Lithograph of the Mississippi River Squadron running the Confederate blockade at Vicksburg on April 16, 1863.

The Vicksburg Campaign was a series of battles and maneuvers in the Western Theater of the American Civil War directed against Vicksburg, Mississippi, a fortress city that dominated the last Confederate-controlled section of the Mississippi River. The Union Army of the Tennessee under Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant gained control of the Mississippi River by capturing this stronghold and defeating Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton's forces stationed there. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1300x924, 343 KB) This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or less. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1300x924, 343 KB) This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or less. ... The Mississippi River Squadron was the Union naval squadron that operated on the western rivers during the American Civil War and was therefore commonly known as the Western Flotilla and sometimes as the Mississippi Flotilla. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders William T. Sherman John C. Pemberton Strength 32,000 men 15,000 men Casualties 1,176 killed, wounded, or captured/missing 187 killed, wounded, or captured/missing The Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, also called the Battle of Chickasaw Bluffs, was... Battle of Fort Hindman / Battle of Arkansas Post Conflict American Civil War Date January 9-11, 1863 Place Arkansas County, Arkansas Result Union victory The Battle of Fort Hindman (January 9 - 11, 1863) was a battle of the American Civil War which took place near the mouth of the Arkansas... The Battle of Grand Gulf was fought on April 29, 1863 between Union and Confederate forces. ... The Battle of Snyders Bluff was fought from April 29 to May 1 of 1863. ... The Battle of Port Gibson was fought on May 1, 1863 between Union and Confederate forces. ... Logans Division Battling the Confederates Near Fourteen Mile Creek The Battle of Raymond was fought on May 12, 1863, near Raymond, Mississippi during the American Civil War. ... Battle of Jackson Grants Operations against Vicksburg The Battle of Jackson, fought on May 14, 1863, in Jackson, Mississippi, was part of the Vicksburg Campaign in the American Civil War. ... Grants Operations against Vicksburg The Battle of Champion Hill, or Bakers Creek, fought May 16, 1863, was the pivotal battle in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. ... Grants Operations against Vicksburg The Battle of Big Black River Bridge, or Big Black, fought May 17, 1863, was part of the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. ... The Battle of Millikens Bend, fought June 7, 1863, was part of the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. ... Battle of Goodrichs Landing - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Battle of Helena Conflict American Civil War Date July 4, 1863 Place Phillips County, Arkansas Result Union victory The Battle of Helena was a land battle of the American Civil War fought on 4 July 1863 at Helena, Arkansas. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Ulysses S. Grant John C. Pemberton Strength 77,000[1] ~30,000 Casualties 4,855[2] 32,697 (29,495 surrendered)[2] The Battle of Vicksburg, or Siege of Vicksburg, was the final significant battle in the Vicksburg Campaign of... Western Theater Overview (1861 – 1865) This article presents an overview of major military and naval operations in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Vicksburg is a city in Warren County, Mississippi. ... Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem (none official) God Save the South (unofficial) The Bonnie Blue Flag (unofficial) Dixie (unofficial) Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia (May 29, 1861–April 2, 1865) Danville, Virginia (from April 3, 1865) Language(s) English (de facto) Religion... For the river in Canada, see Mississippi River (Ontario). ... The 21st Michigan Infantry, a company of Shermans veterans. ... The Army of the Tennessee was a Union army in the American Civil War, named for the Tennessee River. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Ulysses S. Grant[2] (born Hiram Ulysses Grant, April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869–1877). ... US Lieutenant General insignia In three branches of the United States Army, United States Marine Corps and United States Air Force, a Lieutenant General is also called a three-star general, named for the three stars worn on the uniform. ... John C. Pemberton John Clifford Pemberton (August 10, 1814 – July 13, 1881), was a career U.S. Army officer and Confederate general in the American Civil War, noted for his defeat and surrender in the critical Battle of Vicksburg. ...

The campaign consisted of many important naval operations, troop maneuvers, failed initiatives, and eleven distinct battles over the period December 26, 1862, to July 4, 1863. Military historians divide the campaign into two formal phases: Operations Against Vicksburg (December 1862 – January 1863) and Grant's Operations Against Vicksburg (March – July 1863). is the 360th day of the year (361st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

After Pemberton's army surrendered (one day after the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg), and when Nathaniel P. Banks captured Port Hudson, the entire Mississippi River belonged to the Union. These events are widely considered the turning point of the war. Grant's Vicksburg Campaign is considered one of the masterpieces of American military history. Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America Commanders George G. Meade Robert E. Lee Strength 93,921 71,699 Casualties 23,055 (3,155 killed, 14,531 wounded, 5,369 captured/missing) 23,231 (4,708 killed, 12,693 wounded, 5,830 captured/missing) The Battle of... Nathaniel Prentiss Banks (January 30, 1816–September 1, 1894), American politician and soldier, was born at Waltham, Massachusetts. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Nathaniel P. Banks Franklin Gardner Strength XIX Army Corps, Army of the Gulf Confederate forces, 3rd District, Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana, Port Hudson Casualties 5,000 7,208 The Siege of Port Hudson occurred in the summer of... In this map:  Union states prohibiting slavery  Union territories  Border states on the Union side which allowed slavery  Kansas, which entered and fought with the Union as a free state after the Bleeding Kansas crisis  The Confederacy  Confederate claimed and sometimes held territories During the American Civil War, the Union... There is widespread disagreement over the turning point of the American Civil War. ...

Prelude

Vicksburg was of great strategic importance to the Confederates. While in their hands, it blocked Union navigation down the Mississippi, and it allowed communication with the states west of the river, upon which the Confederates depended extensively for agricultural supplies. The natural defenses of the city were ideal, earning it the nickname "The Gibraltar of the Confederacy." It was located on a high bluff overlooking a horseshoe-shaped bend in the river, DeSoto Peninsula, making it almost impossible to approach by ship. North and east of Vicksburg was the Yazoo Delta, a practically impenetrable swamp which is 200 miles (320 km) north to south and up to 50 miles (80 km) across. About twelve miles (19 km) up the Yazoo River were Confederate batteries at Haines Bluff. The Louisiana land west of Vicksburg was also difficult, with many streams and poor country roads, and it was on the opposite side of the river from the fortress. hTe Yazoo River is a river in the U.S. state of Mississippi and the second longest tributary of the Mississippi River that flows into that river from the east (the longest is the Ohio River). ... Official language(s) de jure: none de facto: English & French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans [1] Area  Ranked 31st  - Total 51,885 sq mi (134,382 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 16  - Latitude 29°N to 33°N  - Longitude 89°W...

The city had been under Union naval attack before. Admiral David Farragut moved up the river after he captured New Orleans and on May 18, 1862, demanded the surrender of Vicksburg. Farragut had insufficient troops to force the issue, and he moved back to New Orleans. He returned with a flotilla in June 1862, but their attempts (June 26 – June 28) to bombard the fortress into surrender failed. They shelled Vicksburg throughout July and fought some minor battles with a few Confederate vessels in the area, but their forces were insufficient to attempt a landing, and they abandoned attempts to force the surrender of the city. Farragut investigated the possibility of bypassing the fortified cliffs by digging a canal across the neck of the river's bend. Brig. Gen. Thomas Williams, attached to Farragut's command, began digging work on the canal by employing local laborers and some soldiers, but it was an enterprise that would take many months to complete. Admiral David Glasgow Farragut Admiral David Glasgow Farragut David Glasgow Farragut (July 5, 1801 – August 14, 1870) was the senior officer of the U.S. Navy during the American Civil War. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

In the fall of 1862, Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck was promoted from command of the Western Theater to general-in-chief of all Union armies. On November 23, he indicated to Grant his preference for a major move down the Mississippi to Vicksburg; in Halleck's style, he left considerable initiative to design a campaign, an opportunity that the pugnacious Grant seized. Halleck has received criticism for not moving promptly overland from Memphis, Tennessee, to seize Vicksburg during the summer when he was in command on the scene. But he believed that the Navy could capture the fortress on its own, not knowing that the naval force was insufficiently manned with ground troops to finish the job. What might have achieved success in the summer of 1862 was no longer possible by November because the Confederates had amply reinforced the garrison by that time. Henry Wager Halleck (1815 - 1872) was an American soldier and politician. ... is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Memphis (disambiguation). ...

Grant's army marched south down the Mississippi Central Railroad, making a forward base at Holly Springs. He planned a two-pronged assault in the direction of Vicksburg. His principal subordinate, William T. Sherman, was to advance down the river with four divisions (about 32,000 men) and Grant would continue with the remaining forces (about 40,000) down the railroad line to Oxford, where he would wait for developments, hoping to lure the Confederate army out of the city to attack him in the vicinity of Grenada, Mississippi. Holly Springs is a city located in Marshall County, Mississippi. ... Portrait of William Tecumseh Sherman by Mathew Brady William Tecumseh Sherman (February 8, 1820 – February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, and author. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Grenada is a city located in Grenada County, Mississippi. ...

On the Confederate side, forces in Mississippi were under the command of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton, an officer from New England who chose to fight for the South. Pemberton had approximately 12,000 men in Vicksburg and Jackson, Mississippi, and General Earl Van Dorn had approximately 24,000 at Grenada. John C. Pemberton John Clifford Pemberton (August 10, 1814 – July 13, 1881), was a career U.S. Army officer and Confederate general in the American Civil War, noted for his defeat and surrender in the critical Battle of Vicksburg. ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ... This article is 88 kilobytes or more in size. ... Nickname: Coordinates: , Country State County Hinds, Madison, and Rankin Founded 1822 Government  - Mayor Frank Melton Area  - City  106. ... Earl Van Dorn Earl Van Dorn (September 17, 1820 – May 7, 1863) was a Confederate Major General during the American Civil War. ...

Meanwhile, political forces were at work. Abraham Lincoln had long recognized the importance of Vicksburg; he wrote "Vicksburg is the key. The war can never be brought to a close until the key is in our pocket." Lincoln also envisioned a two-pronged offensive, but one up and down the river. General and politician John A. McClernand, a War Democrat, had convinced Lincoln that he could lead an army down the river and take Vicksburg. Lincoln approved his proposal and wanted Nathaniel P. Banks to advance up river from New Orleans at the same time. McClernand began organizing regiments, sending them to Memphis. Back in Washington, D.C., Halleck was likewise nervous about McClernand and gave Grant control of all troops in his own department. McClernand's troops were split into two corps, one under McClernand, the other under Sherman. McClernand complained but to no avail. Grant appropriated his troops, one of several maneuvers in a private dispute within the Union army between Grant and McClernand that continued throughout the campaign. For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation). ... John Alexander McClernand John Alexander McClernand ( May 30, 1812 – September 20, 1900) was an American soldier and lawyer. ... War Democrats were those who broke with the majority of the Democratic Party and supported the military policies of President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War of 1861-1865. ... Nathaniel Prentiss Banks (January 30, 1816–September 1, 1894), American politician and soldier, was born at Waltham, Massachusetts. ... Nickname: Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: , Country United States Federal District District of Columbia Government  - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D)  - D.C. Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D) Ward 2...

Battles in the Operations against Vicksburg, December 1862 – January 1863

The following battles comprise the "Operations against Vicksburg" phase of the Vicksburg Campaign:

Battle of Chickasaw Bayou (December 26 – December 29, 1862)

Sherman disembarked at the Yazoo River to approach the Vicksburg defenses from the northeast. On December 27, the Federals pushed their lines forward through the swamps toward Walnut Hills, which were strongly defended. On December 29, Sherman ordered a frontal assault, which was repulsed with heavy casualties, and then withdrew.

During this period, Grant's half of the offensive was failing. His lines of communication were disrupted by raids by Van Dorn and Nathan Bedford Forrest, who destroyed his advance base at Holly Springs, forcing him to live off the country. Grant abandoned his overland advance. Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders William T. Sherman John C. Pemberton Strength 32,000 men 15,000 men Casualties 1,176 killed, wounded, or captured/missing 187 killed, wounded, or captured/missing The Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, also called the Battle of Chickasaw Bluffs, was... is the 360th day of the year (361st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the World War II general, see Nathan Bedford Forrest III. Nathaniel Bedford Forrest (July 13, 1821–October 29, 1877) was a Confederate Army general during the American Civil War. ...

Battle of Arkansas Post (January 9 – January 11, 1863)

In early January, McClernand arrived on the scene with the corps he had recruited. He sought to achieve military glory by launching a combined land and naval movement against Fort Hindman, on the Arkansas River at Arkansas Post. On January 4, he ordered Sherman to attach his corps to the operation, under McClernand's command, calling his 32,000-man force the Army of the Mississippi. This was a direct provocation against Grant, but Sherman acceded to the senior officer. The combined efforts of Sherman's XV Corps, McClernand's XIII Corps, and gunboats under Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter forced the Confederates to surrender on January 11. Union losses were high, and the victory did not contribute to the capture of Vicksburg. Grant was furious; he ordered McClernand back to the Mississippi and assumed personal command of the campaign at Milliken's Bend.

Battle of Fort Hindman / Battle of Arkansas Post Conflict American Civil War Date January 9-11, 1863 Place Arkansas County, Arkansas Result Union victory The Battle of Fort Hindman (January 9 - 11, 1863) was a battle of the American Civil War which took place near the mouth of the Arkansas... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Arkansas River flows through Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. ... Arkansas Post, Arkansas was the first permanent French settlement in the lower Mississippi River valley and was the first territorial capital of the State of Arkansas. ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Army of the Mississippi was the name given to two Union armies, both with short existences, during the Civil War. ... Portrait of David Dixon Porter during the Civil War David Dixon Porter (June 8, 1813 – February 13, 1891) was a United States admiral who became one of the most noted naval heroes of the Civil War. ... is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Hermann Lieb Henry E. McCulloch Casualties 652 185 Grants Operations Against Vicksburg Grand Gulf – Snyders Bluff – Port Gibson – Raymond – Jackson – Champion Hill – Big Black River Bridge – Millikens Bend – Goodrichs Landing – Helena – Vicksburg The Battle of Milliken...

Grant's Bayou Operations, January – March 1863

View of Vicksburg vicinity and fortifications, 1863

That winter, Grant conducted a series of initiatives to approach and capture Vicksburg, termed "Grant's Bayou Operations". Their general theme was to use or construct alternative waterways so that troops could be positioned within striking distance of Vicksburg, without requiring a direct approach on the Mississippi under the Confederate guns. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 782 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (6552 × 5024 pixel, file size: 4. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 782 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (6552 × 5024 pixel, file size: 4. ...

• The efforts to complete the Williams Canal across DeSoto Peninsula, bypassing Vicksburg's guns, were stepped up by adding Sherman's soldiers to the labor force, although the Confederates could have simply moved their guns to attack the canal's mouth downstream. The river was not cooperative either; Sherman's troops risked drowning as they dug.

• Grant ordered James B. McPherson to connect Lake Providence, northwest of the city, to the Red River, through Bayous Baxter and Macon. McPherson reported that the connection was navigable on March 18th, but the few "ordinary Ohio River boats" that had been sent to Grant for navigation of the bayous could only transport 8,500 men, far too few to tip the balance at Port Hudson.

• McClernand and several gunboats destroyed some dikes in late January outside Helena, Arkansas, some 400 miles (640 km) above Vicksburg, hoping to float gunboats down the flooded Yazoo Delta, in what was called the Yazoo Pass Expedition. But low-hanging trees destroyed anything above deck. Confederates felled more trees in the way. Confederates fired on the Union boats from a quickly constructed "Fort Pemberton" on the Tallahatchie River near Greenwood, Mississippi, and the Union effort collapsed in mid-March 1863.

• Admiral Porter started an effort on March 16 to go up the Yazoo Delta via Steele's Bayou, just north of Vicksburg, to Deer Creek. This would outflank Fort Pemberton and allow landing troops between Vicksburg and Yazoo City. Animals attacked their boats from the trees, and Confederates felled trees in their path. This time the Union forces became immobilized, and the Confederates were intent on capturing the lot of them. Sherman's command sent infantry assistance to repel the Confederate cavalry and guerrillas bedeviling Porter, but this approach was abandoned as too difficult.

• Grant's final attempt was to dig another canal from Duckport Landing to Walnut Bayou, aimed at getting lighter boats past Vicksburg. By the time the canal was almost finished, on April 6, water levels were declining, and none but the lightest of flatboats could get through. Grant abandoned this canal and started planning anew.

James B. McPherson James Birdseye McPherson (November 14, 1828 – July 22, 1864) was a career U.S. Army officer who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. ... Lake Providence is a town located in East Carroll Parish, Louisiana. ... The Red River is one of several rivers with that name, and of two rivers with that name in the United States. ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Helena-West Helena, Arkansas. ... The Tallahatchie River flows from Tippah County, Mississippi to Leflore County, Mississippi, where it joins the Yalobusha River to form the Yazoo River. ... Greenwood is situated in Leflore County, Mississippi at the eastern edge of the Mississippi Delta, approximately 96 miles north of Jackson, Mississippi, and 130 miles south of Memphis, Tennessee. ... March 16 is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... “Flanking” redirects here. ... Yazoo City is a city in Yazoo County, Mississippi, United States. ... is the 96th day of the year (97th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Plan for the campaign and initial movements

All of the Bayou Operations were failures, but Grant was known for his stubborn determination and would not quit. His final option was bold but risky: March the army down the west side of the Mississippi, cross the river south of Vicksburg, and attack from the south and the east. Porter would have to sneak past the guns to get sufficient gunboats and transport ships south of the city. Once they had completed the downstream passage, they would not be able to return because of the river current. And maintaining supply lines across the river might be difficult, forcing his army to subsist off the land for a long period.

On March 29, McClernand set his troops to work building bridges and corduroy roads. They filled in the swamps in their way as well, and by April 17 they had a 70-mile (110 km) long road from Milliken's Bend to the proposed river crossing at Hard Times, Louisiana, below Vicksburg. is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Hard Times Plantation is located in Tensas Parish, Louisiana and was used as a staging area by the Union Army in the Vicksburg Campaign. ...

On April 16, a clear night with no moon, Porter sent seven gunboats and three empty troop transports loaded with stores to run the bluff, taking care to minimize noise and lights. But the preparations were ineffective. Confederate sentries sighted the boats, and the bluff exploded in massive artillery fire. Fires were set along the banks to improve visibility. The Union gunboats answered back. Porter observed that the Confederates mainly hit the high parts of his boats, reasoned that they could not depress their guns, and had them hug the east shore, right under Confederate cannon, so close he could hear rebel commanders giving orders, shells flying overhead. The fleet survived with little damage; thirteen men were wounded and none killed. The Henry Clay was disabled and burned at the water's edge. On April 22, six more boats loaded with supplies made the run; one boat did not make it, though no one was killed—the crew floated downstream on the boat's remnants. is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The final piece of the strategy was to divert Pemberton's attention from the river crossing site that the Union troops would use. Grant chose two operations: a feint by Sherman against Snyder's Bluff, Mississippi, north of Vicksburg (see the Battle of Snyder's Bluff below), and a daring cavalry raid through central Mississippi by Colonel Benjamin Grierson, known as Grierson's Raid. The former was inconclusive, but the latter was a success. Grierson was able to draw out significant Confederate forces to chase him, and Pemberton's defenses were dispersed too far around the state. (Pemberton was also wary of Nathaniel Banks's impending advance up the river from Baton Rouge to threaten Port Hudson.) Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders William T. Sherman Louis Hébert Casualties unknown unknown Grants Operations Against Vicksburg Grand Gulf – Snyders Bluff – Port Gibson – Raymond – Jackson – Champion Hill – Big Black River Bridge – Millikens Bend – Goodrichs Landing – Helena – Vicksburg The Battle of... The Battle of Snyders Bluff was fought from April 29 to May 1 of 1863. ... Brigadier General Benjamin Henry Grierson (July 8, 1826, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania - August 31, 1911, Omena, Michigan) was an American army officer. ... Griersons Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. ... Nickname: Motto: Authentic Louisiana at every turn Location of Baton Rouge in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana Coordinates: , Country United States State Louisiana Parish East Baton Rouge Parish Founded 1699 Incorporated 16 January 1817 Government  - Mayor Melvin Kip Holden (D) Area  - City  79. ...

Opposing forces

Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Army of the Tennessee started the campaign with about 44,000 men, which grew by July to 75,000. The army was composed of five corps: Ulysses S. Grant[2] (born Hiram Ulysses Grant, April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869–1877). ... The Army of the Tennessee was a Union army in the American Civil War, named for the Tennessee River. ...

• IX Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. John G. Parke (corps joined the army in mid-June)
• XIII Corps, Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand
• XV Corps, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman
• Detachment of the XVI Corps, Cadwallader C. Washburn
• XVII Corps, Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson
• Detachment from the District of Northeast Louisiana, Brig. Gen. Elias S. Dennis

Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton's Army of Mississippi, approximately 30,000 men, consisted of five divisions, under Maj. Gen. William W. Loring, Maj. Gen. Carter L. Stevenson, Maj. Gen. John H. Forney, Maj. Gen. Martin L. Smith, and Maj. Gen. John S. Bowen. IX Corps (Ninth Corps) was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War that distinguished itself in combat in multiple theaters: the Carolinas, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi. ... XIII Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. ... John Alexander McClernand John Alexander McClernand ( May 30, 1812 – September 20, 1900) was an American soldier and lawyer. ... XV Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. ... Portrait of William Tecumseh Sherman by Mathew Brady William Tecumseh Sherman (February 8, 1820 – February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, and author. ... XVI Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. ... Cadwallader C. Washburn Cadwallader Colden Washburn (April 22, 1818–May 15, 1882) was an American businessman, politician, and soldier noted for founding what would later become General Mills and working in government for Wisconsin. ... XVII Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. ... James B. McPherson James Birdseye McPherson (November 14, 1828 – July 22, 1864) was a career U.S. Army officer who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. ... John C. Pemberton John Clifford Pemberton (August 10, 1814 – July 13, 1881), was a career U.S. Army officer and Confederate general in the American Civil War, noted for his defeat and surrender in the critical Battle of Vicksburg. ... There were three organizations known as the Army of Mississippi in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... William Wing Loring 1818-1886 was an soldier from North Carolina who served in the American, Confederate, and Egyptian Armies. ... Carter Littlepage Stevenson, Jr. ...

General Joseph E. Johnston's forces in Raymond and Jackson, Mississippi, about 6,000 men, were elements of the Department of the West, including the brigades of Brig. Gen. John Gray, Col. Peyton H. Colquitt, and Brig. Gen. William H. T. Walker. Joseph E. Johnston Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was a career U.S. Army officer and one of the most senior generals in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... Raymond is a city located in Hinds County, Mississippi. ... Nickname: Coordinates: , Country State County Hinds, Madison, and Rankin Founded 1822 Government  - Mayor Frank Melton Area  - City  106. ...

Battles in Grant's Operations against Vicksburg, April – July 1863

Grant's Operations against Vicksburg

The following battles comprise the "Grant's Operations against Vicksburg" phase of the Vicksburg Campaign: Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1049x731, 149 KB) map at site http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1049x731, 149 KB) map at site http://www. ...

Battle of Grand Gulf (April 29, 1863)

Admiral Porter led seven ironclads in an attack on the fortifications and batteries at Grand Gulf, Mississippi, with the intention of silencing the Confederate guns and then securing the area with troops of McClernand's XIII Corps. The naval attack was unsuccessful, but Grant was able to march his men overland across Coffee Point to below the gulf. After the transports had passed Grand Gulf, they transported the troops to shore at Bruinsburg, Mississippi, a location recommended to Grant by a local slave who was sympathetic to the Union cause. (This was the largest amphibious operation in American military history; it held that record until the Battle of Normandy in World War II.) The men immediately began marching overland toward Port Gibson, Mississippi. The Confederates had won a hollow victory; the loss at Grand Gulf caused just a slight change in Grant's offensive.

Battle of Snyder's Bluff (April 29 – May 1)

To ensure that troops in Vicksburg were not moved to Grand Gulf to reinforce the Confederates there, a combined Union army-navy force feigned an attack on Snyder's Bluff, north of the city. Swampy terrain and heavy enemy artillery fire forced them to retire. Sherman had received orders to land his troops at Milliken's Bend, so the gunboats returned to their anchorage at the mouth of the Yazoo.

Battle of Port Gibson (May 1)

Grant's army began marching inland from Bruinsburg and easily pushed aside the small Confederate force at Port Gibson. The Union advance did not proceed north directly to Vicksburg, but it went northeast in the direction of Jackson, Mississippi, where railroad connections could be cut to isolate the Vicksburg garrison. And if the Confederate troops in Jackson were defeated, they would be unable to threaten Grant's flank or rear during his eventual assault on Vicksburg. The advance proceeded in three columns: McClernand's corps was on the left, Sherman's in the center, and James B. McPherson's on the right.

Battle of Raymond (May 12)

On May 10, Pemberton ordered all reinforcements arriving at Jackson to march to Raymond, 20 miles (32 km) to the southwest. Brig. Gen. John Gregg's overstrength brigade, having endured a grueling march from Port Hudson, Louisiana, began marching to Raymond the next morning, arriving late in the afternoon of May 11. On May 12, Gregg's brigade moved to ambush a Union raiding party at Fourteen Mile Creek. The raiding party turned out to be Logan's Division of the XVII Corps. A significant portion of Gregg's brigade was mauled and routed. General Gregg, under orders to withdraw to Jackson in the face of a superior force, withdrew five miles (8 km) in the direction of Jackson to Mississippi Springs, Mississippi. This retrograde movement exposed the Southern Railroad of Mississippi to Union forces, thus severing the lifeline of Vicksburg.

Battle of Jackson (May 14)

On May 9, General Joseph E. Johnston received a dispatch from the Confederate Secretary of War directing him to "proceed at once to Mississippi and take chief command of the forces in the field." When he arrived in Jackson on May 13 from Middle Tennessee, he learned that two army corps—Sherman's and McPherson's—were advancing on Jackson. Johnston had only about 6,000 troops available to defend the town and ordered its evacuation. The Union forces captured the city on May 14, burned part of the town, and cut the railroad connections with Vicksburg. Johnston's evacuation is seen as a mistake because he could, by late on May 14, have had 11,000 troops at his disposal and by the morning of May 15, another 4,000. The fall of the former Mississippi state capital was a blow to Confederate morale.

Battle of Champion Hill (May 16)

Grant, now moving west from Jackson, defeated Pemberton in the most significant battle of the campaign so far. Pemberton's force retreated toward Vicksburg.

Battle of Big Black River Bridge (May 17)

The Confederate retreat reached Big Black River Bridge the night of May 16 – May 17. Despite erecting breastworks on the east side of the Big Black River, Pemberton's force, unable to resist an assault by McClernand's corps, crossed the river and set fire to the bridges, preventing close Union pursuit. The fleeing Confederates who arrived in Vicksburg later that day were disorganized. The Union forces captured approximately 1,800 troops at Big Black, a loss the Confederates could ill-afford. This battle sealed the city's fate: the Confederate force was bottled up at Vicksburg.

Battle of Vicksburg (May 18 – July 4)

The Union army converged on Vicksburg, trapping Pemberton's force. Grant attempted two assaults to break through: May 19 and May 22. The latter assault initially went well, but it was repulsed with 3,200 casualties. Johnston ordered Pemberton to evacuate the city and save his army, but Pemberton thought it impossible to withdraw safely. Johnston planned to attack Grant and relieve Pemberton but was unable to arrange it in time. Grant besieged the Confederate army. On July 4, after six weeks in which the soldiers and civilians of Vicksburg had no food supplies and were bombarded constantly, Pemberton surrendered the city and his army.

Battle of Milliken's Bend (June 7)

In an effort to cut Grant's supply line, the Confederates attacked the Milliken's Bend supply area up the Mississippi. This was mainly defended by untrained black troops, who fought bravely with inferior weaponry and finally fought off the rebels with help from gunboats, although at horrible cost; the defenders lost 652 to the Confederate 185.

Battle of Goodrich's Landing (June 29 – June 30)

After Union forces began occupying the Louisiana river parishes, thousands of escaped slaves flocked to them. The Federals, therefore, leased some plantations and put the freedmen to work growing cotton or other crops; the proceeds from the sale of the crops helped defray expenses for food, clothing, etc. African-American troops were assigned to protect these plantations, releasing other troops to fight. Confederates, determined to recapture some of these freedmen and destroy the crops, undertook an expedition from Gaines's Landing, Arkansas, to Lake Providence. Although the Confederates disrupted these operations, destroyed much property, and captured many supplies and weapons, the raid was only a minor setback for the Union. The Confederates could cause momentary disturbances, but they were unable to effect any lasting changes.

Battle of Helena (July 4)

Confederate Lt. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes's troops attacked Helena in an attempt to relieve pressure on Vicksburg. Although the Rebels had more troops and did initially capture some of the fortifications, the Union forces repelled them.

The Battle of Grand Gulf was fought on April 29, 1863 between Union and Confederate forces. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Grants Operations Against Vicksburg Grand Gulf – Snyders Bluff – Port Gibson – Raymond – Jackson – Champion Hill – Big Black River Bridge – Millikens Bend – Goodrichs Landing – Helena – Vicksburg The Battle of Grand Gulf was fought on April 29, 1863, between Union and Confederate forces. ... Combatants United States United Kingdom Canada Free France Poland Germany Commanders Dwight Eisenhower (Supreme Allied Commander) Bernard Montgomery (land) Bertram Ramsay (sea) Trafford Leigh-Mallory (air) Omar Bradley (U.S. 1st Army) Miles Dempsey (UK 2nd Army) Harry Crerar (Canadian 1st Army) Gerd von Rundstedt (OB WEST) Erwin Rommel (Heeresgruppe... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Port Gibson is a city located in Claiborne County, Mississippi. ... The Battle of Snyders Bluff was fought from April 29 to May 1 of 1863. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Battle of Port Gibson was fought on May 1, 1863 between Union and Confederate forces. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... James B. McPherson James Birdseye McPherson (November 14, 1828 – July 22, 1864) was a career U.S. Army officer who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. ... Logans Division Battling the Confederates Near Fourteen Mile Creek The Battle of Raymond was fought on May 12, 1863, near Raymond, Mississippi during the American Civil War. ... is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 130th day of the year (131st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Raymond is a city located in Hinds County, Mississippi. ... John Gregg (September 28, 1828-October 7, 1864) was an American judge and soldier. ... Port Hudson, is a small town in Louisiana located about 20 mile northeast of Baton Rouge. ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Battle of Jackson Grants Operations against Vicksburg The Battle of Jackson, fought on May 14, 1863, in Jackson, Mississippi, was part of the Vicksburg Campaign in the American Civil War. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Joseph E. Johnston Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was a career U.S. Army officer and one of the most senior generals in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Middle Tennessee is a distinct portion of the state of Tennessee, delineated according to law as well as custom. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Grants Operations against Vicksburg The Battle of Champion Hill, or Bakers Creek, fought May 16, 1863, was the pivotal battle in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. ... May 16 is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Grants Operations against Vicksburg The Battle of Big Black River Bridge, or Big Black, fought May 17, 1863, was part of the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. ... is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... May 16 is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Big Black River is a river in the US state of Mississippi and a tributary of the Mississippi River. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Ulysses S. Grant John C. Pemberton Strength 77,000[1] ~30,000 Casualties 4,855[2] 32,697 (29,495 surrendered)[2] The Battle of Vicksburg, or Siege of Vicksburg, was the final significant battle in the Vicksburg Campaign of... is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 142nd day of the year (143rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Battle of Millikens Bend, fought June 7, 1863, was part of the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... Languages Predominantly American English Religions Protestantism (chiefly Baptist and Methodist); Roman Catholicism; Islam Related ethnic groups Sub-Saharan Africans and other African groups, some with Native American groups. ... Battle of Goodrichs Landing - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Battle of Helena Conflict American Civil War Date July 4, 1863 Place Phillips County, Arkansas Result Union victory The Battle of Helena was a land battle of the American Civil War fought on 4 July 1863 at Helena, Arkansas. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Theophilus Hunter Holmes (November 13, 1804 – June 21, 1880) was a career U.S. Army officer and a Confederate general in the American Civil War. ...

Aftermath

Although the Confederate killed and wounded in the siege of Vicksburg were a relatively small 2,872, and Union 4,910, Grant captured his second Confederate army in its entirety (the first being at Fort Donelson): 2,166 officers and 27,230 men surrendered. The Union also captured significant quantities of artillery, small arms, and ammunition. Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Ulysses S. Grant Andrew H. Foote John B. Floyd Gideon J. Pillow Simon B. Buckner Strength 24,531 District of Cairo & Western Flotilla 16,171 Casualties 2,691 (507 killed, 1,976 wounded, 208 captured/missing) 13,846 (327 killed...

This was the second major blow to the Confederacy. On July 3, Robert E. Lee's invasion of the North collapsed at Gettysburg. On July 4, the Stars and Stripes rose over Vicksburg. To the Confederates, surrendering on Independence Day was a bitter defeat. Union troops behaved well, mixing with Confederates and giving rations to starving soldiers. Speculators who had been hoarding food for higher prices saw their stores broken open and the contents thrown on the streets for the starving rebels. In his Personal Memoirs, Grant observed, "The men of the two armies fraternized as if they had been fighting for the same cause." But resentments lingered: the city refused to celebrate July 4th for another 81 years. is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // This article is about the Confederate general. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America Commanders George G. Meade Robert E. Lee Strength 93,921 71,699 Casualties 23,055 (3,155 killed, 14,531 wounded, 5,369 captured/missing) 23,231 (4,708 killed, 12,693 wounded, 5,830 captured/missing) The Battle of... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... These fireworks over the Washington Monument are typical of Fourth of July celebrations In the United States, Independence Day, also called the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. ...

The most significant result of the campaign was control of the Mississippi River, which the Union obtained completely after Banks captured Port Hudson on July 8, also by siege. The Confederacy was now cut in two; one week later, an unarmed ship arrived in Union-held New Orleans from St. Louis after an uneventful trip down the river. President Lincoln announced, "The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea." Battle of Port Hudson Conflict American Civil War Date May 21-July 9, 1863 Place East Baton Rouge Parish and East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana Result Union victory The Siege of Port Hudson occurred in 1863 when 30,000 Union Army troops surrounded the Mississippi River town of Port Hudson, Louisiana. ... is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Missouri Coordinates: , Country United States State Missouri County Independent City Government  - Mayor Francis G. Slay (D) Area  - City  66. ...

Grant deployed Sherman and 50,000 troops against Johnston's 31,000 in Jackson. Johnston tried to lure Sherman into a frontal assault, but Sherman had seen the results of such at Vicksburg. He demurred and began surrounding the city. Johnston escaped with his army, which was more than Pemberton had achieved, but all of central Mississippi was now under Sherman's control. He used a subsequent operation against Meridian, Mississippi, as a precursor for the scorched earth tactics he later employed in his March to the Sea through Georgia, and then South Carolina. Meridian is a city located in, and the county seat of, Lauderdale County in Mississippi, a state of the United States of America. ... A scorched earth policy is a military tactic which involves destroying anything that might be useful to the enemy while advancing through or withdrawing from an area. ... Engraving by Alexander Hay Ritchie depicting Shermans March Shermans March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign, conducted in late 1864 by Major General William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army during the American Civil War. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32° 2′ N to 35° 13′ N  - Longitude...

One of Grant's final moves of the campaign was to settle a lingering rivalry. In June, General McClernand wrote a self-adulatory note to his troops, claiming much of the credit for the soon-to-be victory. Grant had been waiting six months for him to slip, ever since they clashed early in the campaign, around the Battle of Arkansas Post. He received permission to relieve McClernand in January but needed a visible provocation. Grant finally sacked McClernand on June 18. He so diligently prepared his trap that McClernand was left without recourse. McClernand's corps was inherited by Maj. Gen. Edward Ord. In May 1864, McClernand was restored to a command in remote Texas. is the 169th day of the year (170th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Edward Ord Edward Otho Cresap Ord (October 18, 1818 – July 22, 1883) was the designer of Fort Sam Houston, and a U.S. Army officer who saw action in the Seminole War, the Indian Wars, and the Civil War. ... Official language(s) No official language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ...

Grant was the undisputed victor of the Vicksburg Campaign. He went on to rescue Union forces besieged at Chattanooga and then replaced Halleck as general in chief of all Union armies, at the newly created rank of lieutenant general. Despite his ultimate success in winning the war, Vicksburg is considered his finest campaign—imaginative, audacious, relentless, and a masterpiece of maneuver warfare. Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Ulysses S. Grant Braxton Bragg Strength Military Division of the Mississippi (56,359 effectives)[1] Army of Tennessee (44,010)[1] Casualties 5,824 (753 killed, 4,722 wounded, 349 missing)[1] 6,667 (361 killed, 2,160 wounded, 4... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ...

The blame for losing Vicksburg fell not on John Pemberton, but on the overly cautious Joseph E. Johnston. Jefferson Davis said of the defeat, "Yes, from a want of provisions inside and a General outside who wouldn't fight." Anguished soldiers and civilians starving in the siege held hopes that he would come to their aid, but he never did. Accusations of cowardice that had dogged him since the 1862 Peninsula Campaign continued to follow him in the 1864 Atlanta Campaign against Sherman. However, Johnston was far outnumbered, and while he was one of few Confederate generals whom Grant respected, he was outgeneraled. Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... McClellan and Johnston of the Peninsula Campaign The Peninsula Campaign (also known as the Peninsular Campaign) of the American Civil War was a major Union operation launched in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862, the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Palisades and chevaux-de-frise in front of the Potter House, Atlanta, Georgia, 1864. ...

References

• Ballard, Michael B., Vicksburg, The Campaign that Opened the Mississippi, University of North Carolina Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8078-2893-9.
• Bearss, Edwin C., The Vicksburg Campaign, 3 volumes, Morningside Press, 1991, ISBN 0-89029-308-2.
• Catton, Bruce, Never Call Retreat, Doubleday, 1965, ISBN 0-671-46990-8.
• Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, Simon & Schuster, 2001, ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
• Foote, Shelby, The Civil War, A Narrative: Fredericksburg to Meridian, Random House, 1958, ISBN 0-394-49517-9.
• McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford History of the United States), Oxford University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-19-503863-0.

Ed Bearss leading a tour in 2005 Edwin Cole Bearss (born June 26, 1923), U.S. Marine Corps veteran of World War II, is a military historian and author notable for his work on the American Civil War and World War II eras and is a popular tour guide of... Bruce Catton (October 9, 1899 — August 28, 1978) was a journalist and a notable historian of the American Civil War. ... Shelby Foote (November 17, 1916 – June 27, 2005) was a noted author and historian of the American Civil War. ... For the Civil War General of a similar name see James B. McPherson James M. McPherson (born October 11, 1936) is an American Civil War historian, and is the George Henry Davis 86 Professor Emeritus of United States History at Princeton University. ...

Further reading

• Grabau, Warren E., Ninety-Eighty Days: A Geographer's View of the Vicksburg Campaign, University of Tennessee Press, 2000, ISBN 1-57233-068-6.
• Huffstodt, James, Hard Dying Men: The Story of the "Old Eleventh" Illinois Infantry, General W. H. L. Wallace, and General Thomas E. G. Ransom in the American Civil War (1861-1865), Heritage Press, ISBN 1-55613-510-6.

External links

• National Park Service, Vicksburg
• National Park Service battle descriptions
• Grant, U.S., Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant online
• First Vicksburg Campaign
• Animated History of The Siege of Vicksburg