The term vintner is applied to wine merchants as well as (erroneously) winemakers. Wine merchants buy and sell wine, while winemakers, sometimes also known as oenologists, produce wine or supervise the production of wine. Their work includes cooperating with viticulturists, monitoring the progress of grapes to ensure their quality and to determine the correct time for harvest, crushing and pressing grapes, monitoring the settling of juice and the fermentation of grape material, filtering the wine to remove remaining solids, testing the quality of wine, placing filtered wine in casks or tanks for storage and maturation, preparing plans for bottling wine once it has matured and making sure that quality is maintained when the wine is bottled. Wine is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting grapes or grape juice. ... Viticulture (from the Latin word for vine) refers to the cultivation of grapes, often for use in the production of wine. ... Species Vitis acerifolia Vitis aestivalis Vitis amurensis Vitis arizonica Vitis x bourquina Vitis californica Vitis x champinii Vitis cinerea Vitis x doaniana Vitis girdiana Vitis labrusca Vitis x labruscana Vitis monticola Vitis mustangensis Vitis x novae-angliae Vitis palmata Vitis riparia Vitis rotundifolia Vitis rupestris Vitis shuttleworthii Vitis tiliifolia Vitis... In its strictest sense, fermentation (formerly called zymnosis) is the anaerobic metabolic breakdown of a nutrient molecule, such as glucose, without net oxidation. ... The term filter may refer to: Filter (chemistry) — a device to separate mixtures, e. ... A barrel is a hollow cylindrical container, usually made of wood staves and bound with iron bands. ...

Today, these duties require an increasing amount of scientific knowledge, since laboratory tests are gradually supplementing or replacing traditional methods. Nonetheless, a vintner still requires an excellent sense of taste and smell.