The Vietnamese alphabet has the following 29 letters, in collating order: Alphabetical redirects here. ...

A

Ă

Â

B

C

D

Đ

E

Ê

G

H

I

K

L

M

N

O

Ô

Ơ

P

Q

R

S

T

U

Ư

V

X

Y

a

ă

â

b

c

d

đ

e

ê

g

h

i

k

l

m

n

o

ô

ơ

p

q

r

s

t

u

ư

v

x

y

Vietnamese also uses the 10 digraphs and 1 trigraph below. Digraph has several meanings: directed graph, or digraph Digraph (orthography) Digraph (computing) This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Trigraph can refer to: Trigraph (computing) Trigraph (orthography) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

CH GH GI KH NG NGH NH PH QU TH TR

These groups were formerly considered single letters and one can find them in older dictionaries. They are no longer considered single letters for collating and similar purposes; so, for example, "CH" will be collated between "CA" and "CO" in modern dictionaries. For other uses of dictionary, see dictionary (disambiguation). ...

The letters "F", "J", "W" and "Z" are not part of the Vietnamese alphabet, but are used in foreign loan words. "W" is sometimes used in place of "Ư" in abbreviations. In informal writing, "W", "F", and "J" are sometimes used as shorthands for "QU", "PH", and "GI", respectively.

Description

The Vietnamese alphabet, called Chữ Quốc Ngữ (script of the national language), usually shortened to Quốc Ngữ (national language), is the current writing system for the Vietnamese language. It is based on the Latin alphabet (more specifically the Portuguese alphabet) with some digraphs and the addition of nine accent marks or diacritics — four of them to create additional sounds, and the other five to indicate the tone of each word. The many diacritics, often two on the same letter, make written Vietnamese easily recognizable. Vietnamese (tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ[2]), formerly known under the French colonization as Annamese (see Annam), is the national and official language of Vietnam. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... The official Portuguese alphabet consists of the letters of the Latin alphabet minus K, W, and Y: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, X, Z Although not found in vernacular terms, the letters K, W... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Example of a letter with a diacritic A diacritic or diacritical mark, also called an accent, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation or to distinguish between similar words. ... A Tonal language is a language that uses tone to distinguish words. ...

Letter names

For other uses of A, see A (disambiguation). ... For other uses of A, see A (disambiguation). ... Ă (upper case) or ǎ (lower case) is a letter used in standard Romanian language orthography to represent the schwa sound, a vowel. ... Ă (upper case) or ǎ (lower case) is a letter used in standard Romanian language orthography to represent the schwa sound, a vowel. ... (a-circumflex) is a letter of Romanian and Vietnamese language. ... (a-circumflex) is a letter of Romanian and Vietnamese language. ... For other uses of B, see B (disambiguation). ... For other uses of B, see B (disambiguation). ... Look up C, c in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up C, c in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see D (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see D (disambiguation). ... Ð, Unicode codepoint 208, U+00D0 is: Ð or Eth, a letter used in Old English and present-day Icelandic and Faroese. ... Ð, Unicode codepoint 208, U+00D0 is: Ð or Eth, a letter used in Old English and present-day Icelandic and Faroese. ... For other uses, see E (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see E (disambiguation). ... The circumflex ( ˆ ) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek, French, Esperanto, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Vietnamese, Japanese romaji, Welsh, Portuguese, Italian, and other languages. ... The circumflex ( ˆ ) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek, French, Esperanto, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Vietnamese, Japanese romaji, Welsh, Portuguese, Italian, and other languages. ... Look up F, f in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up F, f in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see G (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see G (disambiguation). ... Look up H, h in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up H, h in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up I, i in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up I, i in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see J (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see J (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see K (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see K (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see L (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see L (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see M (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see M (disambiguation). ... Look up N, n in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up N, n in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up O, o in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up O, o in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ô refers to: A circumflex, a diacritical mark. ... Ô refers to: A circumflex, a diacritical mark. ... Ơ is one of the 12 Vietnamese language vowels. ... Ơ is one of the 12 Vietnamese language vowels. ... This article is about the Latin alphabet letter. ... This article is about the Latin alphabet letter. ... This article is about the Latin alphabet letter. ... This article is about the Latin alphabet letter. ... Look up R, r in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up R, r in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up S, s in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up S, s in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see T (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see T (disambiguation). ... For other uses of U, see U (disambiguation). ... For other uses of U, see U (disambiguation). ... The horn is a diacritic mark attached to the top right corner of the letters o and u in the Vietnamese alphabet to give ơ and ư, unrounded variants of the vowel represented by the basic letter. ... The horn is a diacritic mark attached to the top right corner of the letters o and u in the Vietnamese alphabet to give ơ and ư, unrounded variants of the vowel represented by the basic letter. ... Look up V, v in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up V, v in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up W, w in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up W, w in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see X (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see X (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Look up Z, z in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Z, z in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Vowels

Pronunciation

The correspondence between the orthography and pronunciation is somewhat complicated. In some cases, the same letter may represent several different sounds, and different letters may represent the same sound.

The letters y and i are mostly equivalent, and there is no rule that says when to use one or the other. There have been attempts since the early 20th century to standardize the orthography by replacing all the vowel uses of y with i, the latest being a decision from the Vietnamese Ministry of Education in 1984. These efforts seem to have had limited effect, in part because some people bristled at the thought of names such as Nguyễn becoming Nguiễn and Thúy (a common female name) becoming Thúi (stinky), even though the standardization does not apply to diphthongs and triphthongs and allowed exceptions to proper names. Currently, the spelling that uses i exclusively is found only in scientific publications and textbooks. Most people and the popular media continue to use the spelling that they are most accustomed to.   (IPA:// in Vietnamese; English approximation: win) is the most common Vietnamese family name. ...

Orthography	Sound value(s)	Orthography	Sound value(s)
a	/ɐː/, /ɐ/, /ɜ/	o	/ɔ/, /ɐw/, /w/
ă	/ɐ/	ô	/o/, /ɜw/, /ɜ/
â	/ɜ/	ơ	/əː/, /ɜ/
e	/ɛ/	u	/u/, /w/
ê	/e/, /ɜ/	ư	/ɨ/
i	/i/, /j/	y	/i/, /j/

Spelling

Monophthongs

The table below matches Vietnamese vowels (written in IPA) and their respective orthographic symbols used in the writing system. Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...

Simple Vowels

Sound Value(s)	Orthography	Sound Value(s)	Orthography
/i/	i, y	/e/	ê
/ɛ/	e	/ɨ/	ư
/əː/	ơ	/ɜ/	â
/ɐː/	a	/ɐ/	ă
/u/	u	/o/	ô
/ɔ/	o

Notes:

The vowel /i/ is:

• usually written as i: /si/ = sĩ (A suffix indicating profession, similar to the English suffix -er).
• sometimes written as y: /mi/ = Mỹ 'America'.

It is always written as y if:

1. preceded by an orthographic vowel: /xwiɜn/ = khuyên 'to advise';
2. at the beginning of a word derived from Chinese (written as i otherwise): /iɜw/ = yêu 'to love'.

Note that i and y are also used to write the consonant semivowel /j/.

Diphthongs and triphthongs

Diphthongs & Triphthongs

Sound Value(s)	Orthography	Sound Value(s)	Orthography
Diphthongs
/uj/	ui	/iw/	iu
/oj/	ôi	/ew/	êu
/ɔj/	oi	/ɛw/	eo
/əːj/	ơi	/əːw/	ơu
/ɜj/	ây, ê	/ɜw/	âu, ô
/ɐːj/	ai	/ɐːw/	ao
/ɐj/	ay, a	/ɐw/	au, o
/ɨj/	ưi	/ɨw/	ưu
/iɜ/	ia, ya, iê, yê	/uɜ/	ua, uô
/ɨɜ/	ưa, ươ	/uw/	uy
Triphthongs
/iɜw/	iêu, yêu	/uɜj/	uôi
/ɨɜj/	ươi	/ɨɜw/	ươu

Notes:

The diphthong /iɜ/ is written:

• ia in open syllables: /miɜ/ = mía 'sugar cane' (note: open syllables are syllables that end a vowel, closed syllables end in a consonant);
• iê before a consonant: /miɜŋ/ = miếng 'piece';

The i changes to y at the beginning of words or after an orthographic vowel:

• ya: /xwiɜ/ = khuya 'late at night'
• yê: /xwiɜn/ = khuyên 'to advise'; /iɜn/ = yên 'calm'.

The diphthong /uɜ/ is written:

• ua in open syllables: /muɜ/ = mua 'to buy';
• uô before a consonant: /muɜn/ = muôn 'ten thousand'.

The diphthong /ɨɜ/ is written:

• ưa in open syllables: /mɨɜ/ = mưa 'to rain';
• ươ before consonants: /mɨɜŋ/ = mương 'irrigation canal'.

Consonants

The digraph "GH" and the trigraph "NGH" are basically replacements for "G" and "NG" that are used before "I", in order to avoid confusion with the "GI" digraph. For historical reasons, they are also used before "E" or "Ê".

Most of the consonants are pronounced like their European equivalents, with the following clarifications:

• "CH" is a voiceless palatal stop (IPA: [c]) or affricate (IPA: [ʧ]).
• "Đ" is similar to a "D" sound in many languages. Vietnamese "Đ", however, is additionally pronounced with a glottal stop immediately preceding or simultaneous with "Đ".
• Both "D" and "GI" are pronounced either [z] in the northern dialects (including Hanoi), or [j] (similar to English "y") in the central and Saigon dialects.
• "V" is pronounced [v] in the northern dialects, or [j] and [bj]in the southern dialects.
• "KH" is a voiceless velar fricative (IPA: [x]). It is similar to the German or Scottish "CH", Russian "X", Mandarin "H", Spanish "J", or Arabic and Persian "خ" (KH). It is never pronounced like English "K" or Hindi "ख" (KH).
• "NG" is a velar nasal (IPA: [ŋ]). "NG" is similar to both occurrences of "ng" in English "singing". It is never pronounced like English "N" or "N" plus "G".
• "NH" is a palatal nasal (IPA: [ɲ]), similar to Polish "Ń", Spanish "Ñ", Portuguese "NH", or French and Italian "GN".
• "PH" is pronounced /f/, as in English "Philip". Vietnamese "PH" is never pronounced like English "P" or Hindi "फ" (PH).
• "S" is pronounced like the English "SH", and "X" is pronounced like English "SS" for the southern dialect and some central dialects; But they are both pronounced like English "SS" among the northern dialects.
• "TH" is an aspirated "T" (IPA: [tʰ]). It is similar to the "थ" (TH) sound in Hindi or the "T" sound in English when pronounced at the beginning of a word. It is never pronounced like the English "TH" or French/Spanish "T".
• "TR" is a retroflex "T" (in the southern regions) and pronounced like the Vietnamese "CH" in the northern dialects. Its only other equivalent is in the Mandarin Chinese "ZH". Mandarin Chinese words that start with the "ZH" usually corresponds to Sino-Vietnamese words that start with "TR".

The voiceless palatal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. ... An affricate is a consonant that begins like a stop (most often an alveovelar, such as [t] or [d]) and that doesnt have a release of its own, but opens directly into a fricative (or, in one language, into a trill). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The voiceless velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. ... The velar nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ... The palatal nasal is a type of consonant, used in some spoken languages. ...

Tone marks

Vietnamese is a tonal language, i.e. the meaning of each word depends on the "tone" (basically a specific pitch and glottalization pattern) in which it is pronounced. There are six distinct tones; the first one ("level tone") is not marked, and the other five are indicated by diacritics applied to the vowel part of the syllable. A Tonal language is a language that uses tone to distinguish words. ... http://members. ... See also Glottalic consonant Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. ...

Tone	Diacritic	Accented Vowels
Ngang (Level)	Unmarked	A/a	Ă/ă	Â/â	E/e	Ê/ê	I/i	O/o	Ô/ô	Ơ/ơ	U/u	Ư/ư	Y/y
Huyền (Falling)	Grave	À/à	Ằ/ằ	Ầ/ầ	È/è	Ề/ề	Ì/ì	Ò/ò	Ồ/ồ	Ờ/ờ	Ù/ù	Ừ/ừ	Ỳ/ỳ
Sắc (Rising)	Acute	Á/á	Ắ/ắ	Ấ/ấ	É/é	Ế/ế	Í/í	Ó/ó	Ố/ố	Ớ/ớ	Ú/ú	Ứ/ứ	Ý/ý
Hỏi (Dipping-rising)	Hook	Ả/ả	Ẳ/ẳ	Ẩ/ẩ	Ẻ/ẻ	Ể/ể	Ỉ/ỉ	Ỏ/ỏ	Ổ/ổ	Ở/ở	Ủ/ủ	Ử/ử	Ỷ/ỷ
Ngã (Rising glottalized)	Tilde	Ã/ã	Ẵ/ẵ	Ẫ/ẫ	Ẽ/ẽ	Ễ/ễ	Ĩ/ĩ	Õ/õ	Ỗ/ỗ	Ỡ/ỡ	Ũ/ũ	Ữ/ữ	Ỹ/ỹ
Nặng (Falling glottalized)	Dot below	Ạ/ạ	Ặ/ặ	Ậ/ậ	Ẹ/ẹ	Ệ/ệ	Ị/ị	Ọ/ọ	Ộ/ộ	Ợ/ợ	Ụ/ụ	Ự/ự	Ỵ/ỵ

• Unmarked vowels are pronounced with a level voice, in the middle of the speaking range.
• The grave accent indicates that the speaker should start somewhat low and drop slightly in tone.
• The acute accent indicates that the speaker should start high and rise sharply in tone.
• The hook indicates that the speaker should start somewhat low, and fall, then rise, as in a question.
• A tilde indicates that the speaker should start high, then dip and rise like a question in tone.
• The dot signifies that the speaker should start low and fall lower in tone.

In syllables where the vowel part consists of more than one vowel (such as diphthongs and triphthongs), the placement of the tone is still a matter of debate. Generally, there are two methodologies, an "old style" and a "new style". While the "old style" emphasizes aesthetics by placing the tone mark as close as possible to the center of the word (by placing the tone mark on the last vowel if an ending consonant part exists and on the next-to-last vowel if the ending consonant doesn't exist, as in hóa), the "new style" emphasizes linguistic principles and tries to apply the tone mark on the main vowel (as in hoá). In both styles, when one vowel already has a quality diacritic on it, the tone mark must be applied to it as well, regardless of where it appears in the syllable (thus thuế is acceptable while thúê is not). In the case of the ươ digraph, the mark is placed on the ơ. The u in qu is considered part of the consonant. Currently, the new style is usually used in new documents, while some people still prefer the old style. The grave accent ( ` ) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek until 1982 (polytonic orthography), French, Catalan, Welsh, Italian, Vietnamese, Scottish Gaelic, Norwegian, Portuguese and other languages. ... The acute accent (   ) is a diacritic mark used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin and Greek scripts. ... For other meanings of hook, see hook (disambiguation). ... For the baseball player known as the Big Tilde, see Magglio Ordóñez. ... When used as a diacritic mark, the term dot is usually reserved for the Interpunct ( · ), or to the glyphs combining dot above ( ) and combining dot below ( ) which may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in use in Central European languages and Vietnamese. ...

The lowercase letter "i" should retain its dot even when accented. (However, this detail is often lost in computers and on the Internet, due to the obscurity of Vietnamese specialty fonts and limitations of encoding systems.)

In lexical ordering, differences in letters are treated as primary, differences in tone markings as secondary, and differences in case as tertiary differences. Ordering according to primary and secondary differences proceeds syllable by syllable. According to this principle, a dictionary lists "tuân thủ" before "tuần chay" because the secondary difference in the first syllable takes precedence over the primary difference in the second.

Structure

Due to influence from the Chinese writing system, each syllable in Vietnamese is written separately as if it were a word. In the past, syllables in multisyllabic words were concatenated with hypens, but this practice had died out, and hyphenation is now reserved for foreign borrowings. A written syllable consists of at most three parts, in the following order from left to right: For the computer operating system, see Syllable (operating system). ...

1. An optional beginning consonant part
2. A required vowel syllable nucleus and the tone mark, if needed, applied above or below it
3. An optional ending consonant part, can only be one of the following: nothing, c, ch, m, n, ng, nh, p or t.

In phonetics and phonology, the nucleus is the central part of the syllable, mostly commonly a vowel. ...

History

Further information: Hán Tự, Chữ Nôm

A page from Alexandre de Rhodes' 1651 dictionary

The Vietnamese language was first written down, from the 13th century onwards, using variant Chinese characters (chữ nôm 字喃), each of them representing one word. The system was based on the script used for writing classical Chinese (chữ nho), but it was supplemented with characters developed in Vietnam (chữ thuần nôm, proper Nom characters) to represent native Vietnamese words. Hán tá»± (漢字, lit. ... Chữ nôm (𡦂喃 lit. ... Image File history File links L-2360-a_0008_1_t24-C-R0072. ... Image File history File links L-2360-a_0008_1_t24-C-R0072. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese is a traditional style of written Chinese based on the grammar and vocabulary of very old forms of Chinese , making it very different from any modern spoken form of Chinese. ... Chữ nho (字儒) is one of the Chinese based scripts used for writing the Vietnamese language. ...

As early as 1527, Portuguese Christian missionaries in Vietnam began using the Latin alphabet to transcribe the Vietnamese language for teaching and evangelization purposes. These informal efforts led eventually to the development of the present Vietnamese alphabet, largely by the work of French Jesuit Alexandre de Rhodes, who worked in the country between 1624 and 1644. Building on previous Portuguese-Vietnamese dictionaries by Gaspar d'Amaral and Duarte da Costa, Rhodes wrote a Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin dictionary, which was printed in Rome in 1651, using his spelling system. January 5 - Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, was drowned in the Limmat in Zürich by the Zürich Reformed state church. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Missionary (disambiguation). ... Vietnamese (tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ[2]), formerly known under the French colonization as Annamese (see Annam), is the national and official language of Vietnam. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... Alexandre de Rhodes (March 15, 1591 - November 5, 1660) was a French Jesuit missionary. ... Events January 24 - Alfonso Mendez, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ...

In spite of this development, chữ nôm and chữ nho remained in use until the early 20th century, when the French colonial administration made Rhodes's alphabet official. Nationalists embraced the script as a weapon to fight the French administration and heavily promoted its use, setting up schools such as the Tonkin Free School and publishing periodicals utilizing this script. By the late 20th century, quốc ngữ was universally used to write Vietnamese, such that literacy in the previous Chinese character-based writing systems for Vietnamese is now limited to a small number of scholars and specialists. The Tonkin Free School (Vietnamese: Đông Kinh NghÄ©a Thục, Hán tá»±: 東京義塾) was a short-lived but historically-significant educational institution in Hanoi that aimed to reform Vietnamese society under French colonialism during the beginning of the 20th century. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

Because the period of education necessary to gain initial literacy is considerably less for the largely phonetic Latin-based script compared to the several years necessary to master the full range of Chinese characters, the adoption of the Vietnamese alphabet also facilitated widespread literacy among Vietnamese speakers—whereas a majority of Vietnamese in Vietnam could not read or write prior to the 20th century, the population is now almost universally literate.

Sino-Vietnamese and quốc ngữ

Further information: Sino-Vietnamese

Writing Sino-Vietnamese words with quốc ngữ caused some confusion about the origins of some terms, due to the large number of homophones in Chinese and Sino-Vietnamese. For example, both 明 (bright) and 冥 (dark) are read as minh, thus the word "minh" has two contradictory meanings: bright and dark (although the "dark" meaning is now esoteric and is used in only a few compound words). Perhaps for this reason, the Vietnamese name for Pluto isn't Minh Vương Tinh (冥王星 - lit. underworld king star) as in other East Asian languages, but is Diêm Vương Tinh (閻王星), named after the Buddhist deity Yama. During the Ho Dynasty, Vietnam was officially known as Đại Ngu (大虞 - Great Yu). Unfortunately, most modern Vietnamese know ngu as "stupid" (愚), consequently some misinterpret it as "Big Idiot". However, the homograph/homophone problem is not as serious as it may seem, because although many Sino-Vietnamese words have multiple meanings when written with quốc ngữ, usually only one has widespread usage, while the others are relegated to obscurity. Furthermore, Sino-Vietnamese words are usually not used alone, but in compound words; thus, the meaning of the compound word is preserved even if individually each has multiple meanings. Most importantly, since quốc ngữ is an exact phonetic transcription of the spoken language, its understandability is as high or higher than a normal conversation. Sino-Vietnamese (Hán Việt) are the elements in the Vietnamese language derived from Chinese. ... Sino-Vietnamese (Hán Việt) are the elements in the Vietnamese language derived from Chinese. ... For other uses, see Pluto (disambiguation). ... A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa, India. ... Tibetan Dharmapala at the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois Yama is the name of the Buddhist god and judge of the dead, who presides over the Buddhist Narakas (Pāli: Nirayas), Hells or Purgatories. Although ultimately based on the god Yama of the Hindu Vedas, the Buddhist Yama has developed... The Hồ Dynasty was a short-lived seven-year reign of two emperors, Hồ Quý Lý in 1400 who, after 9 months of reign, gave the throne to his second son, Hồ Han Thuong, who reigned from 1400 till 1407, a habit from the previous Tran Dynasty to bequest the...

Computer support

The universal character set Unicode has full support for the Vietnamese writing system, although it does not have a separate segment for it; the required characters are scattered throughout the Basic Latin, Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended-B, and Latin Extended Additional segments. An ASCII-based writing convention, Vietnamese Quoted Readable, and several byte-based encodings including TCVN3, VNI, and VISCII were widely used before Unicode became popular. Most new documents now exclusively use the Unicode format UTF-8. The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ... Image:ASCII fullsvg There are 95 printable ASCII characters, numbered 32 to 126. ... VIetnamese Quoted-Readable, abbreviated VIQR, is a convention for writing in Vietnamese over the Internet. ... VISCII stands for Vietnamese Standard Code for Information Interchange. ... UTF-8 (8-bit UCS/Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode. ...

Unicode allows the user to choose between precomposed characters and combining characters in inputting Vietnamese. Due to the nonstandard way combining characters are implemented in various operating systems, most people use precomposed characters when composing Vietnamese-language documents. Precomposed character is a Unicode entity that can be decomposed into a canonically equivalent string of several other characters. ... Combining diacritical marks are Unicode characters that are intended to modify other characters (see Diacritic). ...

Most keyboards used by Vietnamese-language users do not support direct input of diacritics by default. Various free utilities that act as keyboard drivers exist. They support the most popular input methods, including Telex, VIQR and its variants, and VNI. Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. ... Telex is a convention for writing Vietnamese using ASCII characters commonly found on computer keyboard layouts. ... VIetnamese Quoted-Readable, abbreviated VIQR, is a convention for writing in Vietnamese over the Internet. ... VNI Software Company is the Westminster, California–based, family-owned developer of various education, entertainment, office, and utility software packages. ...

Bibliography

• Gregerson, Kenneth J. (1969). A study of Middle Vietnamese phonology. Bulletin de la Société des Etudes Indochinoises, 44, 135-193. (Published version of the author's MA thesis, University of Washington). (Reprinted 1981, Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics).
• Haudricourt, André-Georges. (1949). Origine des particularités de l'alphabet vietnamien. Dân Việt-Nam, 3, 61-68.
• Nguyen, Đang Liêm. (1970). Vietnamese pronunciation. PALI language texts: Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-87022-462-X
• Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1955). Quốc-ngữ: The modern writing system in Vietnam. Washington, D. C.: Author.
• Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1992). Vietnamese phonology and graphemic borrowings from Chinese: The Book of 3,000 Characters revisited. Mon-Khmer Studies, 20, 163-182.
• Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1996). Vietnamese. In P. T. Daniels, & W. Bright (Eds.), The world's writing systems, (pp. 691-699). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
• Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1997). Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 1-55619-733-0.
• Pham, Andrea Hoa. (2003). Vietnamese tone: A new analysis. Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Routledge. (Published version of author's 2001 PhD dissertation, University of Florida: Hoa, Pham. Vietnamese tone: Tone is not pitch). ISBN 0-415-96762-7.
• Thompson, Laurence E. (1991). A Vietnamese reference grammar. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1117-8. (Original work published 1965).

Further reading

• Nguyen, A. M. (2006). Let's learn the Vietnamese alphabet. Las Vegas: Viet Baby. ISBN 0977648206
• Shih, Virginia Jing-yi. Quoc Ngu Revolution: A Weapon of Nationalism in Vietnam. 1991.

See also

• VIQR, a standard 7-bit writing convention of the Vietnamese alphabet.
• VISCII, a standard 8-bit encoding of the Vietnamese alphabet.
• Vietnamese language
• Vietnamese phonology
• Dot (diacritic)
• Hook (diacritic)
• Horn (diacritic)
• Ă, Â, Đ, Ê, Ô, Ơ, Ư

VIetnamese Quoted-Readable, abbreviated VIQR, is a convention for writing in Vietnamese over the Internet. ... VISCII stands for Vietnamese Standard Code for Information Interchange. ... Vietnamese (tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ[2]), formerly known under the French colonization as Annamese (see Annam), is the national and official language of Vietnam. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... When used as a diacritic mark, the term dot is usually reserved for the Interpunct ( · ), or to the glyphs combining dot above ( ) and combining dot below ( ) which may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in use in Central European languages and Vietnamese. ... For other meanings of hook, see hook (disambiguation). ... For other meanings of horn, see horn (disambiguation). ... Ă (upper case) or ǎ (lower case) is a letter used in standard Romanian language orthography to represent the schwa sound, a vowel. ... (a-circumflex) is a letter of Romanian and Vietnamese language. ... Ð, Unicode codepoint 208, U+00D0 is: Ð or Eth, a letter used in Old English and present-day Icelandic and Faroese. ... The circumflex ( ˆ ) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek, French, Esperanto, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Vietnamese, Japanese romaji, Welsh, Portuguese, Italian, and other languages. ... Ô refers to: A circumflex, a diacritical mark. ... Ơ is one of the 12 Vietnamese language vowels. ... The horn is a diacritic mark attached to the top right corner of the letters o and u in the Vietnamese alphabet to give ơ and ư, unrounded variants of the vowel represented by the basic letter. ...

External links

• Scanned version of Alexandre de Rhodes' dictionary
• Vietnamese Writing System
• Essay comparing the orthography variants
• Vietnamese Unicode FAQs
• Doctoral dissertation comparing learning efficiency between quoc ngu and Chinese characters
• Chữ viết (in Vietnamese)
• The right place of the Vietnamese accent a simple rule for learners, on where to put the tonal accent
• The Vietnamese keyboard its layout is compared with US, UK, Canada, France, and Germany's keyboards.