Vegetable fats and oils are substances derived from plants that are composed of triglycerides. Nominally, oils are liquid at room temperature, and fats are solid; a dense brittle fat is called a wax. Although many different parts of plants may yield oil, ^[1] in actual commercial practice oil is extracted primarily from the seeds of oilseed plants. Vegetable oil is oil derived from plant sources, as opposed to animal fats or petroleum. ... Plant oils are oils derived from plant sources, as opposed to animal fats or petroleum. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 400 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1664 × 2496 pixel, file size: 247 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) en: Еhe sonflowerseed oil. ... Olive oil The following is intended to be a comprehensive list of oils that are extracted from plants. ... An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aromatic compounds from plants. ... Essential oils are extracted by distillation. ... Maceration (from Latin maceratus, past participle of macerare, to soften) may refer to: extreme leanness usually caused by starvation or disease a solution prepared by soaking plant material in vegetable oil or water the steeping of grape skins and solids in must, where alcohol acts as a solvent to extract... Commercially-available macerated oils include all these, and others. ... A drying oil is an oil which hardens to a tough, solid film after a period of exposure to air. ... View of Delft in oil paint, by Johannes Vermeer. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with vegetable oil. ... Waste Vegetable Oil which has been filtered. ... In some countries, filling stations sell biodiesel more cheaply than conventional diesel. ... It has been suggested that Aromatherapy Candles be merged into this article or section. ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often with a long aliphatic tail (long chains), either saturated or unsaturated. ... Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. ... For discussion how dietary fats affect cardiovascular health, see Diet and heart disease. ... // In nutrition, polyunsaturated fat is an abbreviation of polyunsaturated fatty acid. ... A trans fatty acid (commonly shortened to trans fat) is an unsaturated fatty acid molecule that contains a trans double bond between carbon atoms, which makes the molecule less kinked compared to cis fat. Research suggests a correlation between diets high in trans fats and diseases like atherosclerosis and coronary... Triglyceride (blue: fatty acid; red: glycerol backbone) Triglycerides are glycerides in which the glycerol is esterified with three fatty acids. ... Room temperature describes a certain temperature within enclosed space that is uses for various purposes by human beings. ... candle wax This page is about the substance. ... A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ...

The temperature-based distinction between oils and fats is imprecise, since the temperatures of rooms vary, and typically any one substance has a melting range instead of a single melting point. The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ...

Triglyceride vegetable fats and oils include not only edible, but also inedible vegetable fats and oils such as linseed oil, tung oil, and castor oil, used in lubricants, paints, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial purposes. Although thought of as esters of glycerin and a varying blend of fatty acids, in fact these oils contain free fatty acids and diglycerides as well. Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Tung oil is used as a wood finishing product. ... Castor oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the castor bean (technically castor seed as the castor plant, Ricinus communis, is not a member of the bean family). ... A carboxylic acid ester. ... Glycerin, also well known as glycerine and glycerol, and less commonly as 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane, glyceritol, and glycyl alcohol is a colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, and sweet-tasting viscous liquid. ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. ... OWNEDOWNEDOWNED ...

Uses of triglyceride vegetable oil

Oils extracted from plants have been used in many cultures, since ancient time. As an example, in a 4,000 year old "kitchen" unearthed in Indiana's Charlestown State Park, archaeologist Bob McCullough of IPFW found evidence that natives used large slabs of rock to crush hickory nuts, then boiled them in water to extract the oil. ^[2] Official language(s) English Capital Indianapolis Largest city Indianapolis Area  Ranked 38th  - Total 36,418 sq mi (94,321 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 270 miles (435 km)  - % water 1. ... Charlestown State Park is a state park in Indiana. ... IPFW redirects here. ... Species See text Comparison of Carya nuts Ripe hickory nuts ready to fall, Andrews, SC Hickory is a tree of the genus Carya, including 17-19 species of deciduous trees with pinnately compound leaves and large nuts. ...

Fatty acids play an important role in the life and death of cardiac cells because they are essential fuels for mechanical and electrical activities of the heart. ^{[3] [4] [5] [6]} In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often with a long aliphatic tail (long chains), either saturated or unsaturated. ...

Culinary uses

See also: Cooking oil

Many vegetable oils are consumed directly, or used directly as ingredients in food - a role that they share with some animal fats, including butter and ghee. The oils serve a number of purposes in this role: It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with vegetable oil. ... For other uses, see FAT. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. ... Butter is commonly sold in sticks (pictured) or blocks, and frequently served with the use of a butter knife. ... Ghee in a jar Wikibooks Cookbook has an article on Ghee Ghee (Hindi घी from Sanskrit ghṛta घृत sprinkled ) is a type of clarified butter important in Indian cuisine. ...

• Texture - oils can serve to make other ingredients stick together less.
• Flavor - while less-flavorful oils command premium prices, oils such as olive oil or almond oil may be chosen specifically for the flavor they impart.
• Flavor base - oils can also "carry" flavors of other ingredients, since many flavors are present in chemicals that are soluble in oil.

Secondly, oils can be heated, and used to cook other foods. Oils that are suitable for this purpose must have a high flash point. Such oils include the major cooking oils - canola, sunflower, safflower, peanut etc. Some oils, including rice bran oil, are particularly valued in Asian cultures for high temperature cooking, because of their unusually high flash point. For other uses, see Flash point (disambiguation). ... For the figure in Celtic mythology see agriculture, canola are certain varieties of plants from which we get rapeseed oil, or the oil produced from those varieties. ... Sunflower Oil is the non-volatile oil expressed from sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds. ... Safflower oil is an oil extracted from the safflower seed. ... A bottle of peanut oil Peanut oil is an organic oil derived from peanuts, noted to have the slight aroma and taste of its parent legume. ... Bran is the hard outer layer of cereal grains, and consists of combined aleurone and pericarp. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ...

Hydrogenated oils

Triglyceride-based vegetable fats and oils can be transformed through partial or complete hydrogenation into fats and oils of higher melting point. The hydrogenation process involves "sparging" the oil at high temperature and pressure with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, typically a powdered nickel compound. As each double-bond in the triglyceride is broken, two hydrogen atoms form single bonds. The elimination of double-bonds by adding hydrogen atoms is called saturation; as the degree of saturation increases, the oil progresses towards being fully hydrogenated. An oil may be hydrogenated to increase resistance to rancidity (oxidation) or to change its physical characteristics. As the degree of saturation increases, the oil's viscosity and melting point increase. Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride. ... Hydrogenation is a class of chemical reactions which result an addition of hydrogen (H2) usually to unsaturated organic compounds. ... Hydrogenation is a class of chemical reactions which result an addition of hydrogen (H2) usually to unsaturated organic compounds. ... Sparging in chemical sciences refers to the bubbling of a chemically inert gas through a liquid. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... For other uses, see Nickel (disambiguation). ... Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride. ... Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. ... Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. ... Rancidification is the decomposition of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis and/or oxidation. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ...

The use of hydrogenated oils in foods has never been completely satisfactory. Because the center arm of the triglyceride is shielded somewhat by the end triglycerides, most of the hydrogenation occurs on the end triglycerides. This makes the resulting fat more brittle. A margarine made from naturally more saturated tropical oils will be more plastic (more "spreadable") than a margarine made from hydrogenated soy oil. In addition, partial hydrogenation results in the formation of trans fats, which have increasingly been viewed as unhealthy since the 1970s. Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. ... Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride. ... Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride. ... Hydrogenation is a class of chemical reactions which result an addition of hydrogen (H2) usually to unsaturated organic compounds. ... Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride. ... Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. ... A trans fatty acid (commonly shortened to trans fat) is an unsaturated fatty acid molecule that contains a trans double bond between carbon atoms, which makes the molecule less kinked compared to cis fat. Research suggests a correlation between diets high in trans fats and diseases like atherosclerosis and coronary...

(In the U.S., the USDA Standard of Identity for a product labeled as vegetable oil margarine specifies that only canola, safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean, or peanut oil may be used.^[7] Products not labeled vegetable oil margarine do not have that restriction.) The United States Department of Agriculture (also called the Agriculture Department, or USDA) is a United States Federal Executive Department (or Cabinet Department). ... A standard of identity for a food product is the legal terminology used in the United States for a government regulation which establishes the criteria which must be met before foods can be labeled in a certain way. ...

Industrial uses

Vegetable oils are used as an ingredient or component in many manufactured products.

• Many vegetable oils are used to make soaps, skin products, perfumes and other personal care and cosmetic products.

• Some oils are particularly suitable as drying agents, and are used in making paints and other wood treatment products. Dammar oil (a mixture of linseed oil and dammar resin), for example, is used almost exclusively in treating the hulls of wooden boats.

• Vegetable oils are increasingly being used in the electrical industry as insulators as vegetable oils are non-toxic to the environment, biodegradable if spilled and have high flash and fire points. However, vegetable oils have issues with chemical stability (there has to be a tradeoff with biodegradability), so they are generally used in systems where they are not exposed to oxygen and are more expensive than crude oil distillate. Two examples are FR3 by Cooper Power and Biotemp by ABB. Midel 7131 by M & I materials is a synthetic tetraester, like a vegetable oil but with four fatty acid chains compared to the normal three found in a natural ester, and is manufactured by an alcohol plus acid reaction. Tetraesters generally have high stability to oxidation and have found use as engine lubricants.

• Vegetable oil is being used to produce bio-degradable hydraulic fluid^[8]and lubricant.^[9]

• Common vegetable oil has also been used experimentally as a cooling agent in PCs.

One limiting factor in industrial uses of vegetable oils is that all such oils eventually chemically decompose turning rancid. Oils that are more stable, such as Ben oil or mineral oil, are preferred for some industrial uses. A collection of decorative soaps used for human hygiene purposes. ... Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a pleasant smell. ... For other uses, see Cosmetic. ... There are two types of Drying agent: As water is the most common liquid on this planet, a drying agent is commonly a desiccant. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Dammar gum is obtained from the Dipterocarpaceae family of trees in India and East Asia, principally those of the genera Shorea, Balanocarpus, or Hopea. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Biodegradation is the decomposition of material by microorganisms. ... For other uses, see Flash point (disambiguation). ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and elaion – oil or Latin oleum – oil ) or crude oil is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. ... Distillation is a means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points. ... Hydraulic fluids are a large group of mineral oils, water-based or water used as the medium in hydraulic systems. ... A lubricant (colloquially, lube, although this may also refer to personal lubricants) is a substance (usually a liquid) introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the friction and wear between them. ... Rancid is a punk rock band formed in 1991 in Berkeley, California, by Matt Freeman and Tim Armstrong (former members of Operation Ivy). ... Ben oil is pressed from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera, known variously as the horseradish tree, ben oil tree, or drumstick tree. ... Mineral oil or liquid petrolatum is a by-product in the distillation of petroleum to produce gasoline. ...

Vegetable-based oils, like Castor oil, have been used as medicine and as lubricants for a long time prior to the discovery of crude oil and its petroleum-based derviatives (mineral oils, etc.). Castor oil has over 1000 patented industrial applications [1] and Castor oil is non-toxic ^[10] and quickly biodegrades; whereas, petroleum-based oils are potential health hazards, and take a very long time to biodegrade, thus can damage the environment when concentrated.^[11] Castor oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the castor bean (technically castor seed as the castor plant, Ricinus communis, is not a member of the bean family). ...

Pet food additive

Vegetable oil is used in production of some pet foods. AAFCO defines vegetable oil, in this context, as the product of vegetable origin obtained by extracting the oil from seeds or fruits which are processed for edible purposes. In some poorer grade pet foods, the oil is listed only as "vegetable oil", without specifying the particular oil. ^[12] Articles in category Pet foods There are 16 articles in this section of this category. ... AAFCO or the Association of American Feed Control Officials is a commercial enterprise which attempts to regulate the quality and safety of fodder and pet food in the United States. ... A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ...

Fuel

Main article: Vegetable oil used as fuel

Vegetable oils are also used to make biodiesel, which can be used like conventional diesel. Some vegetable oil blends are used in unmodified vehicles but straight vegetable oil needs specially prepared vehicles which have a method of heating the oil to reduce its viscosity. The vegetable oil economy is growing and the availability of biodiesel around the World is increasing. Waste Vegetable Oil which has been filtered. ... In some countries, filling stations sell biodiesel more cheaply than conventional diesel. ... This article is about the fuel. ... // Vegetable oil is too thick for most diesel engines. ... Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) is a fuel for diesel engines that can be either pure new vegetable oil or waste vegetable oil that has been cleaned, although this is normally referred to as WVO. Vegetable oil used as fuel in a compression ignition or diesel engine is also referred to... Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform under shear stress. ... // There is a limited amount of fossil fuel in the ground. ... This page describes the use and availability of biodiesel in various countries around the world. ...

Extraction

The "modern" way of processing vegetable oil is by chemical extraction, using solvent extracts, which produces higher yields and is quicker and less expensive. The most common solvent is petroleum-derived hexane. This technique is used for most of the "newer" industrial oils such as soybean and corn oils. the 3rd ingredient in big mac ...

Another way is physical extraction, which does not use solvent extracts. It is made the "traditional" way using several different types of mechanical extraction.^[13] This method is typically used to produce the more traditional oils (e.g., olive), and it is preferred by most "health-food" customers in the USA and in Europe. Expeller-pressed extraction is one type, and there are two other types that are both oil presses: the screw press and the ram press. Oil seed presses are commonly used in developing countries, among people for whom other extraction methods would be prohibitively expensive. ^[14] The amount of oil extracted using these methods varies widely, as shown in the following table for extracting mowrah butter in India:^[15] For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Expeller pressing is a chemical free method whereby oil is mechanically squeezed from raw materials in a single step, under high pressure. ... A ram press is a device or machine commonly used to press items with a mechanical ram, such as with a plunger, piston, force pump, or hydraulic ram. ...

Supercritical carbon dioxide can also be used for the extraction purpose and is non toxic.^[17] Carbon dioxide pressure-temperature phase diagram Supercritical carbon dioxide refers to carbon dioxide with some unique properties. ...

Production

Crude oil, straight from the crushing operation, is not considered edible in the case of most oilseeds. The same is true for the remaining meal. For instance, animals fed raw soy meal will waste away, even though soy meal is high in protein. Researchers at Central Soya discovered that a trypsin inhibitor in soybeans could be deactivated by toasting the meal, and both licensed their invention, and sold soy meal augmented with vitamins and minerals as MasterMix, a product for farmers to mix with their own grain to produce a high quality feed. Trypsin inhibitors are chemicals that reduce the bio-availability of trypsin, an amino acid essential to nutrition of many animals, including humans. ...

The processing of soy oil is typical of that used with most vegetable oils. Crude soy oil is first mixed with caustic soda. Saponification turns free fatty acids into soap. The soap is removed with a centrifuge. Neutralized dry soap stock (NDSS) is typically used in animal feed, more to get rid of it than because it is particularly nourishing. The remaining oil is deodorized by heating under a near-perfect vacuum and sparged with water. The condensate is further processed to become vitamin E food supplement, while the oil can be sold to manufacturers and consumers at this point. Saponification of a lipid with potassium hydroxide. ... A laboratory tabletop centrifuge A centrifuge is a piece of equipment, generally driven by a motor, that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying force perpendicular to the axis. ... Look up Vacuum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Sparging in chemical sciences refers to the bubbling of a chemically inert gas through a liquid. ...

Some of the oil is further processed. By carefully filtering the oil at near-freezing temperatures, "winter oil" is produced. This oil is sold to manufacturers of salad dressings, so that the dressings do not turn cloudy when refrigerated.

The oil may be partially hydrogenated to produce various ingredient oils. Lightly hydrogenated oils have very similar physical characteristics to regular soy oil, but are more resistant to becoming rancid. Hydrogenation is a class of chemical reactions which result an addition of hydrogen (H2) usually to unsaturated organic compounds. ...

Margarine oils need to be mostly solid at 32 °C (90 °F) so that the margarine does not melt in warm rooms, yet it needs to be completely liquid at 37 °C (98 °F), so that it doesn't leave a "lardy" taste in the mouth. Margarine in a tub Margarine (pronunciation: ), as a generic term, can indicate any of a wide range of butter-substitutes. ...

Another major use of soy oil is for fry oils. These oils require substantial hydrogenation to keep the polyunsaturates of soy oil from becoming rancid.

Hardening vegetable oil is done by raising a blend of vegetable oil and a catalyst in near-vacuum to very high temperatures, and introducing hydrogen. This causes the carbon atoms of the oil to break double-bonds with other carbons, each carbon forming a new single-bond with a hydrogen atom. Adding these hydrogen atoms to the oil makes it more solid, raises the smoke point, and makes the oil more stable. The smoke point refers to the point in which a cooking fat or oil is heated until it breaks down. ...

Hydrogenated vegetable oils differ in two major ways from other oils which are equally saturated. During hydrogenation, it is easier for hydrogen to come into contact with the fatty acids on the end of the triglyceride, and less easy for them to come into contact with the center fatty acid. This makes the resulting fat more brittle than a tropical oil; soy margarines are less "spreadable". The other difference is that trans fatty acids (often called trans fat) are formed in the hydrogenation reactor, and may amount to as much as 40 percent by weight of a partially hydrogenated oil. Trans acids are increasingly thought to be unhealthy. A trans fatty acid (commonly shortened to trans fat) is an unsaturated fatty acid molecule that contains a trans double bond between carbon atoms, which makes the molecule less kinked compared to cis fat. Research suggests a correlation between diets high in trans fats and diseases like atherosclerosis and coronary...

Sparging

In the processing of edible oils, the oil is heated under vacuum to near the smoke point, and water is introduced at the bottom of the oil. The water immediately is converted to steam, which bubbles through the oil, carrying with it any chemicals which are water-soluble. The steam sparging removes impurities that can impart unwanted flavors and odors to the oil.

Particular oils

For a more comprehensive list, see List of vegetable oils

The following triglyceride vegetable oils account for almost all world-wide production, by volume. All are used as both cooking oils and as SVO or to make biodiesel. According to the USDA, the total world consumption of major vegetable oils in 2000 was: Olive oil The following is intended to be a comprehensive list of oils that are extracted from plants. ... SVO is an acronym for several terms: SVO denotes the sequence Subject Verb Object in Linguistic typology. ... In some countries, filling stations sell biodiesel more cheaply than conventional diesel. ...

Note that these figures include industrial and animal feed use. The majority of European rapeseed oil production is used to produce biodiesel, or used directly as fuel in diesel cars which may require modification to heat the oil to reduce its higher viscosity. The suitability of the fuel should come as little surprise, as Rudolph Diesel originally designed his engine to run on peanut oil. The word ton or tonne is derived from the Old English tunne, and ultimately from the Old French tonne, and referred originally to a large cask with a capacity of 252 wine gallons, which holds approximately 2100 pounds of water. ... Binomial name (L.) Merr. ... Palm oil from Ghana with its natural dark color visible, 2 litres Palm oil block Palm oil is a form of edible vegetable oil obtained from the fruit of the oil palm tree. ... The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ... For articles on specific fuels used in vehicles, see Biogas, Bioethanol, Biobutanol, Biodiesel, and Straight vegetable oil. ... Binomial name Brassica napus L. Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as Rape, Oilseed Rape, Rapa, Rapaseed and (one particular cultivar) Canola, is a bright yellow flowering member (related to mustard) of the family Brassicaceae. ... In agriculture, Canola is a trademarked cultivar of genetically engineered rapeseed variants from which rapeseed oil is obtained. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ... In some countries, filling stations sell biodiesel more cheaply than conventional diesel. ... Binomial name L. This article is about the legume. ... Cotton plant as imagined and drawn by John Mandeville in the 14th century Cotton, from the Arabic qutun, is a soft fiber that grows around the seeds of the Cotton plant (Gossypium spp. ... A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ... Olive oil is a fruit oil obtained from the olive (Olea europaea), a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin. ... Cooking is the act of preparing food. ... For other uses, see Cosmetic. ... This article is about a common cleaning mixture. ... Fuel imports in 2005 Fuel is any material that is capable of releasing energy when its chemical or physical structure is altered. ... An oil lamp is a device used for lighting or for preserving a flame that is fueled by animal, vegetable or mineral oil. ... In some countries, filling stations sell biodiesel more cheaply than conventional diesel. ... This article is about the fuel. ... Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform under shear stress. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A bottle of peanut oil Peanut oil is an organic oil derived from peanuts, noted to have the slight aroma and taste of its parent legume. ...

Other significant triglyceride oils include:

• Corn oil, one of the most common, and inexpensive cooking oils.
• Hazelnut and other nut oils
• Linseed oil, from flax seeds
• Rice bran oil, from rice grains
• Safflower oil, a flavorless and colorless cooking oil.
• Sesame oil, used as a cooking oil, and as a massage oil, particularly in India.

Corn oil is oil extracted from the germ of corn. ... Binomial name Corylus avellana L. Male catkins on Common Hazel The Common Hazel (Corylus avellana) is a species of hazel native to Europe and Asia. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Flax (disambiguation). ... Bran is the hard outer layer of cereal grains, and consists of combined aleurone and pericarp. ... For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation). ... Safflower oil is an oil extracted from the safflower seed. ... Sesame oil (also known as gingelly oil and til oil) is an organic oil derived from sesames, noted to have the distinctive aroma and taste of its parent seed. ...

History of edible vegetable oils in North America

While olive oil and other pressed oils have been around for millennia, Procter & Gamble researchers were innovators when they started selling cottonseed oil as a creamed shortening, in 1911. Ginning mills were happy to have someone haul away the cotton seeds. Procter & Gamble researchers learned how to extract the oil, refine it, partially hydrogenate it (causing it to be solid at room temperature and thus mimic natural lard), and can it under nitrogen gas. Compared to the rendered lard Procter & Gamble was already selling to consumers, Crisco was cheaper, easier to stir into a recipe, and could be stored at room temperature for two years without turning rancid. (Procter & Gamble sold their fats and oils brands - Jif and Crisco - to The J.M. Smucker Co. in 2002.) Procter & Gamble Co. ... Cotton gin The cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seedpods and the sometimes sticky seeds. ... Cover of original Crisco cookbook, 1912 Crisco, a popular brand of shortening, was first produced in 1911 by Procter & Gamble and was the first shortening to be made entirely of vegetable oil. ... Smuckers is a popular brand in the USA, and to a lesser extent in Canada. ...

Soybeans were an exciting new crop from China in the 1930s. Soy was protein-rich, and the light tasteless oil was extremely high in polyunsaturates. Henry Ford established a soybean research laboratory, developed soybean plastics and a soy-based synthetic wool, and built a car almost entirely out of soybeans.^[18] Roger Drackett had a successful new product with Windex, but he invested heavily in soybean research, seeing it as a smart investment.^[19] By the 1950s and 1960s, soybean oil had became the most popular vegetable oil in the US. Henry Ford (1919) Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. ... Windexs flagship product Windex is a trademark for a glass and light-duty hard surface cleaner made since 1992 by S. C. Johnson & Son and popular in the United States and Canada since the mid-20th century. ...

In the mid-1970s, Canadian researchers developed a low-erucic rapeseed cultivar. Because the word "rape" was not considered optimal for marketing, they coined the name "canola" (from "Canada Oil"). The FDA approved use of the canola name in January 1985,^[20] and U.S. farmers started planting large areas that spring. Canola oil is lower in saturated fats, and higher in mono-unsaturates and is a better source of omega-3 fats than other popular oils. Canola is very thin (unlike corn oil) and flavorless (unlike olive oil) so it largely succeeds by displacing soy oil, just as soy oil largely succeeded by displacing cottonseed oil. hi “FDA” redirects here. ... Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids found in certain fish tissues, and in vegetable sources such as flax seeds, walnuts, and canola oil. ...

Waste oil

As of 2000, the United States were producing in excess of 11 billion liters of waste vegetable oil annually, mainly from industrial deep fryers in potato processing plants, snack food factories and fast food restaurants. Deep frying is cooking food by submerging the whole food item in hot oil or fat, originating in Africa. ... For other uses, see Potato (disambiguation). ... A snack food (commonly shortened to snack) is seen in Western culture as a type of food not meant to be eaten as a main meal of the day (breakfast, lunch, dinner) but one that is intended rather to assuage a persons hunger between these meals, providing a brief... This article needs cleanup. ...

Waste vegetable oil, sold as the commodity yellow grease has a market value of approximately $1.09 per US gallon ($0.29/l or $335 per metric tonne), expected to rise to $1.21 by 2013, enough to make collection economically viable.^[21] Yellow grease is a term from the rendering industry. ... Market capitalization, often abbreviated to market cap, mkt. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... The gallon (abbreviation: gal) is a unit of volume. ... A tonne or metric ton (symbol t), sometimes referred to as a metric tonne, is a measurement of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. ...

Currently, the largest uses of waste vegetable oil in the U.S. are for animal feed, pet food, and cosmetics. Since 2002, an increasing number of European Union countries have prohibited the inclusion of waste vegetable oil from catering in animal feed. Waste cooking oils from food manufacturing, however, as well as fresh or unused cooking oil, continues to be used in animal feed. ^[22] In agriculture, fodder or animal feed is any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed livestock, such as cattle, sheep, chickens and pigs. ... Articles in category Pet foods There are 16 articles in this section of this category. ... For other uses, see Cosmetic. ... Waste inside a wheelie bin Waste in a bin bag Waste, rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk is unwanted or undesired material. ... A professionally catered event Catering is the business of providing food service at a remote site. ...

See also

• Fragrance oil
• Essential oils
• List of vegetable oils
• List of macerated oils
• Algae culture
• Biodiesel
• Non food crops
• Straight vegetable oil (SVO)
• Cooking oil
• Decorticator
• Expeller
• Extruder
• Lipid
• Mill
• Deodoriser
• Fatty Acid

Fragrance oils, also known as aroma oils, aromatic oils, and flavor oils, are blended synthetic aroma compounds or natural essential oils that are diluted with a carrier like propylene glycol, vegetable oil, or mineral oil. ... An essential oil, is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aromatic compounds extracted from plants. ... Olive oil The following is intended to be a comprehensive list of oils that are extracted from plants. ... Commercially-available macerated oils include all these, and others. ... Algae culture is a form of aquaculture involving the farming of species of algae for purposes of producing food or other products that can be extracted from the cultivated species. ... In some countries, filling stations sell biodiesel more cheaply than conventional diesel. ... The term non food crops applies to the use of agricultural crops for uses other than human or animal consumption. ... Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) is a fuel for diesel engines that can be either pure new vegetable oil or waste vegetable oil that has been cleaned, although this is normally referred to as WVO. Vegetable oil used as fuel in a compression ignition or diesel engine is also referred to... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with vegetable oil. ... A machine for stripping the skin, bark, or rind off nuts, wood, plant stalks, grain, etc. ... Expeller pressing is a chemical free method whereby oil is mechanically squeezed from raw materials in a single step, under high pressure. ... Extrusion is a manufacturing process where a billet of material is pushed and/or drawn though a die to create a shaped rod, rail or pipe. ... A polyunsaturated triglyceride. ... A factory (previously manufactory) is a large industrial building where goods or products are manufactured. ... Deodoriser Deodoriser is an equipment for Deodorising. ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. ...

Notes and references

An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aromatic compounds from plants. ... An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aromatic compounds from plants. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Other references

• Beare-Rogers, J.L. 1983. "Trans and positional isomers of common fatty acids." In H.H. Draper (ed.) Advances in Nutritional Research. Vol. 5 Plenum Press, New York, pp. 171-200.
• Berry, E.M. and Hirsch, J. 1986. "Does dietary linolenic acid influence blood pressure?" American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 44: 336-340.
• Beyers, E.C. and Emken, E.A. 1991. "Metabolites of cis, trans, and trans, cis isomers of linoleic acid in mice and incorporation into tissue lipids." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1082: 275-284.
• Birch, D.G., Birch, E.E., Hoffman, D.R., and Uauy, R.D. 1992. "Retinal development in very-low-birth-weight infants fed diets differing in omega-3 fatty acids." Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33(8): 2365-2376.
• Birch, E.E., Birch, D.G., Hoffman, D.R., and Uauy, R. 1992. "Dietary essential fatty acid supply and visual acuity development." Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 33(11): 3242-3253.
• Brenner, R.R. 1989. Factors influencing fatty acid chain elongation and desaturation, in the role of fats in human nutrition. 2nd edn. (eds A.J. Vergroesen and M. Crawford), Academic Press, London pp. 45-79.
• British Nutrition Foundation. 1987. Report of the task force on trans fatty acids. London: British Nutrition Foundation.
• Central Soya annual report, 1979.
• Emken, E. A. 1984. "Nutrition and biochemistry of trans and positional fatty acid isomers in hydrogenated oils." Annual Reviews of Nutrition. 4: 339-376.
• Enig, M.G., Atal, S., Keeney, M and Sampugna, J. 1990. "Isomeric trans fatty acids in the U.S. diet." Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 9: 471-486.
• Ascherio, A., Hennekens, C.H., Baring, J.E., Master, C., Stampfer, M.J. and Willett, W.C. 1994. "Trans fatty acids intake and risk of myocardial infarction." Circulation. 89: 94-101.
• Gurr, M.I. 1983. "Trans fatty acids: Metabolic and nutritional significance." Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation. Document 166: 5-18.
• Hui Y. H., editor, "Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products," Edible Oil and Fat Products
• Koletzko, B. 1992. "Trans fatty acids may impair biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturates and growth in man." Acta Paediatrica. 81: 302-306.
• Lief, Alfred, It floats: The story of Procter & Gamble, published 1958 by Rinehart.
• MacMillen, Harold W., Mr. Mac and Central Soya: the foodpower story, published 1967 by Newcomen Society
• Marchand, C.M. 1982. "Positional isomers of trans-octadecenoic acids in margarine." Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal. 15: 196-199.
• Mensink, R.P., Zock, P.L., Katan, M.B. and Hornstra, G. 1992. "Effect of dietary cis-and trans-fatty acids on serum lipoprotein[a] levels in humans." Journal of Lipid Research. 33: 1493-1501.
• Siguel, E.N. and Lerman, R.H. 1993. "Trans fatty acid patterns in patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease." American Journal of Cardiology. 71: 916-920.
• Troisi, R., Willett, W.C. and Weiss, S.T. 1992. "Trans-fatty acid intake in relation to serum lipid concentrations in adult men." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56: 1019-1024.
• Willett, W.C., Stampfer, M.J., Manson, J.E., Colditz, G.A., Speizer, F.E., Rosner, B.A., Sampson, L.A. and Hennekens, C.H. 1993. "Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women." The Lancet. 341: 581-585.

External links

• Hydro Safe Biodegradable Oil. Hydrosafe.
• Edible Oils. Hyfoma. Retrieved on 2006-11-05.
• Oil yields and characteristics. Journey to forever. Retrieved on 2006-11-05.
• Vegetable oils as fuel forum. UK Goat Industries. Retrieved on 2006-11-05.
• Oil Crops. National Non Food Crops Centre. Retrieved on 2006-11-05. Information on the use of vegetable oils in fuel, lubricants, polymers, solvents and surfactants.