article is about the art movement. ...
PostScript (PS) is a page description language and programming language used primarily in the electronic and desktop publishing areas. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
A page description language (PDL) is a language that describes the contents of a printed page in a higher level than an actual output bitmap. ...
3D modeling In 3D computer graphics, vectorized surface representations are most common (bitmaps can be used for special purposes such as surface texturing, height-field data and bump mapping). At the low-end, simple meshes of polygons are used to represent geometric detail in applications where interactive frame rates or simplicity are important. At the high-end, where one is willing to trade-off higher rendering times for increased image quality and precision, smooth surface representations such as Bézier patches, NURBS or Subdivision surfaces are used. One can however achieve a smooth surface rendering from a polygonal mesh through the use of shading algorithms such as Phong. The rewrite of this article is being devised at Talk:3D computer graphics/Temp. ...
A sphere without bump mapping. ...
A mesh is a collection of vertices and polygons that define the shape of an object in 3D computer graphics. ...
Look up Polygon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Frame rate, or frame frequency, is the measurement of how quickly an imaging device produces unique consecutive images called frames. ...
Simplicity is the property, condition, or quality of being simple or un-combined. ...
Quality refers to the distinctive characteristics or properties of a person, object, process or other thing. ...
In Wikipedia, precision has the following meanings: In engineering, science, industry and statistics, precision characterises the degree of mutual agreement among a series of individual measurements, values, or results - see accuracy and precision. ...
An open surface with X-, Y-, and Z-contours shown. ...
A Bézier surface is a parametric tensor product surface defined by mathematical formulae, used in computer graphics, computer-aided design, and finite element modelling. ...
NURBS, short for nonuniform rational B-spline, is a computer graphics technique for drawing curves. ...
In computer graphics, subdivision surfaces are used to create smooth surfaces out of arbitrary meshes. ...
It has been suggested that Phong reflection model be merged into this article or section. ...
Relation to human vision This article or section does not cite its references or sources.
You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations. The human eye works as a bitmap picture: it catches the image in a mosaic raster of photon recipient nerves, a pixel image. The largest region of the brain is the visual cortex, which is where raster images from the eye are organically processed into vectors and symbols.[citation needed] A vector graphic (like in a logo) is more easily recognized because the visual cortex has to do less work.[citation needed] Children like cartoons because the simple shapes are easier for their developing brains to understand.[citation needed] This article refers to the sight organ. ...
Visual cortex is the term applied to both the primary visual cortex (also known as striate cortex or V1) and upstream visual cortical areas also known as extrastriate cortical areas (V2, V3, V4, V5). ...
Cartoons started in the 1930s and 40s. ...
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