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In science, a vibrating structure gyroscope is a type of gyroscope that functions much like the halteres of insects. Miniaturized devices on this principle can be used as a relatively inexpensive type of Attitude indicator. Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ...
A gyroscope For other uses, see Gyroscope (disambiguation). ...
Halteres, (singular halter or haltere) from the Greek word for dumbbells, are small knobbed structures homologous to wings and flapped to maintain stability when flying. ...
Attitude indicator (with integrated localizer and glideslope indicators) Drawing An attitude indicator (AI) or artificial horizon is an instrument used in an aircraft to inform the pilot of the orientation of the airplane relative to the ground. ...
The physical principle is very simple: a vibrating object tends to keep vibrating in the same plane as its support is rotated. It is therefore much simpler and cheaper than is a conventional rotating gyroscope of similar accuracy.
In the engineering literature, this type of device is also known as a Coriolis vibratory gyro because as the plane of oscillation is rotated, the response detected by the transducer results from the coriolis term in its equations of motion ("Coriolis force"). In physics, the Coriolis effect is an inertial force first described by Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, a French scientist, in 1835. ...
Theory of Operation Consider two proof masses vibrating in plane (as in the MEMS gyro) at frequency ωr. Recall that the Coriolis effect induces an acceleration on the proofmasses equal to  , where v is velocity and Ω is the angular rate of rotation. The inplane velocity of the proofmasses is given by: Xipωrcos(ωrt), if the in-plane position is given by Xipsin(ωrt). The out of plane motion yop, induced by rotation, is given by: In the inertial frame of reference (upper part of the picture), the black object moves in a straight line. ...
 - m is the mass of the proofmass
- kop is the spring constant in the out of plane direction
- Ω is magnitude of a rotation vector in the plane of and perpendicular to the driven proofmass motion
Implementations
Piezoelectric gyroscope A piezoelectric material can be induced to vibrate, and lateral motion due to coriolis force can be measured to produce a signal related to the rate of rotation [1].
Wine glass resonator Also called the hemispherical resonator gyro, or the HRG. Hemisphere driven to resonance and nodal points measured to indicate rotation. The father of this technology is one David D. Lynch.
Tuning fork gyroscope A pair of test masses are driven to resonate and their displacement from the plane of oscillation is measured to produce a signal related to the rate of rotation.
Vibrating wheel gyroscope A wheel is driven to rotate a fraction of a full turn about its axis. Tilt of the wheel is measured to produce a signal related to the rate of rotation.[2].
MEMS gyroscope Relatively inexpensive (around US$30 per part in quantity as of early 2006) vibrating structure gyroscopes using MEMS technology are available. These can be implemented as the tuning fork resonator, vibrating wheel or (planar) wine glass resonator [3]. A mite next to a gear set produced using MEMS. Courtesy Sandia National Laboratories, SUMMiTTM Technologies, www. ...
Applications
Spacecraft orientation The oscillation can also be induced and controlled in the vibrating structure gyroscope for the positionning of spacecrafts such as Cassini-Huygens. Theses small Hemispherical Resonator Gyroscopes made of quartz operate in vacuum. They provide accurate 3 axis positioning of the spacecraft and are highly reliable over the years as they don't have any moving parts.
Automotive Automotive roll sensors can be built around vibrating structure gyroscopes. These can be used to detect rollovers, or to supply input to electronic stability control systems. Electronic Stability Control (ESC) is the generic term for systems designed to improve a vehicles handling, particularly at the limits where the driver might lose control of the vehicle. ...
Entertainment The Nintendo Gameboy Advance game WarioWare: Twisted! uses a piezoelectric gyroscope to detect rotational movement.
Photography Many Image stabilization systems on video and still cameras employ vibrating structure gyroscopes. Image stabilization is a family of techniques to increase the stability of an image. ...
Hobbies Vibrating structure gyroscopes are commonly used in radio-controlled helicopters to help control the helicopter's tail rotor or in radio-controlled airplanes to help keep the tail steady during take-off or hand (especially with discus launched gliders) launch. Radio controlled (RC) helicopters, although often grouped with RC airplanes, are unique because of the differences in construction, aerodynamics and flight training. ...
ParkZone Slo-V Radio-controlled airplanes (also called RC airplanes) are small airplanes that can be controlled remotely. ...
Other The Segway Human Transporter employs a vibrating structure gyroscope made by Silicon Sensing Systems to maintain stability of the operator platform [4]. Inventor Dean Kamen demonstrates the Segway HT at the U.S. Department of Commerce on February 14, 2002. ...
References - ↑ NEC ceramic piezo gyros includes animated illustration
- ↑ Watson piezoceramic cup structure gyroscopes
- ↑ White paper - "A Critical Review of MEMS Gyroscopes Technology and Commercialization Status" Steven Nasiri, Invensense, ca. 2005
- ↑ MEMS gyrocopes Research and Development - upcoming Sensors - HSG-IMIT Home
External links - New iMEMS® Angular-Rate-Sensing Gyroscope John Geen, Analog Devices
- Silicon Sensing - Case Study: Segway HT
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