Viktor Suvorov (Ви́ктор Суво́ров; real name Vladimir Rezun : Влади́мир Богда́нович Резу́н) (born April 20, 1947) is a Russian writer and historian. He served in Soviet Army and worked in Soviet military intelligence (GRU). He escaped to the United Kingdom in 1978 where he worked as an intelligence analyst and lecturer. He made his name writing books about Russian History, Soviet Army, GRU, and Spetsnaz. April 20 is the 110th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (111th in leap years). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... This article is about the armed forces of the Soviet Union. ... Emblem of GRU spetsnaz GRU is the English transliteration of the Russian acronym ГРУ, which stands for Гла́вное Разве́дывательное Управле́ние (Glavnoe Razvedyvatelnoe Upravlenie), meaning Main Intelligence Directorate. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... Intelligence (abbreviated or ) is the process and the result of gathering information and analyzing it to answer questions or obtain advance warnings needed to plan for the future. ... The history of Russia is essentially that of its many nationalities, each with a separate history and complex origins. ... This article is about the armed forces of the Soviet Union. ... Emblem of GRU spetsnaz GRU is the English transliteration of the Russian acronym ГРУ, which stands for Гла́вное Разве́дывательное Управле́ние (Glavnoe Razvedyvatelnoe Upravlenie), meaning Main Intelligence Directorate. ... Russian special forces showcasing their skills For the Swedish EBM band, see Spetsnaz (band). ...

The most provocative idea of Suvorov was that Stalin planned to use Nazi Germany as a proxy (the “Icebreaker”) against the West. Therefore, Stalin provided significant material and political support to Hitler, and at the same time prepared Red Army to “liberate” the whole of Europe from Nazi occupation. Suvorov argued that Hitler has lost World War II from the very moment he attacked the Poland, because he started a war with the Allies, whilst the Soviet Union was waiting to attack him from the rear at the most appropriate moment. This left Hitler with no other choices but to lunch a pre-emptive strike on the Soviet Union, which provided him an important tactical advantage but was strategically hopeless since the Germans had to fight on two fronts. Stalin was able to achieve some of his initial objectives by establishing Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, China, and North Korea, which made him the primary winner of World War II. Although these ideas are extensively supported by data presented by Suvorov, they remain controversial, since there is a significant difference in opinions on this subject. Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... European redirects here. ... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... Eastern Europe is the eastern region of Europe variably defined. ... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead...

Publications and ideas

Suvorov has written several books about his Soviet Army experiences and also joined the team led by the British General Sir John Hackett in writing the book The Third World War: The Untold Story^[1] . Published in 1982, this book was the sequel to the 1978 original The Third World War^[2], in which Hackett and his team had speculated about the possible course of a Soviet/NATO war in Germany. General Sir John Winthrop Hackett (5 November 1910 - 10 September 1997) was a British Army officer and author. ...

However Suvorov is best known for books about Stalin's times in a polemic, popular-science style, an approach considered unacceptable by some professional historians. The first such work was Icebreaker. Suvorov used hundreds of Soviet-era memoir books and other publicly accessible sources, claiming that the actual reason behind initial Soviet defeats in 1941 was Stalin's intention to strike Germany himself. Thus, according to Suvorov, Stalin had used Hitler as an Icebreker. Other books followed about World War II, and were based on fragments of officially written memoirs and Soviet documents. Suvorov's most significant thesis is that Stalin wished to extend his Socialism in One Country thesis by igniting a war among "imperialist" countries and later "liberating" Europe. Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... Socialism in One Country was a thesis put forward by Joseph Stalin in 1924 and further supported by Nikolai Bukharin that given the catastrophic failures of all communist revolutions in Europe from 1917-1921 except their own, rather than relying on the idea that an underdeveloped and agrarian country like...

Suvorov provides analysis of Stalin's gradual preparation for war. Stalin, the leader of the Communist party of the USSR announced three phases that should have lead to the final preparation for the war: three Five Year Plan (USSR) phases with the first one focused on collectivisation, the second focused on industrialisation and the third phase emphasized militarization of the country. In modern usage, a communist party is a political party which promotes communism, the sociopolitical ideology based on Marxism. ... Five-Year Plans for the National Economy of the USSR or Piatiletkas (пятилетка) were a series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development in the Soviet Union. ... Collective farming is an organizational unit in agriculture in which peasants are not paid wages, but rather receive a share of the farms net output. ...

Suvorov reminded the reader that all of the USSR's pre-war doctrine was based on Marxism-Leninism, which dictated that capitalism will be overthrown through communist revolution. Suvorov documented that USSR's leader Joseph Stalin understood that capitalist societies wouldn't normally accept a vision of Leninism. Therefore Suvorov demonstrated the USSR's patient approach to escalating tensions in Europe by providing a combination of economical and military support to Hitler. According to Stalin's plan and vision, Hitler's unpredictability and his revisionist ideas, described in his book Mein Kampf, made him a potential candidate to the role of "icebreaker" of communist revolution by starting wars with the European countries that would warrant the USSR to join World War II by assaulting Nazi Germany and "liberating", and sovietizing European countries. Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism; it is a branch of Marxism (and it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ... Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are mostly privately owned, and capital is invested in the production, distribution and other trade of goods and services, for profit in a competitive free market. ... A communist revolution is a social revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism, normally with socialism (public ownership over the means of production) as an intermediate stage. ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism; it is therefore a branch of Marxism. ... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... Cover of Mein Kampf (First Edition) Mein Kampf (English translation: My Struggle, My Battle or My Fight) is the signature work of Adolf Hitler, combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitlers political ideology of Nazism. ... A communist revolution is a social revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism, normally with socialism (public ownership over the means of production) as an intermediate stage. ... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead...

If the USSR's goal was to ignite war, it was successful: Ribbentrop and Molotov signed the infamous Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. The essence of this pact was in secret protocols that divided Europe into zones of influence and removed a buffer between Germany and the USSR. Some countries that fell into the Soviet zone of influence, such as Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and others, were occupied. The difference between smaller nations, occupied and annexed by USSR, and Poland, occupied by Germany, was that Poland had military assistance guarantees from Great Britain and France. Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ...

Suvorov's theory postulates that after Germany occupied Poland, defeated Poland's ally France and started preparations to occupy the British Isles (Operation Seelöwe), Hitler's intelligence identified USSR's preparations of gigantic proportions to assault Germany. Operation Sealion (Unternehmen Seelöwe in German) was a World War II German plan to invade Britain. ...

In 1940 the Wehrmacht drafted a preemptive war plan and on June 22, 1941 launched an assault on USSR, preventing the USSR's strike against Eastern and Central Europe in July 1941. Had this planned invasion taken place, it would have fallen only two weeks after the date on which the actual Axis invasion of the Soviet Union took place. Suvorov claimed that Stalin had made no major defensive preparations. On the contrary, the so-called Stalin line (fortifications through Belarus-Ukraine) was dismantled, and the new Molotov line was all but finished till the time of Nazi invasion. As Suvorov tries to prove with his sources, the latter fortifications were actually built in unimportant places, which might show the lack of Soviet defensive intentions. This article is about the year. ... The so-called Molotov Line was a system of fortifications built by the Soviet Union in the years 1940-1941, along its new western border after it annexed the Baltic States, Eastern Poland and Bessarabia. ...

The idea about Stalin's preparations to strike prior to the Axis invasion was proposed earlier by dissident Pyotr Grigorenko. Suvorov evolved it in further detail and worked to substantiate it in his own books. Pyotr Grigoryevich Grigorenko, alternative Petro Grigorenko (Russian: Петр Григоренко) (1907-1987) is a former Major General in the Soviet Army and prominent Soviet human right activist, a dissident and a writer. ...

Suvorov's books have been hotly debated as they contradict the traditional theories about Soviet planning concerning the Second World War.

Suvorov's books may appear under slightly different titles depending upon the publisher; for example, Aquarium, published in the UK by Hamish Hamilton, subsequently appeared in the United States as Inside the Aquarium.

Suvorov's books and comments about the Russian Armed forces have been dismissed by most professional Western historians as a combination of hyperbole and made up facts. It has been proposed that Suvorov was under pressure to retain his status as a high-profile defector of some worth so he manufactured his claims and evidence. Many military historians are skeptical of Suvorov's works. One writer supportive of Suvorov’s thesis is Mikhail Meltyukhov in his book Stalin's Missed Chance ^[3]. Most of Meltyukhov's material comes from various Russian state archives. (For a review of the book see [2]). Mikhail Ivanovich Meltyukhov (Russian: Мельтюхов Михаил Иванович) is a Russian military historian. ... Stalins Missed Chance is a study by Russian military historian Mikhail Ivanovich Meltyukhov (Russian: ), author of several books and articles on Soviet military history. ...

Criticism and Support

Criticism

Among the noted critics of Suvorov's work are Israeli historian Gabriel Gorodetsky, American military historian David Glantz and Russian military historians Makhmut Gareyev and Dmitri Volkogonov. Gabriel Gorodetsky Gabriel Gorodetsky (b. ... David M. Glantz is an American military historian and the editor of The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. ... Dmitri Antonovich Volkogonov (Дмитрий Антонович Волкогонов in Russian) (22 March 1928, Chita - 6 December 1995, Moscow) was a Russian historian, Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of History, Colonel General (1986). ...

One criticism of Suvorov's work is that he did not complete his analysis of the disastrous beginning of the war. While it may be possible that Suvorov is correct in discerning Stalin's true plans and exposing the huge hardware potential of the Soviet military machine, he unreasonably dismisses the traditional arguments about problems plaguing the Red Army — Among these: poor leadership after the purges of 1938 and low morale. While Suvorov attempted to address these points in his later books, the dispute remains unsettled. The Reign of Terror (June 1793 - July 1794) was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression. ...

Antonov A-40 "flying tank"

An example of Suvorov's arguments is his citation of the development of the KT/A-40 Antonov "flying tank" as evidence of Stalin's aggressive plans. Critics suggest that much of this type of evidence is not convincing, or can be explained in terms other than those of Suvorov. Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Designers model of the Antonov A-40 The Antonov A-40 Krylyaty Tank (winged tank) was a Soviet attempt to build a tank that could glide into a battlefield after being towed aloft by an airplane. ...

Military historian David Glantz disputed the argument that the Red Army was deployed in an offensive stance in 1941. Glantz work demonstrates that the Red Army was in a state of partial mobilization in July 1941 from which neither effective defensive nor offensive action could be offered without considerable delay. Regarding Hitler's alleged pre-emptive intentions, Erickson has claimed that “what really concerned Hitler was not Soviet aggression but Soviet concessions to Germany, which could frustrate his own grand design, depriving him of a pretext to attack.”^[4] David M. Glantz is an American military historian and the editor of The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. ... Most often used to describe a military attack which is designed to prevent, or reduce the impact of, an anticipated attack from an enemy. ...

Another criticism of Suvorov's position includes the claim that there is no evidence that Stalin ever "encouraged" Hitler to start WWII. In his political works, Stalin was always firmly opposed to Trotsky's theory of Permanent Revolution, implementation of which regarded worldwide war and other countries' usurpation as necessary (because practice showed that war, the ultimate devastation, could create revolutionary conditions that usually did not occur in any natural way). Stalin instead insisted on the policy of Socialism in One Country which promoted separation and peaceful standalone development of socialism in a selected country, while waiting for two-stage revolutions that would lead other countries to socialism. Conventional theory states that Stalin prepared the Soviet Army for international war because he knew he would have to free Europe of Fascism, and the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was nothing more than the way to suspend the war with Nazism - exactly for the purpose to have time for preparations that Suvorov's researches exposed. However, it is Suvorov's contention^[5] that the Communist system inherently demands both outward claims of peaceful intent, and the secret but nevertheless inescapable long-term imperative of the conversion of capitalist states to Communism lest those living under Communism draw unfavourable comparison. Under this theory, whether Hitler would ever have attacked the Soviet Union or not is irrelevant; the mere existence of a non-Communist state is by definition complete justification for aggression. Suvorov cites Soviet attitudes towards Romania as an example of this; although the Ceauşescu regime maintained an aggressively independent stance towards the Soviet Union for many years, no invasion took place such as were launched against Hungary in 1956 or Czechoslovakia in 1968; because, Suvorov claims, no Soviet citizen envied the Romanians. 1915 passport photo of Trotsky Leon Davidovich Trotsky (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий; also transliterated Trotskii, Trotski, Trotzky) (October 26 (O.S.) = November 7 (N.S.), 1879 - August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (&#1051... Permanent Revolution is a Marxist theory most closely associated with Leon Trotsky, devised as an explanation of how socialist revolutions could occur in societies that had not achieved advanced capitalism. ... Socialism in One Country was a thesis put forward by Joseph Stalin in 1924 and further supported by Nikolai Bukharin that given the catastrophic failures of all communist revolutions in Europe from 1917-1921 except their own, rather than relying on the idea that an underdeveloped and agrarian country like... Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ... Nicolae CeauÅŸescu (IPA ) (January 26, 1918 - December 25, 1989) was the leader of Communist Romania from 1965 until shortly before his execution. ...

A middle position seems to be taken by the Israeli historian Martin van Creveld. In an interview in the April 11, 2005 edition of the German news magazine FOCUS, which is the third largest weekly magazine in Germany, he said: "I doubt that Stalin wanted to attack as early as autumn 1941, as some writers argue. But I have no doubt that sooner or later, if Germany would have been entangled in a war with Great Britain and the USA, he would have taken what he wanted. Judging by the talks between Ribbentrop and Molotov in November 1940 this would have been Romania, Bulgaria, an access to the North Sea, the Dardanelles and probably those parts of Poland that were under German control at that time." Asked to what degree the leaders of the Wehrmacht needed to feel threatened by the Soviet military buildup, van Creveld replies "very much" and adds: "In 1941 the Red Army was the largest army in the world. Stalin may, as I said, not have planned to attack Germany in autumn 1941. But it would be hard to believe that he would not have taken the opportunity to stab the Reich in the back sometime." Martin van Creveld (1946- ) is an Israeli military historian and theorist. ... News is any new information or current events. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... This article is about the year. ... Joachim von Ribbentrop with his son. ... Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (Russian: , Vjačeslav Mihajlovič Molotov; March 9, 1890 [O.S. February 25] – November 8, 1986), Soviet politician and diplomat, was a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a protégé of Joseph Stalin, to the 1950s, when he... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ... Map of the Dardanelles The Dardanelles (Turkish: Çanakkale BoÄŸazı, Greek: Δαρδανελλια), formerly known as the Hellespont, is a narrow strait in northwestern Turkey connecting the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara. ... Wehrmacht troops of the Heer (military land forces) marching at a military parade in honour of the 50th birthday of Adolf Hitler, on April 20th, 1939. ... Soviet redirects here. ... The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

Suvorov's critics argue that the suggestion that Stalin regarded war with Nazi Germany as inevitable sits oddly with the undisputed fact that the attack by Nazi Germany in 1941 took Stalin completely by surprise. On the other hand, the fact that Stalin was taken completely by surprise doesn't suit the established history either, as it is often claimed that Stalin was paranoical about a possible foreign invasion and had concentrated on defensive policies. The criticism was addressed in detail in Suvorov's book Suicide. Suicide (Самоубийство) is a book by Viktor Suvorov about German preparations for the war with the Soviet Union. ...

Support

While most of the Western researchers (the exception being Albert L. Weeks^[6][3]) reject or simply ignore Suvorov's thesis, he has gathered some support among Russian professional historians. Throughout the 1990s, a debate was carried out among the Russian historians. Support for Suvorov's claim that Stalin had been preparing a strike against Hitler in 1941 began to emerge, as some archive materials were declassified. Authors to support assault thesis are V.D.Danilov^[7], V.A.Nevezhin^[8], Constantine Pleshakov and B.V. Sokolov^[9]. As the latter has noted, the absence of documents with the precise date of the planned Soviet invasion can't be an argument in favor of the claim that this invasion was not planned at all. Although the USSR attacked Finland, there are no documents found, which would indicate November 26, 1939 as the previously assumed date for beginning of the provocations or November 30 as the date of the planned Soviet assault.[4] Valeri Danilov (also spelled: Valeriy; Russian:Валерий Дмитриевич Данилов) is a Russian military historian and a retired officer (Colonel). ... Vladimir Nevezhin (Russian: ) is a Russian historian (Doctor of History Sciences), is working as a professor in Moscow, chief scientific collaborator at the Institute of Russian History (of the Russian Academy of Science) and member of the editorial board of the journal Отечественная история (History of the Fatherland). ... Boris Sokolov (Russian: Борис Вадимович Соколов) is a historian and researcher of Russian literature (has Candidate of Science degree in both fields). ...

A noteworthy result of the discussion that followed, is Mikhail Meltyukhov's study Stalin's Missed Chance. The author states that the idea to strike Germany arose long before May of 1941 and was the very basis of Soviet military planning from 1940 to 1941. Contary to popular opinion, no significant defense plans have been found (Meltyukhov 2000:375). In his argumentation, Meltyukhov covers five different versions of the assault plan (“Considerations on the Strategical Deployment of Soviet Troops in Case of War with Germany and its Allies” (Russian original)), the first version of which was developed soon after the outbreak of World War 2. The last version was to be completed by May 1, 1941 (Meltyukhov 2000:370-372). Even the deployment of troops was chosen in South, which would have been more beneficial in case of Soviet assault (Meltyukhov 2000:381). Mikhail Ivanovich Meltyukhov (Russian: Мельтюхов Михаил Иванович) is a Russian military historian. ... Stalins Missed Chance is a study by Russian military historian Mikhail Ivanovich Meltyukhov (Russian: ), author of several books and articles on Soviet military history. ... German soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the worlds nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. ...

Suvorov's theories agree with some statements of the former Prime Minister of Estonia Mart Laar. On August 20, 2004 he published an article in Wall Street Journal titled When Will Russia Say 'Sorry'?. In this article he said: The new evidence shows that by encouraging Hitler to start World War II, Stalin hoped to simultaneously ignite a world-wide revolution and conquer all of Europe. Another former statesman to share views of Soviet aggression plan is Mauno Koivisto, who wrote: It seems to be clear the Soviet Union was not ready for defense in the summer of 1941, but it was rather preparing for an assault... The forces mobilized in the Soviet Union were not positioned for defensive but for offensive aims. Koivisto concludes: Hitler's invasion forces didn't outnumber [the Soviets], but were rather outnumbered themselves. The Soviets were unable to organize defenses. The troops were provided with maps that covered territories outside the Soviet Union. ^[10] The Prime Minister of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariigi Peaminister) is the head of government of the Republic of Estonia. ... Mart Laar (April 22, 1960 in Viljandi), was the Prime Minister of Estonia from 1992 to 1994 and from 1999 to 2002. ... August 20 is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Wall Street Journal is an influential international daily newspaper published in New York City, New York with an average daily circulation of 1,800,607 (2002). ... Hitler redirects here. ... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... World revolution is a Marxist concept of a violent overthrow of capitalism that would take place in all countries, although not necessarily simultaneously. ... European redirects here. ... Mauno Koivisto 1987 Mauno Henrik Koivisto (born November 25, 1923) was the President of Finland from 1982 to 1994. ... This article is about the year. ... Mauno Koivisto 1987 Mauno Henrik Koivisto (born November 25, 1923) was the President of Finland from 1982 to 1994. ...

In Stalin's War of Extermination Joachim Hoffmann makes extensive use of interrogations of Soviet prisoners of war, ranging in rank from general to private, conducted by their German captors during the war. These interviews, combined with the traditional exploitation of open-source, unclassified literature and recently declassified materials, irrefutably dispel the myth of a peace-loving Soviet Union led by a trusting, pacific Joseph Stalin. Hoffmann's research confirms conclusively that the Soviet Union was making final preparations for its own attack when the Wehrmacht struck. Hoffmann makes manifestly clear that the Zhukov's plan of May 15, 1941 has long been known and analyzed. Colonel Valeri Danilov and Dr. Heinz Magenheimer examined this plan and other documents that indicate Soviet preparations for attack almost ten years ago in an Austrian military journal (Österreichische Militärische Zeitschrift, nos. 5 and 6, 1991; no. 1, 1993; and no. 1, 1994). Both researchers concluded that the Zhukov plan of May 15, 1941, reflected Stalin's May 5, 1941 speech heralding the birth of the new offensive Red Army. Dr. Joachim Hoffmann (December 1, 1930, Königsberg, East Prussia – February 8, 2002, Freiburg) was a German historian. ... Valeri Danilov (also spelled: Valeriy; Russian:Валерий Дмитриевич Данилов) is a Russian military historian and a retired officer (Colonel). ...

See also

• Operation Barbarossa
• Stalin's speech on August 19, 1939

Combatants Germany Romania Finland Italy Hungary Slovakia Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Joseph Stalin Strength ~ 3. ... Stalins speech on August 19, 1939 is argued to have been a secret speech of Stalin to Soviet leaders, wherein he supposedly described the strategy of the Soviet Union in the eve of WW2. ...

Bibliography

Books by Viktor Suvorov

• The series about the outbreak of the Nazi-Soviet War
  • Icebreaker (Ледокол) 1990, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-12622-3
  • Day "M" (День "М")
  • Suicide (Самоубийство)
  • Last Republic (Последняя республика)
• Aquarium (Аквариум), 1985, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-11545-0
• Inside the Soviet Army, 1982, Macmillan Publishing Co.
• The Liberators (Освободитель), 1981, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-10675-3
• Shadow of Victory (Тень победы), questions the image of Georgy Zhukov. The first book of trilogy with the same name.
• I Take My Words Back (Беру Свои Слова Обратно), questions the image of Georgy Zhukov. The second book of "Shadow of Victory" trilogy.
• Cleansing (Очищение)
• Inside Soviet Military Intelligence, 1984, ISBN 0-02-615510-9
• Spetsnaz, 1987, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-11961-8
• Tales of a Liberator (Рассказы освободителя), fiction
• Control (Контроль), fiction
• Choice (Выбор), fiction

This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Day “M” (День „М”) is a book by Viktor Suvorov about supposed Soviet Army preparations for the invasion of Germany. ... Suicide (Самоубийство) is a book by Viktor Suvorov about German preparations for the war with the Soviet Union. ... Aquarium (ISBN 0-241-11545-0; Hamish Hamilton, 1985; published in the United States as Inside the Aquarium, MacMillan, ISBN 0-02-615490) ) - by Viktor Suvorov, (Russian title Аквариум) is a partly autobiographical description of the GRU (Soviet Military Intelligence), starting from the... Inside The Soviet Army (ISBN 0-241-10889-6; Hamish Hamilton, 1982; also published in the United States, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0026155001), a book by Viktor Suvorov, describes the general organisation, doctrine, and strategy of the Soviet armed forces (the term “Army” being used to cover not only the Land... The Liberators (ISBN 0241106753; Hamish Hamilton, 1981; published in the United States, W W Norton, ISBN 0-393-01759-1) - by Viktor Suvorov, (Russian title Освободитель) is a partly autobiographical description of life in the Soviet Army during the 1960’s and 1970’s. ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov, GCB (Russian: ) (December 1, 1896 [O.S. November 19]–June 18, 1974), was a Soviet military commander who, in the course of World War II, led the Red Army to liberate the Soviet Union from the Nazi occupation, to overrun... Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov, GCB (Russian: ) (December 1, 1896 [O.S. November 19]–June 18, 1974), was a Soviet military commander who, in the course of World War II, led the Red Army to liberate the Soviet Union from the Nazi occupation, to overrun...

Books and articles by other authors

• Acton, Edward. "Understanding Stalin’s Catastrophe: [Review Article]", Journal of Contemporary History, 2001, Vol. 36(3), pp. 531–540.
• The Attack on the Soviet Union (Germany and the Second World War, Volume IV) by Horst Boog, Jürgen Förster, Joachim Hoffmann, Ewald Osers, Louise Wilmott, Dean S. McMurray (Editors), Ernst Klink (Translator), Rolf-Dieter Müller (Translator), Gerd R. Ueberschär (Translator). New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 1999 (ISBN 0-19-822886-4).
• Dębski, Sławomir. Między Berlinem a Moskwą: Stosunki niemiecko-sowieckie 1939–1941. Warsaw: Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych, 2003 (ISBN 83-918046-2-3).
  • Reviewed by R.C. Raack in The Russian Review, 2004, Vol. 63, Issue 4, pp. 718–719.
• Edmonds, Robin. "[Review: Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War?", International Affairs, Vol. 66, No. 4. (Oct., 1990), p. 812.
• Ericson, Edward E., III. "Karl Schnurre and the Evolution of Nazi–Soviet Relations, 1936–1941", German Studies Review, Vol. 21, No. 2. (May, 1998), pp. 263–283.
• Erickson, John. "June 1941: Who Attacked Whom?" History Today, July 2001, Vol. 51, Issue 7, pp. 11–17.
• Glantz, David M. "[Review: Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War?", The Journal of Military History, Vol. 55, No. 2. (Apr., 1991), pp. 263–264.
• Glantz, David M. Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998 (ISBN 0-7006-0879-6).
  • Reviewed by David R. Costello in The Journal of Military History, Vol. 63, No. 1. (Jan., 1999), pp. 207–208.
  • Reviewed by Roger Reese in Slavic Review, Vol. 59, No. 1. (Spring, 2000), p. 227.
• Gorodetsky, Gabriel. Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1999 (ISBN 0-300-07793-0).
  • Reviewed by David R. Costello in The Journal of Military History, Vol. 64, No. 2. (Apr., 1999), pp. 580–582.
  • Reviewed by Stephen Blank in The Russian Review, 2000, Vol. 59, Issue 2, pp. 310–311.
  • Reviewed by Hugh Ragsdale in Slavic Review, Vol. 59, No. 2. (Summer, 2000), pp. 466–467.
  • Reviewed by Evan Mawdsley in Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 52, No. 3. (May, 2000), pp. 579–580.
• Haslam, Jonathan. "Soviet–German Relations and the Origins of the Second World War: The Jury Is Still Out [Reivew Article]", The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 69, No. 4. (Dec., 1997), pp. 785–797.
• Haslam, Jonathan. "Stalin and the German Invasion of Russian 1941: A Failure of Reasons of State?", International Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 1. (Jan., 2000), pp. 133–139.
• Hoffmann, Joachim. Stalin's War of Extermination. Capshaw, AL: Theses & Dissertations Press, 2001 (ISBN 0-9679856-8-4).
• Humpert, David M. "Viktor Suvorov and Operation Barbarossa: Tukhachevskii Revisited." Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 2005, 18, pp. 59–74.
• Keep, John L.H.; Litvin, Alter L. Stalinism: Russian and Western Views at the Turn of the Millennium (Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions). New York: Routledge, 2004 (hardcover, ISBN 0415351081); 2005 (paperback, ISBN 041535109X). Chapter 5, "Foreign policy".
• Koch, H.W. "Operation Barbarossa—The Current State of the Debate", The Historical Journal, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 377–390.
• Lukacs, John. June 1941: Hitler and Stalin. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 2006 (ISBN 0-300-11437-0).
• Murphy, David E. What Stalin Knew: The Enigma of Barbarossa. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 2005 (ISBN 0-300-10780-3).
• Pleshakov, Constantine. Stalin's Folly: The Tragic First Ten Days of World War Two on the Eastern Front. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005 (ISBN 0-618-36701-2).
• Raack, R.C. "Did Stalin Plan a Drang Nach Westen?", World Affairs. Vol. 155, Issue 4. (Summer 1992), pp. 13–21.
• Raack, R.C. Stalin's Drive to the West, 1938–1945: The Origins of the Cold War. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995. (ISBN 0-8047-2415-6).
• Raack, R.C. "Stalin's Plans for World War Two Told by a High Comintern Source", The Historical Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4. (Dec., 1995), pp. 1031–1036.
• Raack, R.C. "Stalin's Role in the Coming of World War II: Opening the Closet Door on a Key Chapter of Recent History", World Affairs. Vol. 158, Issue 4, 1996, pp. 198–211.
• Raack, R.C. [Review of] Stalins Vernichtungskrieg 1941-1945 by Joachim Hoffmann, Slavic Review, Vol. 55, No. 2. (Summer, 1996), pp. 493–494.
• Raack, R.C. "[Review:] Unternehmen Barbarossa: Deutsche und Sowjetische Angriffspläne 1940/41 by Walter Post; Die sowjetische Besatzungsmacht und das politishe System der SBZ by Stefan Creuzberger", Slavic Review, Vol. 57, No. 1. (Sring, 1998), pp. 212–214.
• Raack, R.C. "Preventive Wars?" [Review Essay of Pietrow-Ennker, Bianka, ed. Präventivkrieg? Der deutsche Angriff auf die Sowjetunion. 3d ed. Frankfurt-am-Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 2000. ISBN 3-596-14497-3; Mel'tiukhov, Mikhail. Upushchennyi shans Stalina: Sovetskii Soiuz i bor'ba za Evropu 1939–1941. Moscow: Veche, 2000. ISBN 5-7838-1196-3; Magenheimer, Heinz. Entscheidungskampf 1941: Sowjetische Kriegsvorbereitungen. Aufmarsch. Zusammenstoss. Bielefeld: Osning Verlag, 2000. ISBN 3-9806286-1-4] The Russian Review, 2004, Vol. 63, Issue 1, pp. 134–137.* Roberts, Cynthia A. "Planning for War: The Red Army and the Catastrophe of 1941", Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 47, No. 8. (Dec., 1995), pp. 1293–1326.
• Roberts, Geoffrey. "On Soviet–German Relations: The Debate Continues [A Review Article]", Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 50, No. 8. (Dec., 1998), pp. 1471–1475.
• Rotundo, Louis. "Stalin and the Outbreak of War in 1941", Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 24, No. 2, Studies on War. (Apr., 1989), pp. 277–299.
• Tooze, Adam. "Hitler’s Gamble", History Today. Vol. 56, Issue 11. (Nov. 2006), pp. 22–28.
• Topitsch, Ernst. Stalin's War: A Radical New Theory of the Origins of the Second World War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1987 (ISBN 0-312-00989-5).
  • Reviewed by Alexander Dallin in The New York Times, November 15, 1987.
• Uldricks, Teddy J. "The Icebreaker Controversy: Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler?" The Slavic Review, 1999, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 626–643.
• Vasquez, John A. "The Causes of the Second World War in Europe: A New Scientific Explanation", International Political Science Review, Vol. 17, No. 2. (Apr., 1996), pp. 161–178.
• Weeks, Albert L. Stalin's Other War: Soviet Grand Strategy, 1939–1941. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002 (hardcover; ISBN 0-7425-2191-5); 2003 (paperback, ISBN 0-7425-2192-3).
• Ziemke, Earl F. The Red Army, 1918–1941: From Vanguard of World Revolution to America's Ally. London; New York: Frank Cass, 2004 (ISBN 0-7146-5551-1).

John Erickson may refer to: John Erickson (historian) John H. Erickson, dean of Saint Vladimirs Orthodox Theological Seminary in the United States This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... John Lukacs (born 31 January 1924 in Budapest his name spelled Lukács) is a Hungarian-born historian who has written more than twenty books, including Five Days in London, May 1940 and The New Republic. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

References

1. ^ The Third World War: The Untold Story ISBN 0-283-98863-0
2. ^ The Third World War ISBN 0-425-04477-7
3. ^ Мельтюхов М.И. Упущенный шанс Сталина. (electronic version of the book)
4. ^ Barbarossa June 1941: Who Attacked Whom? by John Erickson [1]
5. ^ Inside the Soviet Army, 1982, Macmillan Publishing Co.
6. ^ Stalin's Other War: Soviet Grand Strategy, 1939-1941 ISBN 0-7425-2191-5
7. ^ Данилов.В.Д. Сталинская стратегия начала войны: планы и реальность -- Другая война. 1939-1945 гг; or Danilоv V. Hat der Generalsstab der Roten Armee einen Praventiveschlag gegen Deutschland vorbereitet? // Österreichische Militarische Zeitschrift. 1993. №1. S. 41-51
8. ^ Невежин В.А. Синдром наступательной войны. Советская пропаганда в преддверии "священных боев", 1939-1941 гг. М., 1997; Речь Сталина 5 мая 1941 года и апология наступательной войны online text
9. ^ Соколов Б.В. Неизвестный Жуков: портрет без ретуши в зеркале эпохи. (online text); Соколов Б.В. Правда о Великой Отечественной войне (Сборник статей). — СПб.: Алетейя, 1999 (online text)
10. ^ Koivisto, M. Venäjän idea, Helsinki. Tammi. 2001

Inside The Soviet Army (ISBN 0-241-10889-6; Hamish Hamilton, 1982; also published in the United States, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0026155001), a book by Viktor Suvorov, describes the general organisation, doctrine, and strategy of the Soviet armed forces (the term “Army” being used to cover not only the Land...

External links

• Stalin speech Aug 1939
• Some online books of Viktor Suvorov and links to related online publications at the Maxim Moshkov's Library
• Complete up-to-date collection of Suvorov's online books (some in English), at Militera Project
• Viktor Suvorov's homepage (in Russian)
• Victor Suvorov, Ledokol, audio book (in Russian)
• Raack, R.C. "Stalin's Role in the Coming of World War II" at Vincent Ferraro's web site (published in World Affairs (1996) vol. 158, no. 4
• Criticism of Last Republic (in English)
• Criticism of Rezun's Ledokol in Russian Journal Military Thought
• Criticism of the Preventive War Theory by Wigbert Benz (in German)
• Виктор Грызун - Как Виктор Суворов сочинял историю.