Coordinates: 15.19° N 76.28° E Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

Vijayanagara
Vijayanagara
State  - District(s)	Karnataka  - Bellary District
Coordinates	15.19° N 76.28° E
Area  - Elevation	- 568 m
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Population (2001)  - Density	0  -

Vijayanagara (Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ, English: Victory City) is in Bellary District, northern Karnataka. It is the name of the now-ruined capital city, located at 15°19′N 76°28′E, of the historic Vijayanagara empire which extended over the southern part of India. Image File history File links India-locator-map-blank. ... Image File history File links Red_pog. ... India is subdivided into twenty-eight states and seven union territories; the states and territories are themselves further subdivided. ... The divisions of a district. ... Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... Bellary District is a district in Karnatka. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface. ... Basic Definition In geography, the elevation of a geographic location is its height above mean sea level (or some other fixed point). ... A time zone is a region of the Earth that has adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. ... Indian Standard Time (IST) is the time zone for India. ... 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of the Volunteer The United Nations Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations Events January January 1 - A black monolith measuring approximately nine feet tall appears in Seattles Magnuson Park, placed by an anonymous... Population density by country, 2006 Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. ... Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ ) is one of the major Dravidian languages of southern India and one of the oldest languages in India. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Bellary District is a district in Karnatka. ... Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... The Vijayanagara empire was based in the Deccan, in peninsular and southern India, from 1336 onwards. ...

Location and Surroundings

Most of the city lies on the south bank of the Tungabhadra River. The city was built around the original religious centre of the Virupaksha temple at Hampi. Other holy places lie within its extents, including the site of what is said to be Kishkinda where Hanuman temple, cave home of Anjani, Kesari and Shabari, a holy pond called as 'Pampasarovar' and 'Rishimukh Parvat' are located. Also we have cave home of Sugriva, the monkey king; all of them said to be from Ramayana era. The Tungabhadra is a river of southern India. ... Vijay Vittal Temple Hampi (ಹ೦ಪೆ, Hampe in Kannada) is a village in northern Karnataka, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in India. ... Hanuman tearing his chest open to reveal that Rama and Sita are literally in his heart Hanuman (Sanskrit: ; nominative singular ), known also as Anjaneya, is one of the most important personalities in the epic, the Ramayana. ... In Hinduism, Sugriva was the younger brother of Vali. ... For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ...

A shrine in a ruined tank

The central areas of the city, which include what are now called the Royal Centre and the Sacred Centre, extend over an area of at least 40 km². It includes the modern village of Hampi. Another village, Kamalapuram, lies just outside the old walled city, but is also surrounded by ruins and monuments. The nearest town and railhead is the town of Hospet, about 13 km away by road. Hospet also lies within the original extents of the old city, though most of the items of interest are now within walking distance of Hampi and Kamalapuram. Image File history File links ShrineInTankVijayanagara. ... Image File history File links ShrineInTankVijayanagara. ... Vijay Vittal Temple Hampi (ಹ೦ಪೆ, Hampe in Kannada) is a village in northern Karnataka, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in India. ... Kamalapuram is a village in Bellary District, in northern Karnataka, near the town of Hospet. ... Hospet is the main town providing the getaway for Hampi. ...

The natural setting for the city is a hilly landscape, dotted with numerous granite boulders. The Tungabhadra river runs through it, and provides protection from the North. Beyond the hills on the south bank on which the city was built, a plain extended further the South. Large scale walls and fortifications of hewn granite defended the centre of the city.

The City

The name translates as 'City of Victory', from vijaya (victory) and nagara (city). As the prosperous capital of the largest and most powerful kingdom of its time in all of India, Vijayanagara attracted people from all around the world. Pandit Nehru, in his book, "The Discovery of India" writes: Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू) (November 14, 1889 - May 27, 1964), also called Pandit (Teacher) Nehru, was the leader of the (moderately) socialist wing of the Indian National Congress during and after Indias struggle for independence from the British...

After Timur's sack of Delhi, North India remained weak and divided up. South India was better off, and the largest and most powerful of the southern kingdoms was Vijayanagar. This state and city attracted many of the Hindu refugees from the north. From contemporary accounts, it appears that the city was rich and very beautiful--The city is such that eye has not seen nor ear heard of any place resembling it upon earth," says Abdur-Razzak from Central Asia. There were arcades and magnificent galleries for the bazaars, and rising above them all was the palace of the king surrounded by "many rivulets and streams flowing through channels of cut stone, polished and even." The whole city was full of gardens, and because of them, as an Italian visitor in 1420, Nicolo Conti, writes, the circumference of the city was sixty miles. A later visitor was Paes, a Portuguese who came in 1522 after having visited the Italian cities of the Renaissance. The city of Vijayanagar, he says, is as "large as Rome and very beautiful to the sight"; it is full of charm and wonder with its innumerable lakes and waterways and fruit gardens. It is "the best-provided city in the world" and "everything abounds." The chambers of the palace were a mass of ivory, with roses and lotuses carved in ivory at the top--"it is so rich and beautiful that you would hardly find anywhere, another such."

The ruined city is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, (where it is called the Ruins of Hampi). In recent years there have been concerns regarding damage to the site at Hampi from heavy vehicular traffic and the construction of road bridges in the vicinity. Hampi is now listed as a "threatened" World Heritage Site, and is included in the 'UNESCO List of World Heritage in Danger: 1999'. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A log bridge in the French Alps near Vallorcine. ...

History

Main article: Vijayanagara Empire

The Hindu Vijayanagar empire was founded by Harihara or Hakka and Bukka also called the Sangama brothers. The empire consolidated under Harihara I and began to expand and prosper under Bukka Raya, the capital was established at the more defensible and secure location of Vijayanagara, on the south side of the river. The Vijayanagara empire was based in the Deccan, in peninsular and southern India, from 1336 onwards. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... Henan, Shanxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces The Hakka are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people who live predominantly in the provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Fujian in China. ... Background Bukka (also known as Bukka Raya) as well as his brother Hakka (also known as Harihara) would found the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire from the year 1336 and onwards. ...

Contemporary descriptions depict a very large and highly-developed metropolitan area: recent commentators say,

"The massive walls, which can still be traced, enclosed an area of more than sixty square miles, much of which was occupied by fields and gardens watered by canals from the river. The population cannot be estimated with precision, but it was certainly very large when judged by the standards of the fifteenth century. The great majority of the houses were naturally small and undistinguished, but among them were scattered palaces, temples, public buildings, wide streets of shops shaded by trees, busy markets, and all the equipment of a great and wealthy city. The principal buildings were constructed in the regular Hindu style, covered with ornamental carving, and the fragments which have survived suffice to give point to the enthusiastic admiration of the men who saw the city in the days of its magnificence."^[1]

The city flourished between the 14th century and 16th century, during the height of the power of the Vijayanagar empire. During this time, it was often in conflict with the Muslim kingdoms which had become established in the northern Deccan, and which are often collectively termed the Deccan sultanates. In 1565, the empire's armies suffered a massive and catastrophic defeat at the hands of an alliance of the sultanates, and the capital was taken. The victorious armies then proceeded to raze, depopulate, and destroy the city over a period of several months. Despite the empire continuing to exist thereafter during a slow decline, the original capital was not reoccupied or rebuilt. It has not been occupied since. This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ... The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim-ruled kingdoms–-Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmednagar, Bidar, and Berar of south-central India. ... // Events March 1 - the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded. ...

The buildings in the city show a certain amount of Islamic influence considering the various levels of interaction with the Islamic kingdoms. Islam (Arabic: ; ( ▶ (help· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ...

See also: Ancient City of Vijayanagara

Virupaksha Temple

Natural fortress, Vijayanagara A sentry post, Vijayanagar area The Ancient City of Vijayanagara was the urban core of the imperial city and the surrounding principalities of the capital of the Vijayanagar empire during the 14th century to 16th century CE. Notes by foreign travellers such as Abdur Razzak, the Persian... Hampi- Virupaksha Temple Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Hampi- Virupaksha Temple Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

The Sacred Center

This title is given to the areas extending from Hampi village to Matanga Hill to its east. It is sometimes extended further northeast to the Vitthala Temple. It consists of a hilly region immediately to the south of the Tungabhadra.

Virupaksha Temple

This surviving temple and temple complex is the core of the village of Hampi. It is also known as the Pampapati temple. It predated the empire, and was extended between the 13th and 17th centuries. It has two courts with entrance gopurams. The main entrance with a 50 meter gopuram faces east into a ceremonial and colonnaded street, that exends for more than half a mile, to a monolithic statue of Nandi. Vijay Vittal Temple Hampi (ಹ೦ಪೆ, Hampe in Kannada) is a village in northern Karnataka, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in India. ... An idol of Nandi in a Chennai temple The largest idol of Nandi is at the Dodda Ganeshana Gudi, Bangalore. ...

The temple is still in use at the present day. It is dedicated to Virupaksha, an aspect of Shiva and his consort Pampa, a local deity. Nilakantha redirects here. ...

Hemakuta Hill

The hill is situated to the south of Hampi village. It bears several small temples that predate the construction of Vijayanagara as the capital of the empire, some being as early as the 10th century. The hill was fortified when the main city was constructed, and a number of more recent temples, tanks, entrances, and gopurams exist on the hill, some of which were never completed.

Krishna Temple

Hampi- Krishna Temple Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Hampi- Krishna Temple Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Krishna Temple

This is a ruined temple, south of Hampi and Hemakuta hill. It was built by the emperor Krishnadevaraya after military campaigns in Orissa. The temple is contained in twin enclosures. Parts of the temple and its compound have collapsed, and while some restoration has been carried out, it is generally in poor condition. There is now no image in the inner sanctuary.^[2] Krishnadevaraya Recently excavated Vishnu temple, Hampi Krishnadevaraya (Kannada: ಶ್ರೀ ಕೃಷ್ಣದೇವರಾಯ, Telugu:శ్రీకృష్ణదేవరాయ;) (1509-1529 CE) was the most famous king of Vijayanagar empire. ... Orissa   (Devanagari: उड़ीसा) is a state situated in the east coast of India. ...

Ugra Narasimha

Also to the south of Hampi is this massive rock cut idol of Narasimha, the fierce aspect of Vishnu, 6.7 m high. Originally the idol bore a smaller image of Lakshmi on one knee; this had fallen off, probably due to vandalism. The Lakshmi statue is now in the museum at Kamalapuram. Yoga-Narasimha form at a temple in Vijayanagara, Hampi, India (man-lion) (also known as Narasingh, Narasinga) (नरसिंह in Devanagari) is described as the fourth incarnation (Avatara) of Lord Vishnu within the Vedic/Puranic texts of Hinduism. ... Vishnu (IAST , Devanagari ), (honorific: Sri Vishnu) also known as Narayana is the Supreme Being or Ultimate Reality for Vaishnavas and a manifestation of Brahman in the Advaita or Smarta traditions. ... For South Indian actress, see Laxmi (actress). ...

Monolithic Narasimha

Narasimha is depicted seated on the coils of Shesha. Shesha is shown here in a form with seven heads, the heads arching over Narasimha to form a canopy. The statue has recently been restored. The granite strap binding between his knees is a recent addition to stabilise it. Hampi- Ugra Narasimha Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Hampi- Ugra Narasimha Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... In Indian and Hindu mythology, Sesha is a naga (serpent). ...

The donation of this work is ascribed to either Krishnadeva Raya, or to a wealthy merchant during his reign.

Sugriva's cave

This is a natural cave, said to be the original home of the monkey king Sugriva, where Rama is said to have met him and Hanuman on his travels. The cave is marked by coloured markings, and the attentions of pilgrims. RAMA is a first-person adventure game developed and published by Sierra Entertainment in 1996. ... Hanuman tearing his chest open to reveal that Rama and Sita are literally in his heart Hanuman (Sanskrit: ; nominative singular ), known also as Anjaneya, is one of the most important personalities in the epic, the Ramayana. ...

Kodandarama Temple

This is situated to the east of Hampi, near the end of the colonnaded street that leads out from the Virupaksha temple. It is in the sacred centre of the city, and by a narrow point of the Tungabhadra river. This temple marks the spot where Rama crowned Sugriva. The temple is still in use, and the garbha grha contains statues of Rama, Lakshmana and Sita all carved out a single boulder. The Tungabhadra is a river of southern India. ... RAMA is a first-person adventure game developed and published by Sierra Entertainment in 1996. ... In Hinduism, Sugriva was the younger brother of Vali. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Lakshaman (far left) with Rama (centre), Sita (far right) and Hanuman (kneeling) - Bhaktivedanta Manor Hare Krishna temple, Watford, England Lakshmana (Sanskrit: लक्ष्मण; IAST Lakṣmaṇa) was the brother and close companion of Rama, and himself a hero in the famous epic Ramayana. Within Hindu tradition Lakshmana is considered to be... Sita Devi SITA ...

Stone chariot in Vittala temple compound

Hampi- Stone Chariot in Vittala Temple Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Hampi- Stone Chariot in Vittala Temple Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Vittala Temple

Situated northeast of Hampi, opposite the village of Anegondi, this is one of the principal monuments of the city. It is dedicated to Vittala, an aspect of Vishnu worshipped in the Maratha country. It is believed to date from the 16th century. Vishnu (IAST , Devanagari ), (honorific: Sri Vishnu) also known as Narayana is the Supreme Being or Ultimate Reality for Vaishnavas and a manifestation of Brahman in the Advaita or Smarta traditions. ...

In the front of the temple is the famous stone chariot or ratha. This is itself a miniature temple, carved out of a single rock, to resemble the temple chariots or rathas in which temple idols are traditionally taken out in procession.

One of the unique features of the Vittala Temple is the musical pillars. Each of the pillars that support the roof of the main temple is supported by a pillar representing a musical instrument, and is constructed as 7 minor pillars arranged around a main pillar. These 7 pillars, when struck, emanate the 7 notes from the representative instrument, varying in sound quality based on whether it represents a wind, string or percussion instrument.

The temple is the venue of the annual Purandaradasa festival.

The King's Balance

This structure, the Tulapurushandana, stands to the southwest of the Vittala temple. consists of two carved granite pillars, spanned by a carved horizontal granite transom. This was used on ceremonial days, when scales were hung from the transom, and the Raya was ceremonially weighed against gold or jewels. The treasure was then distributed, to the Brahmins or others in the city. This article is about Krishna, the eighth avatar of Vishnu. ...

The Royal Centre

This extensive area consists of a small plateau, which starts about 2 km to the southeast of Hampi, and extends southeast, almost to the village of Kamalapuram. It is separated from the Sacred Centre by a small valley, now consisting of agricultural fields, and which carries irrigation canals or streams that join the river opposite Anegondi. A granite platform overlooks the Royal Cenre.^[3] The Royal Centre contains the ruins of palaces, administrative buildings, and some temples directly associated with royalty. Little remains of the palaces except the foundations, as they were largely timber structures, for comfort. The temples and some of the other stone structures survive however, as do many of the surrounding city walls. Vijay Vittal Temple Hampi (ಹ೦ಪೆ, Hampe in Kannada) is a village in northern Karnataka, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in India. ... Kamalapuram is a village in Bellary District, in northern Karnataka, near the town of Hospet. ...

An aquaduct runs through much of the Royal Enclosure and into the Great Tank where water was brought for special events.^[4]The west end of the tank is overlooked by a platform shrine.^[5] The aquaduct also runs into the large Stepped Tank, lined in green diorite, with a geometrically exciting design that has never required restoration.^[6]

Thousand Shiva Lingas

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (816x612, 152 KB) Summary (photographed by self) Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (816x612, 152 KB) Summary (photographed by self) Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Ramachandra Temple

The temple stands in a rectangular courtyard, with entrances facing to the east. Reliefs showing daily life and festival scenes occur on the outer walls of the courtyard. Scenes from the Ramayana occur on the inner courtyard walls, and on the temple itself.^[7] There is a well-relief of baby Krishna on the walls.^[8] For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ...

The temple may have been exclusively for royal use. It is believed to be constructed at the site of Vaali's killing in the hands of Rama. It may have been a private shrine for royalty. It is unusual in that it has four black basalt columns in the mandapa (columned hall). The inner sanctuary of the temple is now empty.^[9] [[LiItalic textLink title == Headline text == Media:Example. ...

This is also known as the Hazara Rama temple (temple of a thousand Ramas), due to the recurrence of images of Rama on the walls. Sometimes it is called the Hajara Rama temple (the Rama temple in the courtyard).^[10]

Underground Shiva Temple

Also known as the Virupaksha Temple (not to be confused with the temple of the same name at Hampi), this extensive temple stands in an excavation in the ground, and is surrounded by earth embankments. At times the base of the temple is flooded and may be inaccessible. When it is accessible, masses of small insect bats may be found in the temple, delighting some tourists and frightening others.^{[citation needed]} Vijay Vittal Temple Hampi (ಹ೦ಪೆ, Hampe in Kannada) is a village in northern Karnataka, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in India. ... For the flying mammal see bat. ...

Lotus Palace

Hampi- Lotus Palace Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Hampi- Lotus Palace Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Lotus Mahal

A palace for the queen that has, among other things, pipes with running water. A construction of the later Vijayanagara period, this structure has definite Islamic influence in its arched gateways and vaulted ceilings; its construction entirely in stone is a clear deviation from conventional Vijayanagara palace and house construction that used wooden structures on stone platforms.

water tank (Pushkarni), built in Kalyani Chalukya-Hoysala style

Hampi- Pushkarani Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Hampi- Pushkarani Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Pushkarani

Also called the Stepped Bath, or the Queen's bath, this is a stepped well designed for bathing. Such sunken wells were created to provide relief from daytime heat. It is likely to have been shaded by a built cover, or awnings or tents, when the city was occupied. Stepwells are in essence wells in which the water can be reached by descending a set of steps. ...

Elephant Stables

Hampi- Elephant Stables Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Hampi- Elephant Stables Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Elephant stables

A set of large stables, to house the ceremonial elephants of the royal household. The area in front of them was a parade ground for the elephants, and for troops. This is another structure that shows definite Islamic influence in its domes and arched gateways. The guards' barracks are located right next to the elephant stables.^[11]

Other areas

Other monuments and places of interest can be found outside of the above two major centers.

There are a number of modern populated towns and villages that lie within the extents of the original city. These include;

• Anegondi, probably the earlies settlement in the area, on the north side of the Tungabhadra river. (Now in Koppal district).
• Hampi, the village lies in the middle of the ruins.^[12]
• Hospet, a town and railhead, to the southwest.
• Kamalapuram, a small temple town to the southeast of the Royal Centre, also houses an archaeological museum.

Anegondi ಆನೆಗೊಂದಿ which literally means elephant pit in Kannada is a small village in Koppal district of Karnataka state, located on the north banks of the Tungabhadra River on the opposite bank of the Vittala Temple. ... The Tungabhadra is a river of southern India. ... Koppal is an administrative district in the state of Karnataka in India. ... Vijay Vittal Temple Hampi (ಹ೦ಪೆ, Hampe in Kannada) is a village in northern Karnataka, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in India. ... Hospet is the main town providing the getaway for Hampi. ... Kamalapuram is a village in Bellary District, in northern Karnataka, near the town of Hospet. ...

See also

Vijayanagar Architecture Chennakeshava temple with Raya Gopura added by Vijayanagar dynasty, Belur, Karnataka The Vijayanagar Architecture of the period (1336 - 1565) C.E. was a unique building idiom evolved by the imperial Vijayanagar Empire who ruled at their peak the whole of South India from their regal capital at Vijayanagara, on the...

Vijayanagar Empire The Vijayanagara empire was based in the Deccan, in peninsular and southern India, from 1336 onwards. ...

Free e-Book

• [1] A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): a contribution to the history of India (Translation of the "Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga" written by Domingos Paes and Fernão Nunes about 1520 and 1535, respectively, with a historical introduction by Robert Sewell).available freely at Project Gutenberg

References

• T.S. Satyan, Hampi: The fabled capital of the Vijayanagara Empire, (Directorate of Archaeology and Museums), Govt. of Karnataka, 1995
• J.M. Fritz et al, New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara, (Performing Arts Mumbai, 2001) ISBN 81-85026-53-X
• A.N. Longhurst, Hampi Ruins Described and Illustrated, (Laurier Books Ltd., 1998) ISBN 81-206-0159-9
• The Ruins of Hampi:Travel Guide ISBN 81-7525-766-0

Notes

1. ^ Moreland, W.H. and Atul Chandra Chatterjee. A Short History of India (New York : David McKay Co., 1962 c1936) 4th ed., page 177.
2. ^ Krishna Temple. Retrieved on 2006-09-09.
3. ^ Great Platform. Retrieved on 2006-09-09.
4. ^ Great Tank. Retrieved on 2006-09-09.
5. ^ West End. Retrieved on 2006-09-09.
6. ^ Stepped Tank. Retrieved on 2006-09-09.
7. ^ Court scenes. Retrieved on 2006-09-09.
8. ^ Baby Krishna. Retrieved on 2006-09-09.
9. ^ Ramachandra Temple interior. Retrieved on 2006-09-09.
10. ^ Ramachandra Temple entrance. Retrieved on 2006-09-09.
11. ^ Elephant Stables. Retrieved on 2006-09-09.
12. ^ Vijayanagara, the “Hampi Group of Monuments”. Retrieved on 2006-09-09.

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ...

External links

• A Guide to History and Tourism at Hampi
• A photo album of Hampi ruins (click on the Hampi icon)
• Hampi:India An article on Hampi
• Photos of Hampi from india-picture.net
• Robert Selwell's "A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): a contribution to the history of India"
• Vijayanagara
• Vijayanagara - City of Victory
• VIJAYANAGARA RESEARCH PROJECT
• ARCHAEOS - VIJAYANAGARA MAPPING PROJECT
• Hampi