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Encyclopedia > Venlafaxine
Venlafaxine
Systematic (IUPAC) name
1-[2-dimethylamino-1- (4-methoxyphenyl)- ethyl]cyclohexan-1-ol
Identifiers
CAS number 93413-69-5
ATC code N06AX16
PubChem 5656
DrugBank APRD00125
Chemical data
Formula C17H27NO2 
Mol. mass 277.402 g/mol
SMILES eMolecules & PubChem
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 45%
Protein binding 27%
Metabolism Hepatic
Half life 5 ± 2 hours (parent compound); 11 ± 2 hours (active metabolite)
Excretion Renal
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

C Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1100x1143, 56 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Venlafaxine ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 634 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1100 × 1041 pixel, file size: 229 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Venlafaxine ... IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System containing Psychoanaleptics. ... PubChem is a database of chemical molecules. ... The DrugBank database available at the University of Alberta is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i. ... A chemical formula is an easy way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ... The molecular mass (abbreviated Mr) of a substance, formerly also called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ... In pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. ... A drugs efficacy may be affected by the degree to which it binds to the proteins within blood plasma. ... Drug metabolism is the metabolism of drugs, their biochemical modification or degradation, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. ... The liver is an organ in vertebrates including humans. ... The biological half-life of a substance is the time required for half of that substance to be removed from an organism by either a physical or a chemical process. ... The kidneys are important excretory organs in vertebrates. ... The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. ...

Legal status

Rx-only, not a controlled drug The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction. ...

Routes Oral

Venlafaxine (Effexor, Efexor) is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class first introduced by Wyeth in 1993. It is prescribed for the treatment of clinical depression and anxiety disorders, among other uses. Due to the pronounced side effects and suspicions that venlafaxine may significantly increase the risk of suicide, it is not recommended as a first line treatment of depression. However, it is often effective for depression not responding to SSRIs. Venlafaxine was the sixth most widely-used antidepressant based on the number of retail prescriptions in the US (17.1 million) in 2006.[1] In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body. ... Prozac, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Venlafaxine An antidepressant is a psychiatric medication or other substance (nutrient or herb) used for alleviating depression or dysthymia (milder depression). ... Serotonin Norepinephrine Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of antidepressant used in the treatment of clinical depression and other affective disorders. ... Wyeth, formerly known as American Home Products, is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. ... On the Threshold of Eternity. ... Anxiety disorder is a blanket term covering several different forms of fear, phobia and nervous condition, that come on suddenly and prevent pursuing normal daily routines including: general anxiety disorder social anxiety, sometimes known as social phobia or social anxiety disorder (SAD) specific phobias agoraphobia claustrophobia panic disorder separation anxiety... SSRI redirects here; for other uses, see SSRI (disambiguation). ...

Contents

Indications

Approved

Venlafaxine is used primarily for the treatment of depression, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder in adults.[2] On the Threshold of Eternity. ... Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about everyday things, which is disproportionate to the actual source of worry. ... Social anxiety, sometimes known as social phobia or social anxiety disorder (SAD), is a common form of anxiety disorder that causes sufferers to experience intense anxiety in some or all of the social interactions and public events of everyday life. ... Panic Disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by recurring panic attacks in combination with significant behavioral change or at least a month of ongoing worry about the implications or concern about having other attacks. ...


Depression

Venlafaxine was shown to be effective for depression in multiple double blind studies. Venlafaxine is similar in efficacy to trazodone[citation needed] and tricyclic antidepressants amitriptiline (Elavil) and imipramine and it was better tolerated than amitriptiline. Venlafaxine appears to have efficacy similar or somewhat better than sertraline (Zoloft) and fluoxetine (Prozac) depending on the criteria and rating scales used. In particular, higher doses of venlafaxine are more effective, and more patients achieved remission or were "very much improved". At the same time the efficacy was similar if the number of patients who achieved "response" or were "improved" was considered. A meta-analysis comparing venlafaxine and combined groups of SSRI or tricyclic antidepressants indicated superiority of venlafaxine.[3] Based on the same set of criteria, venlafaxine was similar in efficacy to an atypical antidepressant bupropion (Wellbutrin); however, the remission rate was significantly lower for venlafaxine.[4] Venlafaxine was also marginally inferior in efficacy to a newer SSRI escitalopram (Lexapro) and had twice higher frequency of the side effects, in particular, nausea, ejaculation disorder, somnolence and sweating.[5] In a double-blind study, patients who did not respond to an SSRI were switched to venlafaxine or citalopram. Similar improvement was observed in both groups.[6] Trazodone (trade names Desyrel, Molipaxin, Trittico, Thombran, Trialodine) is a psychoactive compound with sedative, anxiolytic, and antidepressant properties. ... Chemical structure of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline Tricyclic antidepressants are a class of antidepressant drugs first used in the 1950s. ... Amitriptyline (or Amitryptyline) hydrochloride (sold as Elavil®, Tryptanol®, Endep®, Elatrol®, Tryptizol®, Trepiline®, Laroxyl®) is a tricyclic antidepressant drug. ... Imipramine (sold as Antideprin, Deprenil, Deprimin, Deprinol, Depsonil, Dynaprin, Eupramin, Imipramil, Irmin, Janimine, Melipramin, Surplix, Tofranil) is an antidepressant medication, a tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzazepine group. ... Zoloft bottles, with blue and green tablets Sertraline hydrochloride (also sold under brand names Zoloft, Lustral, Apo-Sertral, Asentra, Gladem, Serlift, Stimuloton, Xydep, Serlain, Concorz) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. ... Prozac redirects here. ... Remission is the state of absence of disease activity in patients with known chronic illness. ... A meta-analysis is a statistical practice of combining the results of a number of studies. ... SSRI is an acronym that stands for several things: It is a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SSRI also is used as the stock symbol for Silver Standard Resources Inc. ... Bupropion (INN; also amfebutamone,[1] brand names Wellbutrin, Zyban, Budeprion and Buproban) is an atypical antidepressant, which acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and dopamine reuptake inhibitor,[2] and a nicotinic antagonist. ... Lexapro pills Escitalopram (Lexapro, Lexaprin, Cipralex, Sipralexa, Entact and Seroplex)[1] is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. ...


A popular magazine Consumer Reports, which in 2004 had rated venlafaxine as the most effective among six commonly prescribed antidepressants,[7] no longer recommends it. Fluoxetine, citalopram and bupropion have been chosen as Consumer Reports Best Buy drugs in the updated version of their guide, based upon effectiveness, safety, side effects, and cost.[8] Consumer Reports is an American magazine published monthly by Consumers Union. ... Prozac redirects here. ... Citalopram is an antidepressant drug used to treat depression associated with mood disorders. ... Bupropion (INN; also amfebutamone,[1] brand names Wellbutrin, Zyban, Budeprion and Buproban) is an atypical antidepressant, which acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and dopamine reuptake inhibitor,[2] and a nicotinic antagonist. ...


Off-label / investigational uses

Many doctors are starting to prescribe venlafaxine "off label" for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy (in a similar manner to duloxetine) and migraine prophylaxis (in some people, however, venlafaxine can exacerbate or cause migraines). Studies have shown venlafaxine's effectiveness for these conditions.[9][10] It has also been found to reduce the severity of 'hot-flushes' in menopausal women.[11][12] Diabetic neuropathies are neuropathic disorders that are associated with diabetes mellitus. ... Duloxetine (brand names Cymbalta, Yentreve, and in parts of Europe, Xeristar or Ariclaim) is a drug which primarily targets major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), pain related to diabetic peripheral neuropathy and in some countries stress urinary incontinence (SUI). ... The word menopause literally means the permanent physiological, or natural, cessation of menstrual cycles, from the Greek roots meno (month) and pausis (a pause, a cessation). ...


Substantial weight loss in patients with major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia has been noted, but the manufacturer does not recommend use as an anorectic either alone or in combination with phentermine or other amphetamine-like drugs.[2] Venlafaxine hydrochloride is in the phenylethylamine class of modern chemicals, which includes amphetamine, methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and methamphetamine. This chemical structure likely lends to its activating properties, however some patients find Venlafaxine highly sedating despite its more common stimulatory effects. Anorectics, anorexigenics or appetite suppressants are drugs that reduce the desire to eat (anorectic, from the Greek an- = not and oreg- = extend, reach). (Anorectic is also a term for an anorexic person, a person suffering from Anorexia nervosa. ...


Venlafaxine is not approved for the treatment of depressive phases of bipolar disorder; this has some potential danger as venlafaxine can induce mania, mixed states, rapid cycling and/or psychosis in some bipolar patients, particularly if they are not also being treated with a mood stabilizer.[2] Venlafaxine is perhaps one of the most likely of all modern antidepressants to trigger manic and hypomanic states.[citation needed] For other uses, see Bipolar. ... This article is an expansion of a section entitled Mania from within the main article Bipolar disorder. ... A mixed state (aka dysphoric mania, agitated depression) is a condition during which symptoms of mania and depression occur simultaneously (e. ... For other uses, see Psychosis (disambiguation). ... A mood stabilizer is a psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders characterized by rapid and unstable mood shifts. ... Hypomania is a mood state characterized by persistent and pervasive elated or irritable mood, and thoughts and behaviors that are consistent with such a mood state. ...


Due to its action on both the serotoninergic and adrenergic systems, Venlafaxine is also used as a treatment to reduce episodes of cataplexy, a form of muscle weakness, in patients with the sleep disorder narcolepsy. [13] An adrenergic is a drug, or other substance, which has effects similar to, or the same as, epinephrine (adrenaline). ... Cataplexy is a medical condition which often affects people who have narcolepsy, a disorder whose principal signs are EDS (Excessive Daytime Sleepiness), sleep attacks, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations[1] and disturbed night-time sleep. ... For other uses, see Narcolepsy (disambiguation). ...


Venlafaxine was found in one study to be equal to Anafranil in the treatment of OCD with fewer side effects.[14] Clomipramine (Anafranil) is a tricyclic antidepressant. ... For other things named OCD, see OCD (disambiguation). ...


Because of its tendency to increase blood pressure and its ability to re-regulate the autonomic nervous system, venlafaxine is often used to treat orthostatic intolerance and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.[15] Orthostatic intolerance is the failure of the body to properly adjust to an upright position, especially with respect to blood flow, heart rate, and blood pressure. ... Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (or POTS) is a condition of orthostatic intolerance in which a change from the supine position to an upright position causes an abnormally large increase in heart rate, often, but not always accompanied by a fall in blood pressure. ...


Contraindications

Venlafaxine is not recommended in patients hypersensitive to venlafaxine. It should not be taken by anyone who is allergic to the inactive ingredients, which include gelatin, cellulose, ethylcellulose, iron oxide, titanium dioxide and hypromellose. It should never be used in conjunction with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), due to the potential to develop a potentially deadly condition known as serotonin syndrome. At least 14 days time lag are required between the intake of venlafaxine and MAO inhibitors.[16] Caution should also be used in those with a seizure disorder. Venlafaxine is not approved for use in children or adolescents.[2] However, Wyeth does provide information on precautions if venlafaxine is prescribed to this age group for the treatment of non-approved conditions. Studies in these age groups have not established its efficacy or safety.[17] Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable (damaging, discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal) reactions produced by the normal immune system. ... MAOI redirects here. ... Serotonin syndrome is a rare, but potentially life-threatening adverse drug reaction that results from intentional self-poisoning, therapeutic drug use, inadvertent interactions between drugs, or the recreational use of certain drugs. ...


Liver, kidney and thyroid Disorders

The prescribed dosage of venlafaxine may have to be adjusted for those with liver, thyroid or kidney problems. It is crucial to inform a doctor of any such disorders before taking venlafaxine.


Glaucoma

Venlafaxine can increase eye pressure, so those with glaucoma should inform their doctors before taking venlafaxine. More frequent eye checks may be necessary.


Pregnancy, labor, and delivery

There are no adequate and well controlled studies with venlafaxine in pregnant women. Therefore, venlafaxine should only be used during pregnancy if clearly needed.[2] Prospective studies have not shown any statistically significant congenital malformations.[18] There have, however, been some reports of self-limiting effects on newborn infants.[19] As with other Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, these effects are generally short, lasting only 3 to 5 days[20] and rarely resulting in severe complications[21]. Use of Venlafaxine in pregnancy (like other Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) should be considered on a case-by-case basis. A congenital disorder is any medical condition that is present at birth. ...


Heart disease and hypertension

The FDA has asked the sponsors of all SNRIs to include the potential risk for persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) in prescribing data as of July 19, 2006. Medications containing Venlafaxine caused a mean heart rate increase of 4 b.p.m in clinical trials, along with a sustained increase in blood pressure in some. In medicine, pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, or pulmonary capillaries, together known as the lung vasculature, leading to shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, and other symptoms, all of which are exacerbated by exertion. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...


Serotonin syndrome

The development of a potentially life-threatening serotonin syndrome may occur with Effexor XR treatment, particularly with concomitant use of serotonergic drugs (including SSRIs, SNRIs, and triptans) and with drugs that impair metabolism of serotonin (including MAOIs). Serotonin syndrome symptoms may include mental status changes (e.g., agitation, hallucinations, coma), autonomic instability (e.g., tachycardia, labile blood pressure, hyperthermia), neuromuscular aberrations (e.g., hyperreflexia, incoordination) and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). SSRI is an acronym that stands for several things: It is a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SSRI also is used as the stock symbol for Silver Standard Resources Inc. ... Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of antidepressant used in the treatment of clinical depression and other affective disorders. ... Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of antidepressant drugs prescribed for the treatment of depression. ...


Adverse effects

As with most antidepressants, lack of sexual desire is a common side effect. In trials, delayed ejaculation and delayed orgasm occurred in 8-16% of men. Delayed orgasm occurred in 2-8% of women. Venlafaxine can raise blood pressure at high doses, so it is contraindicated for persons with hypertension. The word lust means sexual desire (this meaning is sometimes metaphorically extended to other forms of desire, e. ... Delayed ejaculation, also known as retarded ejaculation and ejaculation incompetence, is the inability to ejaculate or persistent difficulty in achieving orgasm despite the presence of normal sexual desire and sexual stimulation. ... Anorgasmia (often related to delayed ejaculation in males) is a form of sexual dysfunction sometimes classified as a psychiatric disorder in which the patient cannot achieve orgasm, even with adequate stimulation. ... For other forms of hypertension, see Hypertension (disambiguation). ...


It has a higher rate of treatment emergent mania than many modern antidepressants, and many people find it to be a more activating medication (one that increases energy or wakefulness) than other antidepressants.[citation needed] Paradoxically, some users find it highly sedating and find that it must be taken in the evening.


There have been false positive phencyclidine (PCP) results caused by Venlafaxine with certain on-site routine urine-based drug tests.[1][2]. Positive on-site results should always be sent to a qualified drug testing laboratory for confirmation before any action is taken against the employee. Phencyclidine (a contraction of the chemical name phenylcyclohexylpiperidine), abbreviated PCP, is a dissociative drug formerly used as an anesthetic agent, exhibiting hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects. ... Drug testing is a subject of a lot of controversy. ...


Suicide ideation/risk

The US Food and Drug Administration body (FDA) requires all antidepressants, including venlafaxine, to carry a black box with a generic warning about a possible suicide risk. In addition, the most recent research indicated that patients taking venlafaxine are at increased risk of suicide.


A study conducted in Finland followed more than 15,000 patients for 3.4 years. Venlafaxine increased suicide risk 1.6-fold (statistically significant), as compared to no treatment. At the same time, fluoxetine (Prozac) halved the suicide risk.[22] Prozac redirects here. ...


In another study, the data on more than 200,000 cases was obtained from the UK general practice research database. The patients taking venlafaxine had significantly higher risk of completed suicide than the ones on fluoxetine (Prozac) (2.8 times) or citalopram (Celexa) (2.4 times). Even after taking into consideration the fact that venlafaxine was generally prescribed for more severe depression, venlafaxine was associated with 1.6-1.7 times more suicides than fluoxetine or citalopram. This difference was no longer statistically significant due to the rarity of completed suicides. However, for the attempted suicides (more frequent event) the 1.2-1.3 times higher risk for venlafaxine still stayed statistically significant after the adjustment.[23] Prozac redirects here. ... Citalopram is an antidepressant drug used to treat depression associated with mood disorders. ...


An analysis of clinical trials by the FDA statisticians showed the incidence of suicidal behavior among the adults on venlafaxine to be not significantly different from fluoxetine or placebo. [24] A possible explanation for this discrepancy is that suicidal patients are generally excluded from clinical trials, and so clinical trials are not quite representative of the real population of patients.


Venlafaxine is contraindicated to children, adolescents and young adults. According to the FDA analysis of clinical trials[24] venlafaxine caused a 5-fold increase (statistically significant) of suicidal ideation and behavior in subjects younger than 25. In another analysis, venlafaxine was no better than placebo among children (7-11 years old) and improved the depression in adolescents (12-17 years old). However, in both groups hostility and suicidal behavior were increased in comparison to the placebo treatment.[25]


Serotonin syndrome

Another risk is serotonin syndrome. This is a rare but serious side effect that can be caused by interactions with other serotonergic drugs, and is potentially fatal.[26] This risk necessitates clear information to patients and proper medical history. For example, the drug abuse by at-risk patients of certain non-prescription drugs can cause this serious effect, and emphasizes the importance of good medical history sharing between general practitioners and psychiatrists, as both may prescribe venlafaxine. Involvement of family in awareness of risk factors is highlighted in Wyeth information sheets on Effexor. Serotonin syndrome is a rare, but potentially life-threatening adverse drug reaction that results from intentional self-poisoning, therapeutic drug use, inadvertent interactions between drugs, or the recreational use of certain drugs. ... Serotonergic means related to, capable of producing, altering, or releasing serotonin, a neurotransmitter, and can refer to the following classes of chemicals: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - A common class of serotonergic antidepressants Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant - Another class of serotonergic antidepressants serotonergic psychedelics - The serotonergic hallucinogenic drugs This is...


Common side effects

NOTE: The percentage of occurrences for each side effect listed comes from clinical trial data provided by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc. The percentages indicate the percentage of people that experienced the side effect in clinical trials.

For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ... A headache (cephalgia in medical terminology) is a condition of pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Constipation, costiveness, or irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person (or animal) experiences hard feces that are difficult to egest. ... In gastroenterology, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or spastic colon is a functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits which are not associated with any abnormalities seen on routine clinical testing. ... Many different terms are often used to describe what is collectively known as dizziness. ... The word fatigue is used in everyday living to describe a range of afflictions, varying from a general state of lethargy to a specific work induced burning sensation within muscle. ... This article is about the sleeping disorder. ... Vertigo, a specific type of dizziness, is a major symptom of a balance disorder. ... Xerostomia is the medical term for a dry mouth due to a lack of saliva. ... Sexual dysfunction or sexual malfunction (see also sexual function) is difficulty during any stage of the sexual act (which includes desire, arousal, orgasm, and resolution) that prevents the individual or couple from enjoying sexual activity. ... Perspiration (also called sweating or sometimes transpiration) is the production and evaporation of a fluid, consisting primarily of water as well as a smaller amount of sodium chloride (the main constituent of table salt), that is excreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals. ... Orthostatic hypotension (also known as postural hypotension, orthostatic intolerance and, colloquially, as head rush or a dizzy spell) is a sudden fall in blood pressure, typically greater than 20/10 mm Hg, that occurs when a person assumes a standing position, usually after a prolonged period of rest. ... For other uses, see Dream (disambiguation). ... A sphygmomanometer, a device used for measuring arterial pressure. ... Brain zaps, (proposed name: myalotinasis from Greek for brain + jolt) also known as the electric brain thing, brain shivers, brain shocks, battery head, blips, or brain spasms, are a fairly common and notorious withdrawal symptom experienced during discontinuation (or reduction of dose) of SSRI and SNRI antidepressant drugs. ... Akathisia (or acathisia) is an often extremely unpleasant subjective sensation of inner restlessness that manifests itself with an inability to sit still or remain motionless, hence the origin of its name: Greek a (without) + kathesis (sitting). ...

Less common to rare side-effects

Note 'Rare' adverse effects occur in fewer than 1 in 1000 patients. 'Infrequent' adverse effects occur in 1 in 100 to 1 in 1000 patients.

Cardiac arrhythmia is any of a group of conditions in which the electrical activity of the heart is irregular or is faster or slower than normal. ... Akathisia (or acathisia) is an often extremely unpleasant subjective sensation of inner restlessness that manifests itself with an inability to sit still or remain motionless, hence the origin of its name: Greek a (without) + kathesis (sitting). ... Panic attacks are sudden, discrete periods of intense anxiety, fear and discomfort that are associated with a variety of somatic and cognitive symptoms[1]. The onset of these episodes is typically abrupt, and may have no obvious trigger. ... Suicidal ideation is common medical term for the mere thoughts about and of plans of committing suicide, not the actual following through or act itself. ... Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a life-threatening, neurological disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs. ... For the film, see Tremors (film). ... For the Dir en grey album, see The Marrow of a Bone. ... Thrombocytopenia (or -paenia, or thrombopenia in short) is the presence of relatively few platelets in blood. ... Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) implies injury to liver characterised by presence of inflammatory cells in the liver tissue. ... Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. ... This article is about epileptic seizures. ... Tardive dyskinesia is a serious neurological disorder caused by the long-term and/or high-dose use of dopamine antagonists, usually antipsychotics and among them especially the typical antipsychotics. ... For other uses, see Anorexia. ... Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental disorder that involves a distorted body image. ... Depersonalization is an alteration in the perception or experience of the self so that one feels detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, ones mental processes or body. ...

Dose dependency of adverse events

A comparison of adverse event rates in a fixed-dose study comparing venlafaxine 75, 225, and 375 mg/day with placebo revealed a dose dependency for some of the more common adverse events associated with venlafaxine use. The rule for including events was to enumerate those that occurred at an incidence of 5% or more for at least one of the venlafaxine groups and for which the incidence was at least twice the placebo incidence for at least one venlafaxine group. Tests for potential dose relationships for these events (Cochran-Armitage Test, with a criterion of exact 2-sided p-value <= 0.05) suggested a dose-dependency for several adverse events in this list, including chills, hypertension, anorexia, nausea, agitation, dizziness, somnolence, tremor, yawning, sweating, and abnormal ejaculation.[2] For other uses, see Placebo (disambiguation). ...


Physical and psychological dependency

Main article: SSRI discontinuation syndrome#Discontinuation of Venlafaxine

In vitro studies revealed that venlafaxine has virtually no affinity for opiate, benzodiazepine, phencyclidine (PCP), or N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. It has no significant CNS stimulant activity in rodents. In primate drug discrimination studies, venlafaxine showed no significant stimulant or depressant abuse liability.[2] SSRI discontinuation syndrome, also known as SSRI withdrawal syndrome or SSRI cessation syndrome, is a condition that can occur during or following the interruption, lowering of dose or discontinuation of regular SSRI or SNRI antidepressant drug usage. ... PCP may refer to: In politics: Partido Comunista del Peru, also known as Shining Path Partido Comunista Paraguayo, Paraguayan Communist Party Partido Comunista Peruano, Peruvian Communist Party Partido Comunista Português, Portuguese Communist Party Partido Comunista Puertorriqueño, Puerto Rican Communist Party Partit Català Proletari, Proletarian Catalan Party In science... NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid) is an amino acid derivative acting as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor, and therefore mimics the action of the neurotransmitter glutamate on that receptor. ...


Notwithstanding these in-vitro and non-human research findings, some patients using venlafaxine may become dependent on this drug. This is especially noted if a patient misses a dose, but can also occur when reduction of dosage is done with a doctor's care. This may result in experiencing withdrawal symptoms described as severe discontinuation syndrome. The high risk of withdrawal symptoms may reflect venlafaxine's short half-life.[27] Missing even a single dose can induce discontinuation effects in some patients.[28] Discontinuation is similar in nature to those of SSRIs such as Paroxetine (Paxil or Seroxat). Sudden discontinuation of venlafaxine has a high risk of causing potentially severe withdrawal symptoms.[29] As reported in 2001 by Haddad PM[3] in the journal Drug Safety[4], "another strategy to consider is switching to fluoxetine, which may suppress the discontinuation symptoms, but which has little tendency to cause such symptoms itself,”[5] and then discontinuing that. Withdrawal, also known as withdrawal syndrome, refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes physical dependence is regularly used for a long time and then suddenly discontinued or decreased in dosage. ... Paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat, Pexeva) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant. ... Paroxetine (paroxetine hydrochloride; trade names Paxil® (United States), Seroxat® (UK), Aropax® (Australia)) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) type. ... Paroxetine (paroxetine hydrochloride; trade names Paxil® (United States), Seroxat® (UK), Aropax® (Australia)) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) type. ... Withdrawal, also known as withdrawal syndrome, refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes physical dependence is regularly used for a long time and then suddenly discontinued or decreased in dosage. ...


As the drug has direct impact on mood (i.e., anti-depressant), many users who have suffered the effects of attempted withdrawal from this drug define their dependency on the drug also as being addicted.[27] Although many other drugs can cause withdrawal symptoms which are not associated with addiction or dependence, for example, anticonvulsants, beta-blockers, nitrates, diuretics, centrally acting antihypertensives, sympathomimetics, heparin, tamoxifen, dopaminergic agents, antipsychotics, and lithium,[27] addiction or dependence is a more common effect described for drugs that (are thought to, or may) improve mental well-being.[30] The anticonvulsants, sometimes also called antiepileptics, belong to a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in prevention of the occurrence of epileptic seizures. ... Beta blockers or beta-adrenergic blocking agents are a class of drugs used to treat a variety of cardiovascular conditions and some other diseases. ... This illustration shows where some types of diuretics act, and what they do. ... Sympathomimetics are a class of drugs whose properties mimic those of a stimulated sympathetic nervous system. ... Heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule. ... Tamoxifen is an orally active selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which is used in the treatment of breast cancer and is currently the worlds largest selling drug for this indication. ... The term antipsychotic is applied to a group of drugs used to treat psychosis. ... This article discusses the pharmacological uses of lithium salts; for information on the chemistry of individual lithium salts, see Category:Lithium compounds. ...


Available forms

Effexor XR 75 mg and 150 mg capsules
Effexor XR 75 mg and 150 mg capsules

Effexor is distributed in pentagon-shaped peach-colored tablets of 25 mg, 37.5 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, and 100 mg. There is also an extended-release version distributed in capsules of 37.5 mg (gray/peach), 75 mg (peach), and 150 mg (brownish red). Image File history File links Size of this preview: 535 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (909 × 1018 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 535 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (909 × 1018 pixel, file size: 1. ...


Venlafaxine extended release (XR)

Venlafaxine extended release is chemically the same as normal venlafaxine. The extended release version (sometimes referred to as controlled release) controls the release of the drug into the gastrointestinal tract over a longer period than normal venlafaxine. This results in a lower peak plasma concentration. Studies have shown that the extended release formula has a lower incidence of patients suffering from nausea as a side effect resulting in a lower number of patients stopping their treatment due to nausea.[31]. In Australia and New Zealand, Wyeth sell their venlafaxine XR tablets under the name "Efexor-XR" (note the spelling with one 'f', rather than "Effexor-XR"). Gut redirects here. ... For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ... Wyeth, formerly known as American Home Products, is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. ...


Generic

Generic venlafaxine is available in the United States as of August 2006 and in Canada as of December 2006. A generic form of the extended-release version is available in Canada as of January 2007 and will become available in the United States in 2010.[32] Generic versions of both drug forms are available now in India. August is the eighth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up December in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 2010 (MMX) will be a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...


Overdose

Most patients overdosing with venlafaxine develop only mild symptoms. However, severe toxicity is reported with the most common symptoms being CNS depression, serotonin toxicity, seizure, or cardiac conduction abnormalities.[33] Venlafaxine's toxicity appears to be higher than other SSRIs, with a fatal toxic dose closer to that of the tricyclic antidepressants than the SSRIs. Doses of 900 mg or more are likely to cause moderate toxicity.[34] Deaths have been reported following very large doses.[35][36] Clinical depression is a state of sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and/or activities of daily living. ... This article is about epileptic seizures. ... Cardiac electrophysiology is the science of the electric functioning of the heart. ... Chemical structure of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline. ...


On May 31 2006, The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) UK has concluded its review into all the latest safety evidence relating to venlafaxine particularly looked at the risks associated with overdose. The advice are, the need for specialist supervision in those severely depressed or hospitalized patients who need doses 300 mg or more; cardiac contra-indications are more targeted towards high risk groups; patients with uncontrolled hypertension should not take venlafaxine, and blood pressure monitoring is recommended for all patients; and updated advice on possible drug interactions.[37] The logo of the MHRA. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is the UK government agency which is responsible for ensuring that medicines and medical devices work and are acceptably safe. ...


On October 17, 2006 Wyeth and the FDA notified healthcare professionals of revisions to the Overdosage/Human Experience section of the prescribing information for Effexor (venlafaxine), indicated for treatment of major depressive disorder. In postmarketing experience, there have been reports of overdose with venlafaxine, occurring predominantly in combination with alcohol and/or other drugs. Published retrospective studies report that venlafaxine overdosage may be associated with an increased risk of fatal outcome compared to that observed with SSRI antidepressant products, but lower than that for tricyclic antidepressants. Healthcare professionals are advised to prescribe Effexor and Effexor XR in the smallest quantity of capsules consistent with good patient management to reduce the risk of overdose.[38]


A report in the British Medical Journal in 2002 by Dr. Nicholas Buckley and colleagues at the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Canberra Hospital, Australia studying fatal toxicity index (deaths per million prescriptions) found that venlafaxine's fatal toxicity is higher than that of other serotoninergic antidepressants but it is similar to that of some of the less toxic tricyclic antidepressants. Overall they found serious toxicity could occur following venlafaxine overdose with reports of deaths, arrythmias, and seizures. They did, however, state that this type of data is open to criticism pointing out that mortality data may be influenced by previous literature and that "less toxic" drugs may be preferentially prescribed to patients at higher risk of poisoning and suicide but they are also less likely to be listed as the sole cause of death from overdose. It also assumes that drugs are taken in overdose with similar frequency and in similar amounts. They suggested "clinicians need to consider whether factors in their patients reduce or compensate for this risk before prescribing venlafaxine."[39] The British Medical Journal (BMJ) is a medical journal published weekly in the United Kingdom by the British Medical Association (BMA)which published its first issue in 1845. ... For other uses, see Canberra (disambiguation). ... SSRI redirects here; for other uses, see SSRI (disambiguation). ... Chemical structure of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline Tricyclic antidepressants are a class of antidepressant drugs first used in the 1950s. ...


The February 27, 2007 Vancouver Sun reported that the BC Drug and Poison Information Centre has alerted doctors that the drug poses a significant risk of death from overdose, saying that venlafaxine "appears more toxic than it was originally hoped".[40] A doctor from the Department of Pharmacy Services College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, reported on the death of a 39-year-old patient with a 30 g overdose.[35] To put this into perspective, a patient would have to take over 66 of the infrequently prescribed 450mg high dosage pills, or 400 of the commonly prescribed 75mg pills.


Management of overdosage

There is no specific antidote for venlafaxine and management is generally supportive, providing treatment for the immediate symptoms. Administration of activated charcoal can prevent absorption of the drug. Monitoring of cardiac rhythm and vital signs is indicated. Seizures are managed with benzodiazepines or other anti-convulsants. Forced diuresis, hemodialysis, exchange transfusion, or hemoperfusion are unlikely to be of benefit in hastening the removal of venlafaxine, due to the drug's high volume of distribution.[41] An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. ... Activated carbon (also called activated charcoal) is the more general term which includes material mostly derived from charcoal. ... Alprazolam 2 mg tablets The benzodiazepines (pronounced , often abbreviated to benzos) are a class of sedative hypnotic psychoactive drugs with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic properties, which are mediated by slowing down the central nervous system. ... Forced diuresis (increased urine formation by diuretics and fluid) may enhance the excretion of certain drugs in urine and is used to treat drug overdose or poisoning of these drugs and hemorrhagic cystitis. ... It has been suggested that Artificial kidney be merged into this article or section. ... An exchange transfusion is a medical treatment in which apheresis is used to remove one persons red blood cells or platelets and replace them with transfused blood products. ... Hemoperfusion (British English: haemoperfusion) is a medical process used to remove toxic substances from a patients blood. ... The volume of distribution (VD) is a pharmacological term used to quantify the distribution of a drug throughout the body after oral or intravenous dosing. ...


Mechanism of action

Venlafaxine is a bicyclic antidepressant, and is usually categorized as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), but it has been referred to as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor.[42][43] It works by blocking the transporter "reuptake" proteins for key neurotransmitters affecting mood, thereby leaving more active neurotransmitters in the synapse. The neurotransmitters affected are serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Additionally, in high doses it weakly inhibits the reuptake of dopamine,[44] with recent evidence showing that the norepinephrine transporter also transports some dopamine as well, implying that SNRIs may also increase dopamine transmission. This is because SNRIs work by inhibiting reuptake, i.e. preventing the serotonin and norepinephrine transporters from taking their respective neurotransmitters back to their storage vesicles for later use. If the norepinephrine transporter normally recycles some dopamine too, then SNRIs will also enhance dopaminergic transmission. Therefore, the antidepressant effects associated with increasing norepinephrine levels may also be partly or largely due to the concurrent increase in dopamine (particularly in the prefrontal cortex). The structure of a bicyclic molecule contains two usually fused rings. ... Serotonin Norepinephrine Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of antidepressant used in the treatment of clinical depression and other affective disorders. ... Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine-reuptake-inhibitors (SNDRI) are a class of psychoactive antidepressants. ... Monoamine transporters, as the name implies, transfer monoamine neurotransmitters in or out of a cell. ... Chemical structure of D-aspartic acid, a common amino acid neurotransmitter. ... Illustration of the major elements in a prototypical synapse. ... For the professional wrestling stable, see Ravens Nest#Serotonin. ... Norepinephrine (INN)(abbr. ... For other uses, see Dopamine (disambiguation). ... The norepinephrine transporter or NET is a monoamine transporter that transports the neurotransmitter norepinephrine from the synapse back to its vesicles for storage until later use. ... For other uses, see Dopamine (disambiguation). ... Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of antidepressant used in the treatment of clinical depression and other affective disorders. ... For other uses, see Dopamine (disambiguation). ... Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of antidepressant used in the treatment of clinical depression and other affective disorders. ... For the professional wrestling stable, see Ravens Nest#Serotonin. ... Chemical structure of D-aspartic acid, a common amino acid neurotransmitter. ... The norepinephrine transporter or NET is a monoamine transporter that transports the neurotransmitter norepinephrine from the synapse back to its vesicles for storage until later use. ... For other uses, see Dopamine (disambiguation). ... Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of antidepressant used in the treatment of clinical depression and other affective disorders. ... Dopaminergic means related to the neurotransmitter dopamine. A synapse is dopaminergic if it uses dopamine as its neurotransmitter. ... Prozac, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Venlafaxine An antidepressant is a psychiatric medication or other substance (nutrient or herb) used for alleviating depression or dysthymia (milder depression). ... For other uses, see Dopamine (disambiguation). ... “Prefrontal” redirects here. ...


Pharmacokinetics

Venlafaxine is well absorbed with at least 92% of an oral dose being absorbed into systemic circulation. It is extensively metabolized in the liver via the CYP2D6 isoenzyme to O-desmethylvenlafaxine, which is just as potent a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor as the parent compound, meaning that the differences in metabolism between extensive and poor metabolizers are not clinically important in terms of efficacy. Side effects, however, are reported to be more severe in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers.[45] Steady-state concentrations of venlafaxine and its metabolite are attained in the blood within 3 days. Therapeutic effects are usually achieved within 3 to 4 weeks. No accumulation of venlafaxine has been observed during chronic administration in healthy subjects. The primary route of excretion of venlafaxine and its metabolites is via the kidneys.[2] The half-life of venlafaxine is relatively short, therefore patients are directed to adhere to a strict medication routine, avoiding missing a dose. Even a single missed dose can result in the withdrawal symptoms.[28] Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is one of the most important enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. ... Isozymes, (or isoenzymes) are isoforms (closely related variants) of enzymes. ... A pharmacology term referring to a person who due to some enzyme deficiency metabolises drugs and toxins slowly. ... Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is one of the most important enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. ... A metabolite is the product of metabolism. ... For other uses, see Blood (disambiguation). ... Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ...


Side effects and drug interactions

Venlafaxine should be taken with caution when using St John's wort.[46] Venlafaxine may lower the seizure threshold, and co-administration with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold such as bupropion and tramadol should be done with caution and at low doses.[47] Binomial name Hypericum perforatum L. St Johns wort (IPA pronunciation: , rhyming with hurt, or ) used alone refers to the species Hypericum perforatum, also known as Klamath weed or Goat weed, but, with qualifiers, is used to refer to any species of the genus Hypericum. ... Bupropion (INN; also amfebutamone,[1] brand names Wellbutrin, Zyban, Budeprion and Buproban) is an atypical antidepressant, which acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and dopamine reuptake inhibitor,[2] and a nicotinic antagonist. ... Tramadol (INN) (IPA: ) is an atypical opioid which is a centrally acting analgesic, used for treating moderate to severe pain. ...


Physical/chemical properties

The chemical structure of venlafaxine is designated (R/S)-1-[2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4 methoxyphenyl)ethyl] cyclohexanol hydrochloride or (±)-1-[a [a- (dimethylamino)methyl] p-methoxybenzyl] cyclohexanol hydrochloride and it has the empirical formula of C17H27NO2. It is a white to off-white crystalline solid. Venlafaxine is structurally and pharmacologically related to the analgesic tramadol, but not to any of the conventional antidepressant drugs, including tricyclic antidepressants, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), or reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA).[34] Chemical structure refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together. ... In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is a simple expression of the relative number of each type of atom in it. ... An analgesic (colloquially known as a painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia). ... Tramadol (INN) (IPA: ) is an atypical opioid which is a centrally acting analgesic, used for treating moderate to severe pain. ... Chemical structure of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline. ... SSRI redirects here; for other uses, see SSRI (disambiguation). ... MAOI redirects here. ... These drugs, a subset of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), inhibit only isoenzyme A and are reversible. ...


See also

Desvenlafaxine succinate, marketed under the name Pristiq, is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor class from Wyeth. ...

Footnotes

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Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

Drug information

  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration information on Effexor
  • Efexor patient information leaflet Efexor patient information leaflet
  • Effexor XR® prescribing information for healthcare professionals (pdf) (USA only)
  • Detailed Patient/Parent Information on Effexor
  • List of international brand names for Venlafaxine

Patient experiences

  • Stutz, Bruce "Self-Nonmedication" New York Times Magazine May 6, 2007
v • d • e
Psychoanaleptics: antidepressants (N06A)
MAOIs
Iproclozide • Iproniazid • Isocarboxazid • Minaprine • Nialamide • Pargyline • Phenelzine • Rasagiline • Selegiline • Toloxatone • Tranylcypromine
RIMAs: Befloxatone • Brofaromine • Cimoxatone • Beta-carbolines (Harmaline) • Moclobemide
RIs
S RI
N RI / A RI
Medifoxamine • Phenmetrazine • Vanoxerine • TCAs (Amineptine)
SN RI
Bicifadine • Desvenlafaxine • Duloxetine • Milnacipran • Nefazodone • Venlafaxine
ND RI
SND RI
Brasofensine • Tesofensine
SSREs
AAs
v • d • e
Phenethylamines
2C-B • 2C-C • 2C-D • 2C-E • 2C-I • 2C-N • 2C-T-2 • 2C-T-21 • 2C-T-4 • 2C-T-7 • 2C-T-8 • 3C-E • 4-FMP • Bupropion • Cathine • Cathinone • Clenbuterol • DESOXY • Dextroamphetamine • Methamphetamine • Diethylcathinone • Dimethylcathinone • DOC • DOB • DOI • DOM • bk-MBDB • Dopamine • Br-DFLY • Ephedrine • Epinephrine • Escaline • Etafedrine • Fenfluramine • Levosalbutamol • Levmetamfetamine • MBDB • MDA • MDMA • MDMC • MDEA • MDPV • Mescaline • Methcathinone • Norepinephrine • Phentermine • Salbutamol • Tyramine • Venlafaxine
In pharmacology, a psychoanaleptic is a medication which produces an arousing effect upon the patient. ... Prozac, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Venlafaxine An antidepressant is a psychiatric medication or other substance (nutrient or herb) used for alleviating depression or dysthymia (milder depression). ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System containing Psychoanaleptics. ... MAOI redirects here. ... Iproclozide is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant. ... Iproniazid is a monamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) that was developed as the first anti-depressant (Also first psychiatric drug). ... Isocarboxazid is a nonselective hydrazine-derived monoamine oxidase inhibitor used in treatment resistant depression. ... Nialamide (Espril®, Niamid®, Niaquitil®, Nuredal®, Nyazin®, and Psicodisten®) was one of the first MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitor) antidepressants. ... Pargyline is a monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe hypertension. ... Phenelzine (brand name Nardil) is an antidepressant drug that belongs to the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) class of drugs. ... Rasagiline (trade name Azilect®) is a irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase used as a monotherapy in early Parkinsons disease or as an adjunct therapy in more advanced cases. ... Selegiline (l-deprenyl, Eldepryl® or Anipryl® [veterinary]) is a drug used for the treatment of early-stage Parkinsons disease and senile dementia. ... Toloxatone is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant. ... Tranylcypromine (sold under the brand name Parnate®) is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) used as an antidepressant drug. ... These drugs, a subset of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), inhibit only isoenzyme A and are reversible. ... Brofarmine is a psychiatric drug primarily used to treat depression and anxiety. ... β-Carboline (9H-pyrid-[3,4-b]-indole) is an organic amine that is the prototype of a class of compounds known as β-Carbolines. ... Harmala, also known at various times as Telepathine and Banisterine, is a blanket term for a group of naturally occurring beta-carbolines including harmine, harmaline, and others. ... Moclobemide (sold as Aurorix®, Manerix®) is a psychiatric drug primarily used to treat depression and social anxiety. ... A neurotransmitter uptake inhibitor is a drug which inhibits the reuptake of the neurotransmitter, thus extending the duration of its effect. ... A serotonin uptake inhibitor is a drug which acts as a neurotransmitter uptake inhibitor on serotonin receptors. ... SSRI redirects here; for other uses, see SSRI (disambiguation). ... Alaproclate is an antidepressant that increases serotonin levels by inhibiting the uptake of 5-HT. Today, its primarily used to stagment the cravings for cocaine. ... Citalopram is an antidepressant drug used to treat depression associated with mood disorders. ... Dapoxetine is the International Nonproprietary Name of a drug currently being considered for approval by the FDA for the treatment of premature ejaculation in men, which would make it the first drug approved for such treatment. ... Lexapro pills Escitalopram (Lexapro, Lexaprin, Cipralex, Sipralexa, Entact and Seroplex)[1] is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. ... Prozac redirects here. ... Fluvoxamine (brand name as Luvox®, Faverin®, Fevarin® and Dumyrox®) is an antidepressant which functions pharmacologically as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. ... Paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat, Pexeva) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant. ... Zoloft bottles, with blue and green tablets Sertraline hydrochloride (also sold under brand names Zoloft, Lustral, Apo-Sertral, Asentra, Gladem, Serlift, Stimuloton, Xydep, Serlain, Concorz) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. ... // General Remars and History Zimelidine is a pyridylallylamine and has a structure different from other antidepressants. ... Chemical structure of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline. ... There are also several chemically unrelated tetracyclic antibiotics based on Tetracycline. ... Clomipramine (brand-name Anafranil®) is a tricyclic antidepressant. ... Nefazodone hydrochloride (trade name Serzone) is an antidepressant drug marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. ... Trazodone (trade names Desyrel, Molipaxin, Trittico, Thombran, Trialodine) is a psychoactive compound with sedative, anxiolytic, and antidepressant properties. ... Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) are compounds that increase amounts of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the brain by inhibiting its reuptake at synapses. ... A adrenergic uptake inhibitor is a drug which blocks the reuptake of adrenergic neurotransmitters. ... Atomoxetine is the first non-stimulant drug approved for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Reboxetine is an antidepressant drug used in the treatment of clinical depression, panic disorder and ADD/ADHD. Its mesilate ( methanesulfonate) salt is sold under tradenames including Edronax®, Norebox®, Prolift®, Solvex® or Vestra®. Reboxetine has two chiral centers, but it only exists as two enantiomers, (R,R)-(-)- and (S,S)-(+)-reboxetine. ... Viloxazine is a bicyclic antidepressants[2] that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin, and to a lesser extent, dopamine and norepinephrine. ... Chemical structure of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline. ... There are also several chemically unrelated tetracyclic antibiotics based on Tetracycline. ... Amitriptyline (or Amitryptyline) hydrochloride (sold as Elavil, Tryptanol, Endep, Elatrol, Tryptizol, Trepiline, Laroxyl) is a tricyclic antidepressant drug. ... Amoxapine (Asendin®; Asendis®; Defanyl®; Demolox®; Moxadil®) is a tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzoxazepine class. ... Butriptyline (Dl-10,11-Dihydro-N,N,beta-trimethyl-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5-propylamine) is a tricyclic antidepressant with sedative properties and uses similar to that of amitriptyline. ... Desipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine. ... Lofepramine (trademarked Gamanil) is a tricyclic antidepressant prescribed primarily for sleeping and eating disorders. ... Dibenzepin (Noveril®) is a muscarinic antagonist. ... Dosulepin hydrochloride (sometimes known outside the USA as dothiepin hydrochloride) is an antidepressant of the tricyclic family. ... Doxepin is a tricyclic antidepressant, known under many brand-names such as Aponal®, the original preparation by Boehringer-Ingelheim, now part of the Roche group; Adapine®, Sinquan® and Sinequan® (Pfizer Inc. ... Imipramine (sold as Antideprin, Deprenil, Deprimin, Deprinol, Depsonil, Dynaprin, Eupramin, Imipramil, Irmin, Janimine, Melipramin, Surplix, Tofranil) is an antidepressant medication, a tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzazepine group. ... Iprindole (C19H28N2), a 5-HT2 antagonist, is a tricyclic antidepressant that can be fatal when combined with MDMA. Categories: | ... Melitracen (or melitracene) is a tricyclic antidepressant. ... Nortriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant marketed under the tradenames Aventyl® and Pamelor®. It is used to treat depression. ... Protriptyline (Vivactil®) is a tricyclic antidepressant indicated for depression and ADHD. Categories: | ... Trimipramine is an tricyclic antidepressant with sedative and anxiolytic properties. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Dopamine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARI), Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors are compounds that inhibit the reuptake of extracellular dopamine back into the presynaptic cell by blocking the cell membrane-spanning dopamine transporter. ... Phenmetrazine is an amphetamine-like drug. ... Vanoxerine, also known as GBR-12909, is a piperazine derivative which is a potent and selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor. ... Chemical structure of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline. ... Amineptine is an atypical tricyclic antidepressant that selectively inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and to a lesser extent norepinephrine, thus exerting a powerful and fast-acting antidepressant effect. ... Serotonin Norepinephrine Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of antidepressant used in the treatment of clinical depression and other affective disorders. ... Desvenlafaxine succinate, marketed under the name Pristiq, is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor class from Wyeth. ... Duloxetine (brand names Cymbalta, Yentreve, and in parts of Europe, Xeristar or Ariclaim) is a drug which primarily targets major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), pain related to diabetic peripheral neuropathy and in some countries stress urinary incontinence (SUI). ... Milnacipran is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor class. ... Nefazodone hydrochloride (trade name Serzone) is an antidepressant drug marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. ... A Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor is a class of drugs that is both: Dopamine reuptake inhibitor Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor An example is Bupropion. ... Bupropion (INN; also amfebutamone,[1] brand names Wellbutrin, Zyban, Budeprion and Buproban) is an atypical antidepressant, which acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and dopamine reuptake inhibitor,[2] and a nicotinic antagonist. ... Nomifensine is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor that increases the amount of synaptic dopamine available to receptors by blocking dopamines re-uptake transporter. ... Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine-reuptake-inhibitors (SNDRI) are a class of psychoactive antidepressants. ... Brasofensine is a serotonin-noradrenaline-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. ... Tesofensine is a serotonin-noradrenaline-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, which also seems to increase the action of acetylcholine in the brain, probably due to downstream effects. ... Tianeptine (INN) (Stablon®, Coaxil®, Tatinol®), is structurally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants. ... Tianeptine (INN) (Stablon®, Coaxil®, Tatinol®), is an SSRE, or Selective Serotonin Reuptake Enhancer, structurally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants. ... An Adrenergic antagonist is a pharmaceutical substance that acts to inhibit the action of the adrenergic receptors. ... There are also several chemically unrelated tetracyclic antibiotics based on Tetracycline. ... Mianserin is a tetracyclic antidepressant that has antihistaminic and hypnosedative, but almost no anticholinergic, effect. ... Mirtazapine is an antidepressant introduced by Organon International in 1994 used for the treatment of moderate to severe depression. ... Phenethylamine, or β-Phenylethylamine, is an alkaloid and monoamine. ... 2C-B, or 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxybenzeneethanamine) is a class of phenethylamine, a lesser-known psychedelic drug of the 2C family, an entactogen. ... 2C-C is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, sometimes used as an entheogen. ... 2C-D is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, sometimes used as an entheogen. ... 2C-E (2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylphenethylamine) is a psychedelic drug and phenethylamine of the 2C family. ... 2C-I is a psychedelic drug and phenethylamine that was developed and popularized by Alexander Shulgin. ... 2C-N is a psychedelic entheogen first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. ... 2C-T-2 is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. ... 2C-T-21 is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. ... 2C-T-4 or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(i)-propylthiophenethylamine is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. ... 2C-T-7 is a psychedelic phenethylamine and is sometimes used as an entheogen. ... 2C-T-8 is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. ... 3C-E is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug and entheogen of the phenethylamine class of compounds. ... 4-FMP, also known by its full chemical name 4-fluoroamphetamine, or 4-Fluoro-alpha-Methyl-Phenethylamine, is a central nervous system stimulant. ... Bupropion (INN; also amfebutamone,[1] brand names Wellbutrin, Zyban, Budeprion and Buproban) is an atypical antidepressant, which acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and dopamine reuptake inhibitor,[2] and a nicotinic antagonist. ... Cathine (β-hydroxyamphetamine) is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub Catha edulis (khat). ... Cathinone (β-ketoamphetamine) is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub Catha edulis (Khat). ... Clenbuterol is a drug prescribed to sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator. ... 4-desoxymescaline, or DESOXY, is a psychedelic phenethylamine and analogue with four times the potency of mescaline. ... Dextroamphetamine is a powerful psychostimulant which produces increased wakefulness, energy and self-confidence in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. ... This article is about the psychostimulant, d-methamphetamine. ... Diethylcathinone, more commonly called Diethylpropion in the medical field (Tenuate®) is a sympathomimetic stimulant drug marketed as an appetite suppressant. ... Dimethylcathinone is a phenethylamine that is synthesized from dichloromethane, bromopropiophenone, and dimethylamine. ... DOC (or 4-Chloro-2,5-DMA) is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug of the phenethylamine family. ... DOB (Brolamfetamine, Dr. Bob, Bob or Bromo-DMA) is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug and a substituted amphetamine of the phenethylamine class of compounds, which can be used as an entheogen. ... DOI or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug of the phenethylamine family. ... DOM (or STP, allegedly standing for Serenity, Tranquillity and Peace) is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug of the phenethylamine class of compounds, sometimes used as an entheogen. ... bk-MBDB is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug first synthesized by Koeppe, Ludwig and Zeile and mentioned in their 1967 paper. ... For other uses, see Dopamine (disambiguation). ... Bromo-DragonFLY, also known as ABDF, is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug related to the phenethylamine family. ... Ephedrine (EPH) is a sympathomimetic amine similar in structure to the synthetic derivatives amphetamine and methamphetamine. ... Adrenaline redirects here. ... Escaline is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug and entheogen of the phenethylamine class of compounds. ... Fenfluramine is a drug that was part of the Fen-Phen anti-obesity medication (the other drug being phentermine). ... Levosalbutamol (INN) or levalbuterol (USAN), trade name Xopenex, is the R-enantiomer of the short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist albuterol (salbutamol). ... Levmetamfetamine (other names: l-desoxyephedrine, l-methamphetamine, levo-methamphetamine) is the l- stereoisomer of methamphetamine, a sympathomimetic vasoconstrictor which may be used in over-the-counter nasal decongestants. ... Also known as EDEN or methyl-j MBDB is an uncommon hallucinogenic phenethylamine, which is closely chemically related to MDMA. It was first synthesized by David E. Nichols, a leading Pharmacologist and Chemist. ... 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA or Tenamfetamine), is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug and empathogen/entactogen of the phenethylamine family. ... ecstasy and religious ecstasy MDMA, most commonly known today by the street name ecstasy, is a synthetic entactogen of the phenethylamine family whose primary effect is to stimulate the brain to rapidly secrete large amounts of serotonin, causing a general sense of openness, empathy, energy, euphoria, and well-being. ... Methylone is a designer drug that is an analogue of MDMA (Ecstasy). ... MDEA (also MDE), which stands for 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine, is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug and empathogen-entactogen of the phenethylamine family. ... This page may meet Wikipedia’s criteria for speedy deletion. ... Not to be confused with mesclun. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Norepinephrine (INN)(abbr. ... Phentermine is an appetite suppressant of the amphetamine and phenethylamine class. ... Salbutamol (INN) or albuterol (USAN) is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and COPD. Salbutamol sulphate is usually given by the inhaled route for direct effect on bronchial smooth muscle. ... In organic chemistry tyramine (4-hydroxy-phenethylamine, para-tyramine, p-tyramine) is a monoamine compound derived from the amino acid tyrosine. ...

  Results from FactBites:
 
MedlinePlus Drug Information: Venlafaxine (1769 words)
Venlafaxine extended-release (long-acting) capsules are also used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (excessive worrying that is difficult to control), social anxiety disorder (extreme fear of interacting with others or performing in front of others that interferes with normal life), and panic disorder (sudden, unexpected attacks of extreme fear and worry about these attacks).
Venlafaxine is in a class of medications called selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).
Venlafaxine is also sometimes used to treat hot flashes (hot flushes; sudden strong feelings of heat and sweating) in women who have experienced menopause ('change of life'; the end of monthly menstrual periods) or who are taking medication to treat breast cancer.
venlafaxine: Definition and Much More from Answers.com (2870 words)
Venlafaxine is extensively metabolized in the liver via the CYP2D6 isoenzyme to O-desmethylvenlafaxine, which is just as potent a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor as the parent compound, meaning that the differences in metabolism between extensive and poor metabolizers are not clinically important.
Venlafaxine is used primarily for the treatment of depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder in adults only.
Venlafaxine is not approved for the treatment of depressive phases of bipolar disorder; this has some potential danger as venlafaxine can induce mania, mixed states, rapid cycling and/or psychosis in some bipolar patients, particularly if they are not also being treated with a mood stabilizer.
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