King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy.

Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820 – January 9, 1878) was the King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia from 1849 to 1861. On February 18, 1861, he assumed the title King of Italy to become the first king of a united Italy, a title he held until his death in 1878. resized from Media:VictorEm. ... resized from Media:VictorEm. ... For the Lebanese political coalition, see March 14 Alliance. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Piedmont (Italian: Piemonte) is a region of northwestern Italy. ... Flag of Savoy This article is about the historical region of Savoy. ... Sardinia (pronounced ; Italian: ; Sardinian: or Sardinna) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily). ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar) // January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by... February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar) // January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by... King of Italy is a title adopted by many rulers after the fall of the Roman Empire. ... Italian unification process. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Biography

Early years and accession to the throne

Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II, erected in 1895-1911 in Rome.

Victor Emmanuel was born in Turin, the eldest son of Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, and Mary Therese of Hapsburg-Lorraine. He lived for some years of his youth at Florence with his father; Victor Emmanuel showed an early interest for politics, the military, as well as a certain aptitude towards sports. Image File history File links King Vittorio Emanuele II Monument (Rome, Italy). ... Image File history File links King Vittorio Emanuele II Monument (Rome, Italy). ... The monument of Victor Emmanuel II The Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II (National Monument of Victor Emmanuel II) or Altare della Patria (Altar of the Fatherland) or Il Vittoriano is a monument located in Rome, Italy. ... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban... Torino redirects here. ... Charles Albert (October 2, 1798_July 28, 1849) was the Duke of Savoy, Piedmont, Aosta and King of Sardinia from 1831 to 1849. ... Florence (Italian: ) is the capital city of the region of Tuscany, Italy. ...

He took part in the First Italian War of Independence under his father, fighting in the front line at the battles of Pastrengo, Santa Lucia, Goito and Custoza. The First Italian War of Independence was fought in 1848 between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Austrian Empire. ... The Battle of Pastrengo was fought between the Piedmontese and Austrian army on April 30, 1848, in the course of the First Italian War of Independence. ... The Battle of Goito was fought between the Piedmontese and Austrian army on May 30, 1848, in the course of the First Italian War of Independence. ... The Battle of Custoza (1848) was fought (23-25 July 1848) during the Austro-Sardinian War (also known as First Independence War within Italian unification process) between the armies of the Austrian Empire, led by Field Marshal Radetzky, and of the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by king Charles Albert of...

He became king in 1849 when his father had abdicated the throne after a humiliating military defeat by the Austrians at Novara. Victor Emmanuel was immediatebly able to obtain a rather favourable armistice at Vignale by the Austrian commander, Radetzky. The treaty, however, was not ratified by the Piedmontese chamber, and Victor Emmanuel replied by firing Prime Minister Claudio Gabriele de Launay, replacing him with Massimo D'Azeglio. After new elections, the peace with Austria was accepted by the new Chamber of Deputies. In 1849 he also fiercely suppressed the revolt in Genoa, defining the rebels as a "vile and infected race of cowards". Combatants Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire Commanders Albert Chrzanowski Joseph Radetzky von Radetz Strength 85,636 156 guns 72,380 156 guns The Battle of Novara or Battle of Bicocca (Bicocca is a borough of Novara) was one of the battles fought between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of... Josef Graf von Radetzky Johann Josef Wenzel Graf Radetzky von Radetz (English: , Czech: ) (November 2, 1766 – January 5, 1858) was a Bohemian nobleman and Austrian general, immortalised by Johann Strauss Is Radetzky March. ... Massimo Taparelli, marquis dAzeglio (1798 - January 15, 1866), was an Italian statesman and novelist. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Genoa (Genova in Italian - Zena in Genoese) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. ...

In 1852, Victor Emmanuel II gave Count Camillo di Cavour the title of Prime Minister. This turned out to be a wise choice because Cavour was a political mastermind and was a major player in Italian unification in his own right. Victor Emmanuel II soon became the symbol of the Italian Risorgimento, the Italian unification movement. He was especially popular in the Kingdom of Sardinia because of his respect for the new constitution and his liberal reforms. Count Camilio Benso di Cavour (August 10, 1810 _ June 6, 1861) was a statesman who was a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification and the first Prime Minister of the new Kingdom of Italy. ... Italian unification, also known as Risorgimento (resurrection), was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by the Savoy dynasty with Turin as its capital) gradually conquered the Italian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy...

Crimean War

Following Cavour's advice, Victor Emmanuel joined Britain and France in the war against Russia, in an effort to obtain their good will. After successfully seeking British support and ingratiating himself with France's Napoleon III at the Congress of Paris following the end of the war, Count Cavour arranged a secret meeting with the French emperor. In 1858, they met at Plombières, where they agreed that if the French were to help Piedmont combat Austria, still occupying the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia in northern Italy, France would be awarded Nice and Savoy. Combatants Allies: French Empire United Kingdom Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Russian Empire Casualties 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 17,500 British 2,050 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of disease 130,000 killed, wounded and died of disease The Crimean War (1854 - 1856) was fought between Imperial Russia... Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. ... The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (Italian: ; German: ) (1815 - 1866) was established after the defeat of Napoleon, according to the decisions of the Congress of Vienna (9 June 1815). ... For the Unix program, see nice_(Unix) This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

At the time Victor Emmanuel had become a universal symbol of the Italian Risorgimento, the movement pushing towards the unification of Italy. Italian unification, also known as Risorgimento (resurrection), was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by the Savoy dynasty with Turin as its capital) gradually conquered the Italian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy...

Wars of Italian Unification

Main article: Italian Wars of Independence

The Italo-French campaign against Austria in 1858 started successfully. However, scared by the serious casualties for France, Napoleon III secretly made a treaty with Franz Joseph of Austria at Villafranca whereby Piedmont gained only Lombardy. France did receive the promised Nice and Savoy, while Austria kept Venetia, a major setback for the Piedmontese, also because the treaty had been prepared without their knowledge. After several quarrels for the outcome of the war, Cavour resigned, and the king had to find other advisors. The evolution of the process that would finally have brought to the Italian Unification (Risorgimento), the Italian Independence wars were three wars fought against Austria between 1848 and 1866 and ended with the conquest of the whole Italian territory. ... Franz Joseph I Franz Joseph I (in English also Francis Joseph) ( August 18, 1830 – November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. ... Lombardy (Italian: Lombardia, Lombard: Lumbardìa) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. ... Vèneto is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. ...

Later that same year, he sent his forces to fight the papal army at Castelfidardo and drove the Pope into Vatican City. Victor Emmanuel II’s success at these goals got him excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Then, plebiscites in Naples and Sicily called for union with Sardinia-Piedmont and Italy grew even larger. On February 18, 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was officially established and Victor Emmanuel II became its king. Later, in 1866, Italy was given Venetia as part of the peace settlement after the Seven Weeks War. Five years after that (1871), the Papal States protected by Napoleon III (who had apparently switched sides) fell to Italian troops and Rome became the capital city.

Victor Emmanuel supported Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of Thousand (1860-1861), which resulted in the quick fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy. However, the King halted Garibaldi when he appeared ready to attack Rome, still under the Papal States, as it was under French protection. In 1860, through local plebiscites, Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna decided to side with Sardinia-Piedmont. Victor Emmanuel then marched victoriously in the Marche and Umbria after the victorious battle of Castelfidardo (1860) over the Papal forces, after which he gained a Papal excommunication. Garibaldi in 1866. ... A photograph of Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1860. ... The Two Sicilies The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was the new name that the Bourbon king Ferdinand IV of Naples gave to his domain (including Southern Italy and Sicily) after the end of the Napoleonic Era and the full restoration of his power in 1816. ... Coat of arms Map of the Papal States; the reddish area was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy in 1860, the rest (grey) in 1870. ... // The Marche (plural, originally le marche de Ancona = the Marches of Ancona) are a region of Central Italy, bordering Emilia-Romagna north, Tuscany to the north-west, Umbria to west, Abruzzo and Latium to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east. ... Umbria is a region of central Italy, bordered by Tuscany to the west, the Marche to the east and Lazio to the south. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Excommunication is a religious censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ...

The King subsequently met with Garibaldi at Teano, receiving from him the control of southern Italy. Another series of plebiscites in the occupied lands resulted in the proclamation of Victor Emmanuel as the first King of Italy by the new Parliament of unified Italy, on March 17, 1861. Turin became the capital of the new state. Only Rome, Veneto, Trentino and Dalmatia remained to be conquered. Teano (Roman Teanum Sidicinum), a town of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, 21 miles north-west of that town on the main line to Rome from Naples, forming conjointly with Calvi an episcopal see. ... King of Italy is a title adopted by many rulers after the fall of the Roman Empire. ... Italian unification, also known as Risorgimento (resurrection), was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by the Savoy dynasty with Turin as its capital) gradually conquered the Italian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy... March 17 is the 76th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (77th in leap years). ... 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar) // January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by... Vèneto is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. ... Trentino-Alto Adige or Trentino-South Tyrol (in German: Trentino-Südtirol, in Italian: Trentino-Alto Adige) is an autonomous region in northern Italy. ... Map of Dalmatia, in present day Croatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, Italian: Dalmazia) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ...

Completion of the unification

Main article: Third Italian War of Independence

In 1866 Victor Emmanuel allied with Prussia in the Third Italian War of Independence. Although not victorious in the Italian theater, he managed anyway to receive Veneto after the Austrian defeat in Germany. In 1871, after two failed attempts by Garibaldi, he also took advantage of the Prussian victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War to capture Rome after the French withdrew. He entered Rome on July 2, 1871, setting there the new capital (after the momentary move to Florence in 1864). The new Royal residence was the Quirinal Palace. The Third Italian War of Independence was a conflict which paralleled the Austro-Prussian War, and was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Motto: Suum cuique Latin: To each his own Prussia at its peak, as leading state of the German Empire Capital Königsberg, later Berlin Political structure Duchy, Kingdom, Republic Duke1  - 1525–68 Albert I  - 1688–1701 Frederick III King1  - 1701–13 Frederick I  - 1888–1918 William II Prime Minister1,2... The Third Italian War of Independence was a conflict which paralleled the Austro-Prussian War, and was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire. ... Combatants Second French Empire North German Confederation allied with south German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III Otto Von Bismarck Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Strength 400,000 at the beginning of the war 1,200,000 Casualties 150,000 dead or wounded 284,000 captured 350,000 civilian... July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 182 days remaining. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Florence (Italian: ) is the capital city of the region of Tuscany, Italy. ... The Quirinal Palace once housed popes, then kings, and now presidents. ...

The rest of Victor Emmanuel II’s reign was a little less exciting. After the Kingdom of Italy was established he decided to continue on as King Victor Emmanuel II instead of Victor Emmanuel I of Italy. This was a terrible move as far as public relations went as it was not indicative of the fresh start that the Italian people wanted and suggested that Sardinia-Piedmont had taken over the Italian Peninsula, not unified it. Despite this mishap, the remainder of Victor Emmanuel II’s reign was consumed by wrapping up loose ends and dealing with cultural issues.

Victor Emmanuel died in Rome in 1878, just after the reversal of excommunication by Pope Pius IX's envoys. He was buried in the Pantheon. His successor was his son Humbert I. Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban... Pope Pius IX (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from his election in June 16, 1846, until his death more than 31 years later in 1878, making him the longest-reigning Pope since the Apostle St. ... Facade of the Pantheon The Pantheon (Latin Pantheon[1], from Greek Πάνθεον Pantheon, meaning Temple of all the Gods) is a building in Rome which was originally built as a temple to the seven deities of the seven planets in the state religion of Ancient Rome, but which has been a... Umberto I or Humbert I of Italy (Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio of Savoy, 14 March 1844 - 29 July 1900), surnamed the Good, was the King of Italy from 9 January 1878 until his death. ...

Family and children

In 1842 he married his cousin Maria Adelaide of Habsburg (1822-1855). By her he had eight children^[1]: 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Rainer Joseph Johann Michael Franz Hieronymus, Archduke of Austria (Pisa 30 September 1783 - Bozen 16 January 1853), son of Emperor Leopold II. Married at Prague on 28 May 1820 Princess Elisabeth of Savoy-Carignano (Paris 13 April 1800 - Bozen 25 December 1856). ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ...

• Maria Clotilde of Savoy (1843-1911), who married Napoleon Joseph (the Prince Napoleon). Their grandson Louis was the pretender of Bonaparte.
• Umberto (1844-1900), later King of Italy.
• Amedeo (1845-1890), later King of Spain.
• Oddone Eugenio (1846-1866), Duke of Montferrat.
• Maria Pia of Savoy (1847-1911), who married Louis of Portugal.
• Carlo Alberto (1851-1854), Duke of Chablais.
• Vittorio Emanuele (6 July 1852–6 July 1852).
• Vittorio Emanuele (18 January 1855–17 May 1855), Count of Genoa.

The Mausoleum of Bela Rosin.

In 1869 he married morganatically his principal mistress Rosa Teresa Vercellona Guerrieri (3 June 1833–26 December 1885). Popularly known in Piedmontese as “Bela Rosin”, she was born a commoner but made Countess of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda in 1858. Their offspring were: Maria Clotilde of Savoy photographed by di Etienne Neurdein. ... Year 1843 (MDCCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Portrait of Prince Napoleon by Jean-Hippolyte Flandrin in 1860 Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul, Prince Napoleon (September 9, 1822 – March 17, 1891) was the son of Jerome Bonaparte and Catharina of Württemberg. ... Of Corsican origin, the Bonaparte (originally Buonaparte) family is the family of Napoleon I, who was elected as first consul of France on November 10, 1799 with the help of his brother, Lucien Bonaparte, president of the Council of Five Hundred at Saint-Cloud. ... Umberto I, King of Italy or Humbert I of Italy (Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoy), (14 March 1844 – 29 July 1900) was the King of Italy from 9 January 1878 until his death. ... Amadeo I (sometimes Latinized to Amadeus) (May 30, 1845 - January 18, 1890), Duke of Aosta and King of Spain, was born in Turin, Italy. ... Montferrat was a marquisate in Lombardy during the Middle Ages. ... Luís I (pron. ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Luis I, King of Portugal (October 31, 1838 – October 19, 1889) was the second son of Maria II da Glória and Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. ... July 6 is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 178 days remaining. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... July 6 is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 178 days remaining. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... January 18 is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... May 17 is the 137th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (138th in leap years). ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Genoa (Genova in Italian - Zena in Genoese) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1600 × 1197 pixel, file size: 370 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Mausoleo della Bela Rosin, Torino. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1600 × 1197 pixel, file size: 370 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Mausoleo della Bela Rosin, Torino. ... A morganatic marriage is a type of marriage which can be contracted in certain countries, usually between persons of unequal social rank (unebenbürtig in German), which prevents the passage of the husbands titles and privileges to the wife and any children born of the marriage. ... June 3 is the 154th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (155th in leap years), with 211 days remaining. ... 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... December 26 is the 360th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, 361st in leap years. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Piedmontese (also known as Piemontèis, and Piemontese in Italian) is a language spoken by over 2 million people in Piedmont, northwest Italy. ...

• Vittoria (born 2 December 1848)
• Emanuele Alberto (born 16 March 1851), Count of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda.

Further offspring included: December 2 is the 336th day (337th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... March 16 is the 75th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (76th in leap years). ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

• A son, born in 1852 to Laura Bon at Stupinigi. He died shortly shortly after birth.
• Emanuela Maria Alberta Vittoria di Roverbella, born 6 September 1853 to Laura Bon at Stupinigi. She died in 1888 or 1890.
• Donato Etna, born at Mondovì to an unknown mistress on 15 June 1858. He became a much decorated soldier and died at Turin on 11 December 1938.
• Vittorio di Rho Guerrieri/o, born at Turin to Virginia Rho in 1861. He became a notable photographer and died at Turin on 10 October 1913
• Maria Pia di Rho Guerrieri, born at Turin to Virginia Rho on 25 February 1866. She died at Vienna on 19 April 1947
• A daughter, perhaps named Savoiarda born to the Baroness Vittoria Duplessis. She died as an infant.

September 6 is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years). ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Mondovì is a town and comune (township) of Italy, 44°23′N 7°49′E, at 559 m (1834 ft) above sea-level; it is located in the Province of Cuneo. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... December 11 is the 345th day (346th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... This is a list of notable photographers in the art, documentary and fashion traditions. ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years). ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ...

Quotes about Victor Emmanuel

The British Foreign Minister George Villiers said of Victor Emmanuel; A minister for foreign affairs, or foreign minister, is a cabinet minister who helps form the governmental foreign policy of a sovereign nation. ... George William Frederick Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon (January 12, 1800 - June 27, 1870), was an English diplomat and statesman. ...

• There is universal agreement that Vittorio Emanuele is an imbecile; he is a dishonest man who tells lies to everyone; at this rate he will end up losing his crown and ruining both Italy and his dynasty.

The House of Savoy or in Italian, La Casa di Savoia, or simply Casa Savoia, (or Savoie, French) is a dynasty of nobles who traditionally had their domain in Savoy, a region that includes present-day Piemonte, other parts of Northern Italy, and a smaller region in France. ... // For other uses, see Dynasty (disambiguation). ...

See also

• Unification of Italy
• Italian Wars of Independence
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Giuseppe Mazzini
• Count Cavour
• September Convention

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Category:Vittorio Emanuele II

Italian unification, also known as Risorgimento (resurrection), was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by the Savoy dynasty with Turin as its capital) gradually conquered the Italian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy... The evolution of the process that would finally have brought to the Italian Unification (Risorgimento), the Italian Independence wars were three wars fought against Austria between 1848 and 1866 and ended with the conquest of the whole Italian territory. ... Garibaldi in 1866. ... Giuseppe Mazzini. ... Count Camilio Benso di Cavour (August 10, 1810 - June 6, 1861) was a statesman who was a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification and the first Prime Minister of the new Kingdom of Italy. ... The September Convention was a treaty concluded in September 1864 between the Papal States and the new Kingdom of Italy, which had recently been founded after the Kingdom of Sardinia annexed most of the small states in the Italian peninsula and most of the territory of the Papal States. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ...

Notes

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
• Del Boca, Lorenzo (1998). Maledetti Savoia. Casale Monferrato: Piemme. 
• Gasparetto, Pier Francesco (1984). Vittorio Emanuele II. Milan: Rusconi. 
• Mack Smith, Denis (2000). Storia d'Italia. Rome-Bari: Laterza. ISBN 88-420-6143-3. 
• Mack Smith, Denis (1995). Vittorio Emanuele II. Milan: Mondadori. 
• Pinto, Paolo (1997). Vittorio Emanuele II: il re avventuriero. Milan: Mondadori. 
• Rocca, Gianni (1993). Avanti, Savoia!: miti e disfatte che fecero l'Italia, 1848-1866. Milan: Mondadori. 

Encyclopædia Britannica, the 11th edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Spa is the most important publishing company in Italy. ...

External links

• External link: Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy
• View of Venezia Square Victor Emmanuel II monument