Venetic is an extinct Indo-European language that was spoken in ancient times in the Veneto region of Italy, between the Po River delta and the southern fringe of the Alps. An extinct language (also called a dead language) is a language which no longer has any native speakers. ... The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 to 100 according the Gregorian calendar. ... Current distribution of Human Language Families A language family is a group of related languages said to have descended from a common proto-language. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ... ISO 639-3 is in process of development as an international standard for language codes. ... Not to be confused with the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone meaning sound, voice) is the study of the sounds of human speech. ... Unicode is an industry standard designed to allow text and symbols from all of the writing systems of the world to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. ... This chart shows concisely the most common way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is applied to represent the English language. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ... Vèneto is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. ... The Po (Latin: Padus, Italian: Po) is a river that flows 652 kilometers (405 miles) eastward across northern Italy, from Monviso (in the Cottian Alps) to the Adriatic Sea near Venice. ... Nile River delta, as seen from Earth orbit. ... The west face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ...

The language is attested by over 300 short inscriptions dating between the 6th century BC and 1st century. Its speakers are identified with the ancient people called Veneti by the Romans and Enetoi by the Greek. It became extinct around the 1st century when the local inhabitants were assimilated into the Roman sphere. (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 6th century BC started on January 1, 600 BC and ended on December 31, 501 BC. // Monument 1, an Olmec colossal head at La Venta The 5th and 6th centuries BC were a time of empires, but more importantly, a time... The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 to 100 according the Gregorian calendar. ... The Veneti (Enetoi in Greek) were an ancient people who inhabited todays northeastern Italy, in a area comprised in the modern-day region Veneto. ... Area under Roman control  Roman Republic  Roman Empire  Western Empire  Eastern Empire Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a city-state founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 to 100 according the Gregorian calendar. ...

Venetic should not be confused with Venetian, a Romance language presently spoken in the same general region. A business sign in Venetian Venetian or Venetan is a Romance language spoken by over two million people, mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. ... The Romance languages, also called Romanic languages, are a subfamily of the Italic languages, specifically the descendants of the Vulgar Latin dialects spoken by the common people evolving in different areas after the break-up of the Roman Empire. ...

Linguistic classification

Venetic is a centum language. The inscriptions use a variety of the Northern Italic alphabet, similar to the Old Italic alphabet. Centum is the collective name for the branches of Indo-European in which the so-called Satem shift, the change of palato-velar *k^, *g^, *g^h into fricatives or affricates, did not take place, and the palato-velar consonants merged with plain velars (*k, *g, *gh). ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ...

The most prominent scholars who have deciphered Venetic inscriptions or otherwise contributed to the knowledge of the Venetic language are Carl Pauli, Hans Krahe, Giovan Battista Pellegrini, Aldo Luigi Prosdocimi and Michel Lejeune. In recent years, Loredana Calzavara Capuis and Anna Maria Chieco Bianchi have further contributed to Venetic studies.

The exact relationship of Venetic to other Indo-European languages is still being investigated, but the majority of scholars agree that Venetic, aside from Liburnian, was closest to the Italic languages (a group that includes Latin, Oscan and Umbrian). Venetic may also have been related to the Illyrian languages language once spoken in the westen Balkans, though the theory that Illyrian and Venetic were closely related is debated by current scholarship. The Liburnian language is now an extinct language which was spoken by the ancient Liburnians, who occupied Liburnia in classical and early medieval times. ... The Italic subfamily is a member of the Centum branch of the Indo-European language family. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Oscan, the language of the Osci, is in the Sabellic branch of the Italic language family, which is a branch of Indo-European and includes Umbrian, Latin and Faliscan. ... Languages in Iron Age Italy, 6th century BC Umbrian, an Italic language, is a dead language formerly spoken in the ancient Italian region of Umbria. ... The Illyrian languages are a group of Indo-European languages that were spoken in the western part of the Balkans in former times by ethnic groups identified as Illyrians: Delmatae, Pannoni, Illyrioi, Autariates, Taulanti (see List of Illyrian tribes). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Some important parallels with the Germanic languages have also been noted, especially in pronominal forms: This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Venetic: ego = I, accusative mego = me

Gothic: ik, accusative mik

(Latin: ego, accusative me)

Venetic: sselboisselboi = to oneself

Old High German: selb selbo

(Latin: sibi ipsi)

(Pokorny 1959: 708-709, 882-884)

For a detailed discussion on the position of Venetic within Indo-European, see Lejeune (1974; Chapitre VIII: La position du vénète, p. 163-173).

Features

Venetic had about six or even seven noun cases and four conjugations (similar to Latin). About 60 words are known, but some were borrowed from Latin (liber.tos. < libertus) or Etruscan. Many of them show a clear Indo-European origin, such as vhraterei < PIE *bhraterei = to the brother. Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Languages in Iron Age Italy, 6th century BC Etruscan was a language spoken and written in the ancient region of Etruria (current Tuscany plus western Umbria and northern Latium) and in parts of what are now Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna (where the Etruscans were displaced by Gauls), in Italy. ...

Phonetism

In Venetic, PIE stops *bh, *dh and *gh developed to /f/, /f/ and /h/, respectively, in word-initial position (as in Latin and Osco-Umbrian), but to /b/, /d/ and /g/, respectively, in word-internal intervowel position (as in Latin). For Venetic, at least the developments of *bh and *dh are clearly attested. Faliscan and Osco-Umbrian preserve internal /f/, /f/ and /h/. Proto-Indo-European (PIE) may refer to: Proto-Indo-European language the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages Proto-Indo-Europeans, the hypothetical speakers of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language Proto-Indo-European roots, A list of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots Categories: | ...

There are also indications of the developments of PIE *gw- > w-, PIE *kw > *kv and PIE *gwh- > f- in Venetic, all of which are parallel to Latin, as well as the regressive assimilation of PIE sequence *p...kw... > *kw...kw..., a feature also found in Italic and Celtic (Lejeune 1974: 141-144).

Language sample

A sample inscription in Venetic, found on a bronze nail at Este (Es 45): Assorted ancient Bronze castings found as part of a cache, probably intended for recycling. ... A pile of nails. ... Este is a comune of the Province of Padua, in the Veneto region of northern Italy. ...

Venetic: mego donasto śainatei reitiiai porai egeotora aimoi ke louderobos

Latin (literal): me donavit sanatrici Reitiae bonae Egetora pro-Aemo que liberis

English: Egetora gave me to Good Reitia the Healer on behalf of Aemus and the children

(Prosdocimi in Pellegrini 1967: 149-150)

Another inscription, found on a situla (vessel such as an urn or bucket) at Cadore (Ca 4 Valle): A Situla is a bronze vessel of the ancient European Iron Age. ... Cadore, a town and contado (countship) of in the North Italian region of Friuli, is a barren and poor district, watered by the Piave torrent poured forth from the Carnic Alps, and is at no great distance from Tirol. ...

Venetic: eik goltanos doto louderai kanei

Latin (literal): hic Goltanus dedit Liberae Cani

English: Goltanus sacrificed this for the virgin Kanis

(Prosdocimi in Pellegrini 1967: 464-468)

See also

• Venedes
• Liburnian language
• Italic languages
• Illyrian languages
• Indo-European languages

Venedes is the term used in a number of ancient texts, starting with Tacitus, to describe an ethnic group living (presumably) in Central Europe. ... The Liburnian language is now an extinct language which was spoken by the ancient Liburnians, who occupied Liburnia in classical and early medieval times. ... The Italic subfamily is a member of the Centum branch of the Indo-European language family. ... The Illyrian languages are a group of Indo-European languages that were spoken in the western part of the Balkans in former times by ethnic groups identified as Illyrians: Delmatae, Pannoni, Illyrioi, Autariates, Taulanti (see List of Illyrian tribes). ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ...

References

• Michel Lejeune, Manuel de la langue vénète. Carl Winter - Universitätsverlag. Heidelberg, 1974.
• Mallory, Adams, Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, 1997.
• Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bern (1959).
• Giovanni Battista Pellegrini, Aldo Luigi Prosdocimi, La Lingua Venetica. I- Le iscrizioni, II- Studi. Padova, 1967.

The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture or EIEC, edited by James P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams, was published in 1997 by Fitzroy Dearborn. ... Julius Pokorny (1887&#8211;1970) was born in Prague and studied at Vienna university. ...

External links

• Venetic from Voices of Stone site.
• Víteliú: The Languages of Ancient Italy.
• Venetic inscriptions Adolfo Zavaroni.
• Indo-European database: The Venetic language Cyril Babaev.