Vincenzo Viviani.

Vincenzo Viviani (April 5, 1622 - September 22, 1703) was an Italian mathematician and scientist. He was a pupil of Torricelli and a disciple of Galileo. Image File history File links Vincenzo_Viviani. ... April 5 is the 95th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (96th in leap years). ... Events January 1 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25. ... September 22 is the 265th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (266th in leap years). ... Events February 2 - Earthquake in Aquila, Italy February 4 - In Japan, the 47 samurai commit seppuku (ritual suicide) February 14 - Earthquake in Norcia, Italy April 21 - Company of Quenching of Fire (ie. ... Leonhard Euler is considered by many people to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all time A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is mathematics. ... The physicist Albert Einstein is probably historys most widely recognized scientist. ... Evangelista Torricelli, portrait by an unknown artist Evangelista Torricelli (October 15, 1608 - October 25, 1647) was an Italian physicist and mathematician. ... Portrait of Galileo Galilei by Giusto Sustermans. ...

Biography

Born and raised in Florence, Viviani studied at a Jesuit school. There, Grand Duke Ferdinando II de' Medici furnished him a scholarship to purchase mathematical books. He became a pupil of Evangelista Torricelli and worked on physics and geometry. The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... Ferdinando II de Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670) ruled as Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1621 to 1670. ... Evangelista Torricelli, portrait by an unknown artist Evangelista Torricelli (October 15, 1608 - October 25, 1647) was an Italian physicist and mathematician. ... Physics is the Science of Nature The word Physics comes from the Greek, φύσις (physis) which means nature (or from its adjective form φυσικός (physikos) meaning natural) The deepest visible-light image of the universe, the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. ... Table of Geometry, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...

In 1639, at the age of 17, he was an assistant of Galileo Galilei in Arcetri. He remained a disciple until Galileo's death in 1642. From 1655 to 1656, Viviani edited the first edition of Galileo's collected works. Events January 14 - Connecticuts first constitution, the Fundamental Orders, is adopted. ... Portrait of Galileo Galilei by Giusto Sustermans. ... The Torre del Gallo in Arcetri Arcetri is a region of Florence in the hills to the south of the city centre. ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... // Events Mehmed Köprülü becomes Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. ...

After Torricelli's 1647 death, Viviani was appointed to fill his position at the Accademia dell' Arte del Disegno in Florence. Ferdinand II also appointed him engineer with the Uffiziali dei Fiumi— a position Viviani would hold for the rest of his life. Viviani was also one of the first members of the Grand Duke's experimental academy, the Accademia del Cimento, when it was created a decade later. The Accademia dell Arte del Disegno (Academy of Design) of Florence was the first academy of drawing in Europe. ...

In 1660, Viviani and Giovanni Alfonso Borelli conducted an experiment to determine the speed of sound. Timing the difference between the seeing the flash and hearing the sound of a cannon shot at a distance, they calculated a value of 350 meters per second, considerably better than the previous value of 478 meters per second obtained by Pierre Gassendi. The currently accepted value is 331.29 meters per second at 0°C. In 1661 he experimented with the rotation of pendulums, 190 years before the famous demonstration by Foucault. Events Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces. ... Borelli works at a high school and plays with computers. ... A schematic representation of hearing. ... A small Civil War-era cannon on a carriage A cannon is any large tubular firearm designed to fire a heavy projectile over a considerable distance. ... Pierre Gassendi (January 22, 1592 – October 24, 1655) was a French philosopher, scientist and mathematician, best known for attempting to reconcile Epicurean atomism with Christianity. ... Events January 6 - The fifth monarchy men unsuccessfully attempt to seize control of London. ... Foucaults Pendulum in the Panthéon, Paris A Foucault pendulum, or Foucaults pendulum, named after the French physicist Léon Foucault, was conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth; its action is a result of the Coriolis effect. ... J. B. Léon Foucault Jean Bernard Léon Foucault (name pronounced Foo-Koh)(18 September 1819–11 February 1868) was a French physicist best known for the invention of the Foucault pendulum, a device demonstrating the effect of the Earths rotation. ...

By 1666, Viviani started to receive many job offers as his reputation as a mathematican grew. That same year, Louis XIV of France offered him a position at the Académie Royale and John II Casimir of Poland offered Viviani a post as his astronomer. Fearful of losing Viviani, the Grand Duke appointed him court mathematician. Viviani accepted this post and turned down his other offers. Events September 2 - Great Fire of London: A large fire breaks out in London in the house of Charles IIs baker on Pudding Lane near London Bridge. ... Louis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné) (September 5, 1638–September 1, 1715), reigned as King of France and of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his death at the age of 77. ... The French Academy of Sciences (Acad mie des sciences) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. ... Reign From November, 1648 until September 16, 1668 Elected In November 1648 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation On January 19, 1649 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Vasa Parents Zygmunt III Waza Anna Austriaczka Consorts Ludwika Maria Children with Ludwika Maria Maria Anna Teresa... An astronomer or astrophysicist is a scientist whose area of research is astronomy or astrophysics. ...

In 1687, he published a book on engineering, Discorso intorno al difendersi da' riempimenti e dalle corrosione de' fiumi. Events March 19 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. ...

Upon his death, Viviani left an almost completed work on the resistance of solids, which was subsequently completed and published by Luigi Guido Grandi. Luigi Guido Grandi (October 1, 1671 – July 4, 1742) was an Italian priest, born in Cremona who was Jesuit-educated and became a member of the Camaldolensian order. ...

In the 1730s, the Church finally allowed Galileo to be reburied in a grave with an elaborate monument. The monument that was created in the church of Santa Croce was constructed with the help of funds left by Viviani for that specific purpose. Viviani's own remains were moved to Galileo's new grave as well. Events and Trends The Great Awakening - A Protestant religious movement active in the British colonies of North America Sextant invented (probably around 1730) independently by John Hadley in Great Britain and Thomas Godfrey in the American colonies World leaders Louis XV King of France (king from 1715 to 1774) George... For the basilica in Florence, see Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze Santa Croce is one of the six sestieri of Venice. ...

The lunar crater Viviani is named after him. Bulk composition of the moons mantle and crust estimated, weight percent Oxygen 42. ... Viviani is a small lunar impact crater that lies on the far side of the Moon from the Earth. ...

External links

• Viviani page at Rice University's Galileo Project
• Viviani article at the University of St Andrews
• Viviani's Theorem