A common vineyard.

A vineyard (vignoble in French, vigna or vigneto in Italian, vinha in Portuguese, viña or viñedo in Spanish, Weinberg in German) is a place where grapes are grown for making wine, raisins, or table grapes. Download high resolution version (800x649, 92 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (800x649, 92 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Vineyard may refer to: A vineyard, a yard of grape vines Vineyard, California Vineyard, New South Wales Marthas Vineyard, an island of Massachusetts The Association of Vineyard Churches, also known as the Vineyard Movement Category: ... It has been suggested that Veraison be merged into this article or section. ... A glass of red wine This article is about the alcoholic beverage. ... Raisins Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... Missing image Image:Ripe grapes thumbnail. ...

History

During the instability of the Middle Ages the monasteries maintained viticulture. They had the resources, security, stability and interest in improving the quality of their vines over time. The monks also had the education and time necessary to enhance their viticulture skills. Throughout the Middle Ages, the best vineyards were owned and tended by the monasteries, and vinum theologium was considered superior to all others. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Monastery of St. ... wine grapes Viticulture (from the Latin word for vine) refers to the cultivation of grapes, often for use in the production of wine. ... A Roman Catholic monk A monk is a person who practices monasticism, adopting a strict religious and ascetic lifestyle, usually in community with others following the same path. ...

The vineyards of Europe were planted with various varieties of the Vitis vinifera grape. In the late 19th century the entire species was nearly destroyed by the plant louse called phylloxera that was accidentally introduced to Europe from North America. Native American grapevines include varieties such as Vitis labrusca, which is resistant to the bug, but produce wines with a foxy, animal type taste. Vitis vinifera varieties were saved by being grafted onto rootstocks of native American varieties. However, there is still no remedy for phylloxera, which remains a continuing threat to vineyards around much of the world that are not planted with grafted rootstock. The oldest vineyard in the world is over 400 years old vineyard located in Maribor, Slovenia. Its age was measured with the microscope. In 2004 it was entered as the oldest vineyard into Guiness book of records ^[1]. World map showing the location of Europe. ... Binomial name Vitis vinifera L. For thousands of years, the fruit and plant of Vitis vinifera, the European grapevine, have been harvested for both medicinal and nutritional value; its history is intimately entwined with the history of wine. ... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta—rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta—zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta—trimerophytes Pteridophyta—ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta—seed ferns Pinophyta—conifers Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Gnetophyta—gnetae Magnoliophyta—flowering plants... Suborders Anoplura (sucking lice) Rhyncophthirina Ischnocera (avian lice) Amblycera (chewing lice) Lice (singular: louse), also known as fly babies, (order Phthiraptera) are an order of over 3,000 species of wingless phthiraptra. ... Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, family Phylloxeridae, superfamily Aphidoidea) is a serious pest of commercial grapevines worldwide, originally native to eastern North America. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, Amerindians, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ... Binomial name Vitis labrusca L. Vitis labrusca (Fox grape) is a species of grape native to the northeastern United States. ... Binomial name Vitis vinifera L. For thousands of years, the fruit and plant of Vitis vinifera, the European grapevine, have been harvested for both medicinal and nutritional value; its history is intimately entwined with the history of wine. ... A remedy is the solution or amelioration of a problem or difficulty. ... A threat is a declaration of intention to inflict punishment or harm on another. ... Area: 147. ... Robert Hookes microscope (1665) - an engineered device used to study living systems. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Guinness Book of Records (or in recent editions Guinness World Records, and in previous US editions Guinness Book of World Records) is a book published annually, containing an internationally recognized collection of superlatives: both in terms of human achievement and the extrema of the natural world. ...

A vineyard with bird-netting.

Many vineyards off the bank of the Rhine River in Germany.

For well over half a century Cornell University, the University of California at Davis, and California State University at Fresno, among others, have been conducting scientific experiments to improve viticulture and educating practitioners. The research includes developing superior grape varieties, investigating better ways to control or destroy harmful pests, and develop improved techniques for producing better vineyards. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1546x875, 506 KB) Vineyard File links The following pages link to this file: Vineyard User:Fir0002/FPCandidates ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1546x875, 506 KB) Vineyard File links The following pages link to this file: Vineyard User:Fir0002/FPCandidates ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 584 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A vineyard off the bank of the Rhine River in Germany (Location: Ruedesheim in the Rheingau, Germania Monument (Niederwalddenkmal)) File links The following pages on the... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 584 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A vineyard off the bank of the Rhine River in Germany (Location: Ruedesheim in the Rheingau, Germania Monument (Niederwalddenkmal)) File links The following pages on the... Cornell University is a private university located in Ithaca, New York, USA. Its two medical campuses are in New York City and in Education City, Qatar. ... The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the state of California. ... The California State University (CSU) is one of three public higher education systems in the state of California, the other two being the University of California system and the California Community College System. ... Research is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human knowledge on different aspects of the world. ...

New viticultural techniques have made possible the development of wine industries in various New World countries such as Canada. Today there is increasing interest in developing organic, ecologically sensitive and sustainable vineyards. Biodynamics has become increasingly popular in viticulture. The use of drip irrigation in recent years has expanded vineyards into areas otherwise unplantable. A consequence of irrigation is consistency of yields and a virtual irrelevance of vintage year. Other recent practices include spraying water on vines to protect them from sub-freezing temperatures (aspersion), new grafting techniques, soil slotting, new trellising methods, new canopy management techniques such as minimal pruning, and mechanical harvesting. An organically-grown apple. ... // Biodynamic agriculture, or biodynamics comprises an ecological and sustainable farming system, that includes many of the ideas of organic farming (but predates the term). ... Drip Irrigation - A dripper in action Main article: Irrigation Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation or microirrigation is an irrigation method that applies water slowly to the roots of plants, by depositing the water either on the soil surface or directly to the root zone, through a network of... Harvesting Concord grapes Mechanical harvesting of grapes has been one of the major changes in many vineyards in the last third of a century. ...

The implementation of mechanical harvesting is often stimulated by changes in labor laws, labor shortages, and bureaucratic complications making it difficult and expensive to hire labor for short periods of time, the need to reduce production costs, the need to harvest quickly, and the ability to harvest at night. However, retarding the utilization of machine harvesting are such things as very small ownership parcels, incompatible widths between rows of grape vines, steep terrain, and traditional views rejecting such harvesting.

Australian vineyard in the Riverina.

New World vineyard plantings have been increasing almost as fast as European vineyards are being uprooted. Between 1990 and 2003, U.S. vineyards increased from 292,000 acres to 954,000, Australian vineyards went from 146,000 to 356,000 acres, Chilean vineyards grew from 161,500 to 415,000 acres. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 861 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photograph taken by VirtualSteve. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 861 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photograph taken by VirtualSteve. ... The Riverina is a prosperous agricultural region of south-western New South Wales (NSW), Australia. ...

There are also changes in the kinds of grapes grown. For example, in Chile, thousands of acres of low-quality grapes have been replaced with such grapes as Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon. This is often in response to changing consumer demand but sometimes results from vine pull schemes designed to promote vineyard change. Alternatively, the development of T budding now permits the grafting of a different grape variety onto existing rootstock in the vineyard. This makes it possible to change varieties within a period of about two years. Oak-aged Chardonnay is particularly popular in the United States. ... Old vine Cabernet Sauvignon at Chateau Montelena in Napa Valley. ... Vine pull schemes are programs whereby grape growers receive a financial incentive to pull up their grape vines, a process known as arrachage in French. ...

Which grapes are grown in vineyards, as well as how they are grown, often reflects legislation, which in turn may serve to reinforce tradition. For example, laws may restrict which varieties can be planted, whether vineyards can be irrigated, when grapes can be harvested, and so on.

Changes in laws can also influence which grapes are planted. For example, during Prohibition in the U.S. (1920-1933), vineyards in California expanded seven-fold to meet the increasing demand. However, they were largely planted in varieties with tough skins that could be transported across the country to home wine-makers. The resulting wine was of low quality. The term Prohibition, also known as Dry Law, refers to a law in a certain country by which the manufacture, transportation, import, export, and sale of alcoholic beverages is restricted or illegal. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ...

Leading wine critic Robert M. Parker, Jr. has had a significant influence on viticulture around the world. His taste preferences have led many growers in Bordeaux, for example, to practice "green harvesting," in which whole grape clusters are removed and discarded during the growing season in order to reduce yields. Also, because of Parker's influence, many growers now strip sections of leaves away from vines to permit more direct sunlight to reach the grapes. Robert M. Parker, Jr. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A green harvest is the removal of immature grape bunches, typically for the purpose of decreasing yield. ...

There is a continuing relationship between the history of alcohol and the history of vineyards that has existed from the earliest known times.

Terroir

Main article: Terroir

Vines growing in volcanic lapilli in the La Geria region of Lanzarote. The low, curved walls are traditionally used to protect the vines from the constant wind.

Terroir refers to the combination of natural factors associated with any particular vineyard. These factors include such things as soil, underlying rock, altitude, slope of hill or terrain, orientation toward the sun, and microclimate (typical rain, winds, humidity, temperature variations, etc.) No two vineyards have the exact same terroir, although any difference in the resulting wine may be undetectable. Terroir was originally a French term in wine and coffee appreciation used to denote the special characteristics of geography that bestowed individuality upon the food product. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2288x1712, 1311 KB) Vines protected from the ever-present wind in the La Geria region of Lanzarote. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2288x1712, 1311 KB) Vines protected from the ever-present wind in the La Geria region of Lanzarote. ... Lapilli are small particles of solidified lava (tephra) thrown into the air by volcanic eruptions. ... Terroir was originally a French term in wine and coffee appreciation used to denote the special characteristics of geography that bestowed individuality upon the food product. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Vineyards are often on hillsides and on soil of marginal value to other plants. A common saying is that "the worse the soil, the better the wine." Planting on hilllsides, especially facing south, is most often in an attempt to maximize the amount of sunlight that falls on the vineyard. For this reason some of the best wines come from vineyards planted on quite steep hills, conditions which would make most other agricultural products uneconomic. For the American hard rock band, see Soil (band). ...

A stereotypical ideal vineyard site for wine grapes (in the Northern hemisphere) is a hillside in a dry climate with a southern exposure (to maximize the sunlight that falls on the grapes), good drainage (to reduce unnecessary water uptake into the grapes), and balanced pruning (to force the vine to put more of its energy into the fruit rather than foliage).

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Vineyards

• Wine
• List of wine producing regions
• Noble rot
• Agoston Haraszthy

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... A glass of red wine This article is about the alcoholic beverage. ... The following is a list of regions where wine grapes are grown and wine is made from them. ... Noble rot (French: La Pourriture Noble) is the benevolent form of a grey fungus, Botrytis cinerea, affecting wine grapes. ... Agoston Haraszthy (1812-1869), the “Father of Modern Viticulture in California,” was born in Hungary. ...

References

1. ^ Oldest vineyard, by Inventory of Slovenian Heritage, Ljubljana, 1988.

• Echikson, Tom. Noble Rot. NY: Norton, 2004.
• Robinson, Jancis (Ed.) The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, second edition, 1999.

  (IPA: ) is the capital and largest city in Slovenia. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification  -  by Athelstan 967  Area... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...

External links

• Starting your own vineyard
• Story of a vineyard: Cahors
• US Vineyard and Winery Directory