It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with cooking oil. (Discuss)

Vegetable oil or vegoil is fat extracted from plant sources, known as oil plants. Although in principle other parts of plants may yield oil, in practice seeds form the almost exclusive source. Vegetable oils are used as cooking oils and for industrial uses. Some types, such as cottonseed oil, castor oil and some types of rapeseed oil, are not fit for human consumption without further processing. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with vegetable oil. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... A ripe red jalapeno cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with vegetable oil. ... Cottonseed oil is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the cotton plant after the cotton lint has been removed. ... Castor oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the castor bean (or preferably castor seed as the castor plant (Ricinus communis) is not a member of the bean family). ... Binomial name Brassica napus L. Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as Rape, Oilseed Rape, Rapa, Rapaseed and (one particular cultivar) Canola, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae. ... This article is about modern humans. ...

Like all fats, vegetable oils are esters of glycerin and a varying blend of fatty acids, and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. General formula of an ester of a carboxylic acid. ... Glycerin, also well known as glycerine and glycerol, and less commonly as 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane, glyceritol, and glycyl alcohol is a colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, and sweet-tasting viscous liquid. ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often with a long aliphatic tail (long chains), either saturated or unsaturated. ... A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. ...

Sources of vegetable oil

Common sources of vegetable oil include:

Oilseeds:

• cashew
• castor bean - castor oil
• flax seed - linseed oil
• grape seed - grape seed oil
• hemp (cannabis)
• mustard
• poppy seeds - poppyseed oil
• rapeseed
  • canola (cultivar of rapeseed)
• safflower
• sesame seed
• sunflower

Other vegetable oils: Binomial name Anacardium occidentale L. The Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is a tree in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. ... Binomial name Ricinus communis The castor bean (Ricinus communis) is not a true bean, but a member of the Euphorbiaceae or spurge family. ... Castor oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the castor bean (or preferably castor seed as the castor plant (Ricinus communis) is not a member of the bean family). ... Binomial name Linum usitatissimum Linnaeus. ... Linseed oil is a yellowish drying oil derived from the dried ripe seeds of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum, Linaceae). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Grape seed oil (also grapeseed oil) is a vegetable oil pressed from the seeds of various varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes, an abundant by-product of wine making. ... U.S. Marihuana production permit, from the film Hemp for Victory. ... Species See text The mustards are several plant species in the genus Brassica whose proverbially tiny mustard seeds are used as a spice and, by grinding and mixing them with water, vinegar or other liquids, are turned into a condiment also known as mustard. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Papaveraceae. ... Poppyseed oil (also poppy seed oil or poppy oil) is oil extracted from the seeds of the opium poppy ( The whole seeds of the poppy plant are edible and non-toxic, and have been used for various culinary purposes (particularly baking) since ancient times. ... Binomial name Brassica napus L. Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as Rape, Oilseed Rape, Rapa, Rapaseed and (one particular cultivar) Canola, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae. ... Canola field near Red Deer, Alberta Canola field in Temora, New South Wales Canola field near Bindi Bindi Western Australia In agriculture, Canola is a trademarked cultivar of the rapeseed plant from which rapeseed oil is obtained. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ... Binomial name Carthamus tinctorius L. Safflower is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual, usually with many long sharp spines on the leaves. ... Binomial name Sesamum indicum Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is a crop grown primarily for its oil-rich seeds. ... Binomial name Helianthus annuus L. The sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is an annual plant in the Family Asteraceae with a large flower head (inflorescence). ...

• almond
• algae
• apricot
• argan
• avocado
• corn (maize) - corn oil
• cotton plant seed - cottonseed oil
• coconut - coconut oil
• fusarium - actually a fungus
• hazelnut
• neem oil
• olives and olive pits - olive oil
• palm - palm oil - from the fruit of the African palm tree
• palm kernel oil - from the seed of the African palm tree
• peanut - peanut oil
• pumpkin seed
• rice bran - used also in paints[1]
• soybean - soybean oil is commonly marketed as "Vegetable Oil" in American grocery stores
• walnut

According to the USDA, the total world consumption of major vegetable oils in 2000 was: Binomial name Prunus dulcis (Mill. ... Algae culture is a form of aquaculture involving the farming of species of algae for purposes of producing food or other products that can be extracted from the cultivated species. ... Binomial name Prunus armeniaca L. The Apricot (Prunus armeniaca, syn. ... Argan can mean The Argan tree (Argania spinosa), from North Africa, which produces both fruit and oil Protagonist of Le Malade imaginaire This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Binomial name Persea americana Mill. ... Binomial name Zea mays L. Maize (Zea mays ssp. ... Corn oil is oil extracted from the germ of corn. ... Species See text The cotton plant (Gossypium) is a genus of about 40 species of shrubs in the family Malvaceae, native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the Old World and the New World. ... Cottonseed oil is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the cotton plant after the cotton lint has been removed. ... Binomial name Cocos nucifera L. The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera), is a member of the Family Arecaceae (palm family). ... Coconut oil, also known as coconut butter, is a fat consisting of over 90 percent saturated fat extracted from coconuts and used in cosmetics and in baking as a cooking oil. ... Fusarium is a genus of filamentous fungi widely distributed on plants and in the soil. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Deuteromycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Fungus growing on a tree in Borneo A fungus (plural fungi) is a eukaryotic organism that digests its food externally and absorbs the nutrient molecules into its cells. ... Binomial name Corylus avellana L. The Common Hazel (Corylus avellana) is a shrub native to Europe and Asia. ... Neem oil is a vegetable oil pressed from the seeds of Neem (Azadirachta indica), an evergreen tree which is endemic to the Indian sub-continent and has been introduced to many other areas in the tropics. ... Binomial name Olea europaea L. The Olive (Olea europaea) is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae, native to coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean region, from Syria and the maritime parts of Asia Minor and northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian Sea. ... For the cartoon character, see Olive Oyl. ... Genera Many; see list of Arecaceae genera Arecaceae (also known as Palmae or Palmaceae), the palm family, is a family of flowering plants, belonging to the monocot order Arecales. ... Palm oil is a form of edible vegetable oil obtained from the fruit of the Oil palm tree. ... Fruit stall in Barcelona, Catalonia. ... Palm oil is a form of edible vegetable oil obtained from the fruit of the Oil palm tree. ... A ripe red jalapeno cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Arachis hypogaea L. The peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the pea family Fabaceae native to South America. ... Peanut oil is often used in cooking, because it has a mild flavour and burns only at a relatively high temperature. ... Pumpkins Pumpkin attached to a stalk A pumpkin is a squash vegetable, most commonly orange in colour when ripe, that grows as a fruit (gourd from a trailing vine of the genus Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae). ... Rice bran is the layer underneath the rice hull rich in oils. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Species See text The walnuts (genus Juglans) are plants in the walnut family Juglandaceae. ... The U.S. Department of Agriculture, also called the Agriculture Department, or USDA, is a Cabinet department of the United States Federal Government. ... This article is about the year 2000. ...

Note that these figures include industrial and animal feed use. The majority of European rapeseed oil production is used to produce biodiesel, or used directly as fuel in diesel cars which may require modification to heat the oil to reduce its higher viscosity. The suitability of the fuel should come as little surprise, as Rudolph Diesel originally designed his engine to run on peanut oil. Biodiesel sample Biodiesel refers to diesel-equivalent biofuel usually made from vegetable oils or animal fats. ... Diesel or Diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate of fuel oil (mostly petroleum) that is used as fuel in a diesel engine invented by German engineer Rudolf Diesel. ... The pitch drop experiment at the University of Queensland. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Peanut oil is often used in cooking, because it has a mild flavour and burns only at a relatively high temperature. ...

Use of vegetable oil directly as a fuel is one of the most environmentally friendly sources of power, as it is carbon neutral, and unlike biodiesel does not require energy input to perform transesterification or produce glycerine as a waste product. ...

Extraction

• The "modern" way of processing vegetable oil is by chemical extraction, using solvent extracts, which produces higher yields and is quicker and less expensive. The most common solvent is petroleum-derived hexane. This technique is used for most of the "newer" industrial oils such as soybean and corn oils.

• Another way is "physical extraction," which does not use solvent extracts. It is made the "traditional" way using several different types of mechanical extraction. This method is typically used to produce the more traditional oils (e.g., olive, coconut and palm oils), and it is preferred by most "health-food" customers in the USA and in Europe. Expeller-pressed extraction is one type, and there are two other types that are both oil presses: the screw press and the ram press.

Supercritical carbon dioxide can also be used for the extraction purpose and it is non toxic.[2] R-phrases , , , , , , S-phrases , , , , , , , Flash point −23. ... World map showing Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... A continuous feed method where oil is squeezed from the raw material in one step under high pressure. ... A Ram press is a tool used in the creation of flatware. ... A supercritical fluid is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its thermodynamic critical point. ... Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ...

Production

Neither the oil nor the meal is considered edible immediately upon crushing the bean and extracting the crude vegetable oil. Animals fed raw meal will waste away, even though soy meal is high in protein. Researchers at Central Soya discovered that a trypsin inhibitor in soybeans could be deactivated by toasting the meal, and both licensed their invention, and sold soy meal augmented with vitamins and minerals as MasterMix, a product for farmers to mix with their own grain to produce a high quality feed. Trypsin inhibitors are chemicals that reduce the bio-availability of trypsin, an amino acid essential to nutrition of many animals, including humans. ...

Crude soybean oil is first mixed with caustic soda. Saponification turns free fatty acids into soap. The soap is removed with a centrifuge. Neutralized dry soap stock (NDSS) is typically used in animal feed, more to get rid of it than because it is particularly nourishing. The remaining oil is deodorized by heating under a near-perfect vacuum and sparged with water. The condensate is further processed to become vitamin E food supplement, while the oil can be sold to manufacturers and consumers at this point. Saponification is the hydrolysis of an ester under basic conditions to form an alcohol and the salt of the acid. ... A laboratory centrifuge tabletop centrifuge A centrifuge is a piece of equipment that puts a substance in rotation around a fixed axis in order for the centrifugal force to separate a fluid from a fluid or from a solid substance. ... Look up Vacuum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary For other uses, see vacuum (disambiguation) A vacuum is a volume of space that is empty of matter, including air, so that gaseous pressure is much less than standard atmospheric pressure. ... Sparging in chemical sciences refers to the bubbling of a chemically inert gas through a liquid. ...

Some of the oil is further processed. By carefully filtering the oil at near-freezing temperatures, "winter oil" is produced. This oil is sold to manufacturers of salad dressings, so that the dressings do not turn cloudy when refrigerated.

The oil may be partially hydrogenated to produce various ingredient oils. Lightly hydrogenated oils have very similar physical characteristics to regular soy oil, but are more resistant to becoming rancid. Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction in which unsaturated bonds between carbon atoms are reduced by attachment of a hydrogen atom to each carbon. ...

Margarine oils need to be mostly solid at 90 degrees F so that the margarine does not melt in warm rooms, yet it needs to be completely liquid at 98 degrees F, so that it doesn't leave a "lardy" taste in the mouth. Margarine, as a generic term, can indicate any of a wide range of butter-substitutes. ...

Another major use of soy oil is for fry oils. These oils require substantial hydrogenation to keep the polyunsaturates of soy oil from becoming rancid.

Hardening vegetable oil is done by raising a blend of vegetable oil and a catalyst in near-vacuum to very high temperatures, and introducing hydrogen. This causes the carbon atoms of the oil to break double-bonds with other carbons, each carbon forming a new single-bond with a hydrogen atom. Adding these hydrogen atoms to the oil makes it more solid, raises the smoke point, and makes the oil more stable. The smoke point refers to the point in which a cooking fat or oil is heated until it breaks down. ...

Hydrogenated vegetable oils differ in two ways from other oils which are equally saturated. During hydrogenation, it is easier for hydrogen to come into contact with the fatty acids on the end of the triglyceride, and less easy for them to come into contact with the center fatty acid. This makes the resulting fat more brittle than a tropical oil; soy margarines are less "spreadable".

The other difference is that trans fatty acids are formed in the hydrogenation reactor. Trans acids are increasingly thought to be unhealthful.

History of vegetable oils in the United State

While olive oil and other pressed oils have been around for millenia, Procter & Gamble researchers were innovators when they started selling cottonseed oil as a creamed shortening, in 1911. Ginning mills were happy to have someone haul away the cotton seeds. P&G researchers learned how to extract the oil, refine it, harden it, and package it as a creamed shortening. Compared to the lard they were already selling to consumers, Crisco was cheaper, easier to stir into a recipe, and could be stored at room temperature for two years. (P&G sold their Crisco and Jif peanut butter lines to JM Smucker in 2002.)

Soybeans were an exciting new crop from China in the 1930s. Henry Ford built a car almost entirely out of soybean-derived plastics. Roger Drackett had a successful new product with Windex, but he invested heavily in soybean research, seeing it as wise move. By the 1950s and 1960s, soybean oil became the most popular vegetable oil in the US.

In the mid-1970s, Canadian researchers developed a low-ecruic rapeseed cultivar. Because the word "rape" was offensive to shoppers, they called it "canola oil" and when the US approved use of the canola oil name in the late 1980s, farmers in the US started growing it in large quantity. Canola oil is lower in saturated fat, and higher in mono-unsaturates and is a better source of omega-3 fats than any other popular oils. Canola is very thin (unlike corn oil) and flavorless (unlike olive oil) so it largely succeeds by displacing soy oil, just as soy oil largely succeeded by displacing cottonseed oil.

Industrial uses

• Vegetable oils are increasingly being used in the electrical industry as insulators as vegetable oils are non-toxic to the environment, biodegradable if spilled and have high flash and fire points. However, vegetable oils have issues with chemical stability (there has to be a tradeoff with biodegradability), so they are generally used in systems where they are not exposed to oxygen and are more expensive than crude oil distillate. Three examples are Midel 7131 by M & I materials, FR3 by Cooper Power and Biotemp by ABB. Midel 7131 is a synthetic oil, manufactured by an alcohol + acid reaction.

• Common vegetable oil has also been used experimentally as a cooling agent in PCs.

A synthetic oil is an oil manufactured for enhanced lubrication performance using the Fischer-Tropsch process which converts carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane into liquid hydrocarbons of various forms. ...

See also

• Vegetable oil used as fuel
• algae culture
• biodiesel
• Straight vegetable oil (SVO)
• cooking oil
• decorticator
• expeller
• extruder
• lipid
• mill

Use of vegetable oil directly as a fuel is one of the most environmentally friendly sources of power, as it is carbon neutral, and unlike biodiesel does not require energy input to perform transesterification or produce glycerine as a waste product. ... Algae culture is a form of aquaculture involving the farming of species of algae for purposes of producing food or other products that can be extracted from the cultivated species. ... Biodiesel sample Biodiesel refers to diesel-equivalent biofuel usually made from vegetable oils or animal fats. ... Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) is a fuel for diesel engines that can be either pure new vegetable oil or Waste vegetable oil that has been cleaned, although this is normally referred to as WVO. The most noticeable difference between an engine running on diesel and SVO is that latter is... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with vegetable oil. ... A machine for stripping the skin, bark, or rind off nuts, wood, plant stalks, grain, etc. ... A continuous feed method where oil is squeezed from the raw material in one step under high pressure. ... Extrusion is a manufacturing process where a billet of material is pushed and/or drawn though a die to create a shaped rod, rail or pipe. ... Figure 1: Structure of a Lipid. ... A factory (previously manufactory) is a large industrial building where goods or products are manufactured. ...

External links

• Oil yields and characteristics.

• References for use as a fuel

• Oilseeds Factsheet

Other References

Beare-Rogers, J.L. 1983. Trans and positional isomers of common fatty acids. In H.H. Draper (ed.) Advances in Nutritional Research. Vol. 5 Plenum Press, New York, pp. 171-200.

Berry, E.M. and Hirsch, J. 1986. Does dietary linolenic acid influence blood pressure? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 44: 336-340.

Beyers, E.C. and Emken, E.A. 1991. Metabolites of cis, trans, and trans, cis isomers of linoleic acid in mice and incorporation into tissue lipids. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1082: 275-284.

Birch, D.G., Birch, E.E., Hoffman, D.R., and Uauy, R.D. 1992. Retinal development in very-low-birth-weight infants fed diets differing in omega-3 fatty acids. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33(8): 2365-2376.

Birch, E.E., Birch, D.G., Hoffman, D.R., and Uauy, R. 1992. Dietary essential fatty acid supply and visual acuity development. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 33(11): 3242-3253.

Brenner, R.R. 1989. Factors influencing fatty acid chain elongation and desaturation, in the role of fats in human nutrition. 2nd edn. (eds A.J. Vergroesen and M. Crawford), Academic Press, London pp. 45-79.

British Nutrition Foundation. 1987. Report of the task force on trans fatty acids. London: British Nutrition Foundation.

Emken, E. A. 1984. Nutrition and biochemistry of trans and positional fatty acid isomers in hydrogenated oils. Annual Reviews of Nutrition. 4: 339-376.

Enig, M.G., Atal, S., Keeney, M and Sampugna, J. 1990. Isomeric trans fatty acids in the U.S. diet. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 9: 471-486.

Ascherio, A., Hennekens, C.H., Baring, J.E., Master, C., Stampfer, M.J. and Willett, W.C. 1994. Trans fatty acids intake and risk of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 89: 94-101.

Gurr, M.I. 1983. Trans fatty acids: Metabolic and nutritional significance. Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation. Document 166: 5-18.

Koletzko, B. 1992. Trans fatty acids may impair biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturates and growth in man. Acta Paediatrica. 81: 302-306.

Marchand, C.M. 1982. Positional isomers of trans-octadecenoic acids in margarine. Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal. 15: 196-199.

Mensink, R.P., Zock, P.L., Katan, M.B. and Hornstra, G. 1992. Effect of dietary cis-and trans-fatty acids on serum lipoprotein[a] levels in humans. Journal of Lipid Research. 33: 1493-1501.

Siguel, E.N. and Lerman, R.H. 1993. Trans fatty acid patterns in patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology. 71: 916-920.

Troisi, R., Willett, W.C. and Weiss, S.T. 1992. Trans-fatty acid intake in relation to serum lipid concentrations in adult men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56: 1019-1024.

Willett, W.C., Stampfer, M.J., Manson, J.E., Colditz, G.A., Speizer, F.E., Rosner, B.A., Sampson, L.A. and Hennekens, C.H. 1993. Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women. The Lancet. 341: 581-585.

Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Edible Oil and Fat Products, Y. H. Hui, editor.

Mr. Mac and Central Soya: the foodpower story, by Harold W. MacMillen, published 1967 by Newcomen Society

Central Soya annual report, 1979.

It floats: The story of Procter & Gamble, by Alfred Lief, published 1958 by Rinehart.