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Viriathus (known as Viriato in Portuguese and Castilian) (? - 139 BC) was the most important leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted Roman expansion into the regions of Western Iberia, where the Roman province of Lusitania would be established (in the areas comprising Portugal, south of the Douro river, and Extremadura in Spain). Viriathus led the Lusitanians to several victories over the Romans between 147 BC and 139 BC before he was betrayed to the Romans and killed. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1536x2048, 492 KB) Description Statue of Viriato, at Viseu, Portugal Author Nuno Tavares File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Viriathus Metadata This file contains additional information, probably...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1536x2048, 492 KB) Description Statue of Viriato, at Viseu, Portugal Author Nuno Tavares File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Viriathus Metadata This file contains additional information, probably...
Location - Region - Subregion - District or A.R. {{{Region}}} {{{Subregion}}} Viseu Mayor - Party Fernando Ruas PSD Area 507. ...
This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ...
A question mark is a punctuation mark. ...
Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC - 130s BC - 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC Years: 144 BC 143 BC 142 BC 141 BC 140 BC - 139 BC - 138 BC 137 BC...
The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were a tribe, or various tribes, from the western Iberian peninsula (province of Lusitania), who spoke a Lusitanian language until the conquest of their territory by the Romans. ...
This article refers to the state which existed from the 6th century BC to the 1st century BC. For alternate meanings, see Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century). ...
The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ...
Map of the Roman Empire, with the provinces, after 120. ...
In red is the province of Lusitania within the Roman Empire, 120 AD Lusitania was an ancient Roman province approximately including current Portugal, except for the area between the rivers Douro and Minho (part of Hispania Tarraconensis), and part of modern day western Spain, the present autonomous communities of Extremadura...
The Douro or Duero (Latin: Durius, Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, pron. ...
Capital Mérida Official language(s) Spanish; Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 5th 41,634 km² 8. ...
Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC - 140s BC - 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC Years: 152 BC 151 BC 150 BC 149 BC 148 BC - 147 BC - 146 BC 145 BC...
Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC - 130s BC - 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC Years: 144 BC 143 BC 142 BC 141 BC 140 BC - 139 BC - 138 BC 137 BC...
Etymology
There are several possible etymologies for the name Viriathus.[1] The name can be composed of two elements: Viri and Athus. Viri may come from: - the Indo-European root *uiros, "man", relating to strength and virility;
- the Celtic *uiro- 'man'; and the older forms viros, viri, viro, viron from which derived the Old Irish word for man, fir; [2]
- from *uei-, as in in the viriae or Celtiberian "twisted armbands" used by warriors (Pliny XXIII, 39); [3]
- the Latin viri meaning man, hero, person of courage, honor, and nobility.
Viriathus' life Little is known about Viriathus. The only reference to the location of his native tribe was made by the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus who claims he was from the Lusitani tribes of the ocean side. Diodorus Siculus (c. ...
He belonged to the class of warriors, the occupation of the minority ruling elites. He was known to the Romans as the dux of the Lusitani army, as the adsertor, protector, of Hispania" [4], or as an imperator [5] probably of the confederated Lusitani and Celtiberian tribes [6]. The Misspeling of Ducks ...
The Latin word imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic. ...
Livy described him as a shepherd who became a hunter, then a soldier, thus following the path of most young warriors, the iuventus, who devoted themselves to cattle raiding, hunting and war [7]. According to Appian,[8] Viriathus was one of the few who escaped when Galba, the Roman consul, massacred the flos iuventutis, the flower of the youth Lusitani warriors [9], in 150 B.C. Two years after the massacre ,in 148 B.C., Viriathus becomes the leader of a Lusitanian army. A portrait of Titus Livius made long after his death. ...
Appian (c. ...
Viriathus was thought to have a very obscure origin,[10] his family was unknown to the Romans who were familiar with the native aristocratic warrior society. Some authors claim that the ancient authors described Viriathus with the precise features of a Celtic king. [11]
His personality and his physical and intellectual abilities as well as his skills as a warrior were described by several authors.
Some authors defend he probably was from the Herminius Mons (Serra da Estrela) - in the heart of Lusitania, (in central Portugal) or Beira Alta. Others situate his origin in Sayago, in the current province of Zamora. Serra da Estrela (English: Mountain of the Star) is the highest mountain range in Portugal and includes mainland Portugals highest peak (Pico mountain in the Portuguese Azores islands is higher), which has a natural altitude of 1993 m (around 6541 feet). ...
Beira Alta is a Portuguese province in the Northern Part of the country. ...
Capital Zamora, Spain Official language(s) Spanish; Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 22nd 10. ...
Most of his life and his war against the Romans are part of legend and Viriathus is considered the earliest Portuguese national hero, and also as a hero of the Spanish, given the fact that he was the leader of the confederated Iberian tribes who resisted Rome. The historian Appianus of Alexandria in his book about Iberia (in the section "Historia Romana", Roman History), commented that Viriathus killed numerous Romans and showed great skill. Sir Galahad, a hero of Arthurian legend In many myths and folk tales, a hero is a man or woman (the latter often called a heroine), traditionally the protagonist of a story, legend or saga, commonly possessed of abilities or character far greater than that of a typical person, which...
Appian (c. ...
This article is about the city in Egypt. ...
Conquest of Lusitania by Rome In the 3rd century BC, Rome started its conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. The Roman conquest of Iberia began during the Second Punic War, when the senate sent an army to Iberia to block Carthaginian re-enforcements from helping Hannibal in Italy. This began Roman involvement in 250 years of subsequent fighting throughout the peninsula resulting in its eventual conquest in 19 B.C. with the end of the Cantabrian Wars. The Lusitanian War is one of the most well documented episodes of the conquest. The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. ...
This article refers to the state which existed from the 6th century BC to the 1st century BC. For alternate meanings, see Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century). ...
The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ...
Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Publius Cornelius Scipio†, Tiberius Sempronius Longus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Gaius Flaminius†, Fabius Maximus, Claudius Marcellus†, Lucius Aemilius Paullus†, Gaius Terentius Varro, Marcus Livius Salinator, Gaius Claudius Nero, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus†, Masinissa, Minucius†, Servilius Geminus†Hannibal Barca, Hasdrubal Barca†, Mago Barca†, Hasdrubal Gisco†, Syphax...
The Cantabrian Wars (29 BC-19 BC) occurred during the Roman conquest of the ancient province of Cantabria. ...
Lusitania's rich land was praised by ancient authors. Polybius in his Histories "speaking of the natural wealth of Lusitania [...], tells us that owing to the favorable climate both men and animals are very prolific, and the land is constantly productive." [12] Polybius (c. ...
The Romans besides charging the native tribes with heavy taxes, their exploitation and extortion reached such an extreme degree that Rome had to create a special tribunal and laws, like the Lex Calpurnia created in 149 BC. In 174 BC, when Públio Fúrio Filo was accused of paying very little for the cereals that Hispania was compelled to deliver to Rome, Cato defended the interests of Hispania. Taxes were not the only source of income, mine exploitation and peace treaties were a source of denarius as well as war spoils and war prisoners sold as slaves. The indigenous towns had already to deliver their own treasures to the Romans, leaving them only with the yearly earnings to pay the taxes. Also part of the payment, it was required a certain number of men to serve in the Roman army. [13] [14] Lex Calpurnia (also Lex Calpurnia de Repetundis or Lex de Rebus Repetundis) was a law established in 149 BC by Tribune Lucius Calpurnius Piso. ...
First row : c. ...
Revolts The Lusitanians revolted first in 194 B.C. against the Romans.
Servius Sulpicius Galba commanded the Roman troops in Iberia circa 150 BC and started destroying the rest of the Lusitanian resistance. Fearing the destruction of their few arable lands and in hope of gaining some to avoid the famine's that forced them to raid lands, the Lusitanians sent an embassy to him. Galba received the Lusitanian embassy politely, suspended the offensive and promised to give lands to the Lusitanian people. Servius Sulpicius Galba was a consul of Rome in 144 BC. He served as tribune of the soldiers in the second legion in Macedonia, under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, to whom he was personally hostile. ...
Alexander Balas becomes ruler of the Seleucid Empire. ...
The Lusitanians are seen as the ancestors of the Portuguese, that lived in the western area of the Iberian Peninsula. ...
A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied country or the government of a sovereign nation through either the use of physical force, or nonviolence. ...
A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one nation state present in another nation state to represent the sending state in the receiving State. ...
The offer turned out to be a trap. When the unarmed Lusitanians, among them Viriathus, were gathered together by Galba to hand over their weapons and be split into three groups (two of the points of the treaty that had been negotiated) the trap was sprung. The Roman soldiers began to attack each separate unarmed group and massacred all the males of military age and sold the rest of the Lusitani into slavery. This incited a massive rebellion, with the entire Lusitani tribe mustering as they waged war for 3 years against Rome, but met with many failures. Three Years after the Massacre, the massive rebellion was nearly at defeat until Viriathus appeared and offered himself as leader. Through understanding of Roman military methods he saved the rebel Lusitanians through a simple, though clever escape plan. Viriathus become the leader of Lusitanians and give much grief to the Romans as a result of the past massacre of his people.
Lusitanian War -
Viriathus never forgot the Roman treachery. Later, when Lusitanian leaders prepared to make a new agreement with the Romans after a major loss of life to the Roman army of Caius Vetilius, Viriathus reminded them of Galba's trick and proposed a Lusitanian War against the Romans. The Lusitanians were moved by his speech and accepted him as their new commander. His first act was to rescue the currently trapped resisting Lusitanian's whom he took over command of. First by lining up for battle with the Romans, then scattering the army as they charged the Romans. As each way broke apart and fled in different directions to meet up at a later location, Viriathus with 1000 men held the Roman in check by being in a position to attack, once the rest of the army had fled, he and the thousand men escaped as well. Having effectively saved all of the Lusitanians with no losses immediately fortified the loyalty of the people. The Conquest of Hispania was a historical period that began with the Roman landing at Empúries in 218 B.C. and ended with the conclusion of the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Caesar Augustus in 17 B.C., including all of the events that occurred in the...
Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Publius Cornelius Scipio†, Tiberius Sempronius Longus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Gaius Flaminius†, Fabius Maximus, Claudius Marcellus†, Lucius Aemilius Paullus†, Gaius Terentius Varro, Marcus Livius Salinator, Gaius Claudius Nero, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus†, Masinissa, Minucius†, Servilius Geminus†Hannibal Barca, Hasdrubal Barca†, Mago Barca†, Hasdrubal Gisco†, Syphax...
The First Celtiberian War was the first of a series of three wars known as the Celtiberian Wars. ...
Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Scipio Aemilianus Hasdrubal the Boetarch Strength 40,000 90,000 Casualties 17,000 62,000 The Third Punic War (149 BC to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Republic of...
The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War),[1] was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic and the Lusitani tribes of Hispania Ulterior from 155 to 139 BC. The Lusitani revolted on two separate occassions (155 and again 146 BC) and...
The Numantine War[1] (from Bellum Numantinum in Appians Roman History) was the last conflict of the Celtiberian Wars fought by the Romans to subdue those people along the Ebro. ...
Quintus Sertorius (died 72 BC), Roman statesman and general. ...
The Cantabrian Wars (29 BC-19 BC) occurred during the Roman conquest of the ancient province of Cantabria. ...
The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War),[1] was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic and the Lusitani tribes of Hispania Ulterior from 155 to 139 BC. The Lusitani revolted on two separate occassions (155 and again 146 BC) and...
The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War),[1] was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic and the Lusitani tribes of Hispania Ulterior from 155 to 139 BC. The Lusitani revolted on two separate occassions (155 and again 146 BC) and...
Viriathus organized an attack against Caius Vetilius in Tribola. Since the Romans were better armed, he organized guerrilla tactics and sprung imaginative ambushes. Charging with iron spears, tridents and roars, the Lusitanians defeated Vetilius by killing 4,000 out of 10,000 Troops including Vetilius himself. As a response, the Celtiberians were hired to attack the Lusitanians, but it was destroyed. After that incident, the Lusitanians clashed with the armies of Gaius Plautius, Claudius Unimanus and Gaius Negidius, all of whom he managed to gain victories over. During this period he inspired and convinced the Numantine to rebel, and some Gauls rebelled against Roman rule.
To complete the subjugation of Lusitania, Rome sent Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus, with 15,000 soldiers and 2,000 cavalry to strengthen Caius Lelius. The Romans lost most of these reinforcements in Ossuma. When Fabius risked combat again, he was totally defeated near what is today the city of Beja in Alentejo. This defeat gave the Lusitanians access to today’s Spanish territory, modern Granada and Murcia. The results of Viriathus's effects as well as that of the Numantine caused many problems in Rome, including a drop in Legion recruitment rates being the most notable. Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus was a Roman statesman and consul Fabius was by adoption a member of the patrician gens Fabia, but by birth he was the eldest son of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus and Papiria Masonis and the elder brother of Scipio Aemilianus. ...
This article is about a military rank. ...
Not to be confused with Golgotha, which was called Calvary. ...
Coat of Arms Beja is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 1139. ...
NUTS II Alentejo region. ...
Granada province Granada is a province of southern Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. ...
Capital Murcia Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 9th 11 313 km² 2,2% Population – Total (2003) – % of Spain – Density Ranked 10th 1 226 993 2,9% 108,46/km² Demonym – English – Spanish Murcian murciano/a Statute of Autonomy June 9, 1982 ISO 3166-2 MU Parliamentary representation – Congress seats – Senate...
Learning of these events, Rome sent one of its best generals, Q. Fabius Maximus Servilianus, to Iberia. Near Sierra Morena, the Romans fell into a Lusitanian ambush. Viriathus did not harm the Romans and let the soldiers and Servilianus go. Servilianus made a peace term that recognized the Lusitanian rule over the land they conquered. This agreement was ratified by the Roman Senate and Viriathus was declared "amici populi Romani", (Greek: Rhômaiôn philon), an ally of the Roman people. This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
The Sierra Morena is a mountain chain some 400 km long running East-West in southern Spain, forming the border of the central plateau (Meseta Central) of Iberia, and providing the watershed between the valleys of the Gaudiana to the north and the Guadalquivir to the south. ...
Death The Roman senate accepted the treaty made by Q. Fabius Maximus Servilianus with the Lusitanians. However, the Romans did things differently this time. Knowing that the Lusitanian resistance was largely due to Viriathus' leadership, Marcus Popillius Laenas bribed Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus,who had been sent by Viriathus as an embassy to establish peace. These ambassadors returned to their camp and killed Viriathus while he was sleeping. When they returned to the Roman camp for their reward, the consul Quintus Servilius Caepio ordered their execution (or removal from the city, if not both according to some sources), declaring, "Rome does not pay traitors." Laenas (plural, Laenates) was the name of a plebeian noble family in ancient Rome, notorious for cruelty and arrogance in the second century BC. The name is said by Cicero to be derived from laena, the sacerdotal cloak carried by Marcus Popillius Laenas (consul 359 BC) when he went to...
Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus were the assassins of the Lusitanian leader Viriathus. ...
After the death of Viriathus, the Lusitani kept fighting under the leadership of Tantalus (Grk: Τάνταλος). Tantalos, by Goya In Greek mythology Tantalus (Greek Τάνταλος) was a son of Zeus[1] and the nymph Plouto (riches)[2] Thus he was a king in the primordial world, the father of a son Broteas whose very name signifies mortals (brotoi)[3] Other versions name his father as Tmolus wreathed...
Laenas would finally give the Lusitanians the land they originally had asked for before the massacre. This led to less resistance and war as the Lusitanians' main reason for waging war was due to lack of food. Nevertheless total pacification of Lusitania was only achieved under Augustus. Under Roman rule, Lusitania and its people gradually acquired Roman culture and language. For other persons named Octavian, see Octavian (disambiguation). ...
Viriathus stands as the most successful Iberian leader that ever opposed the Roman conquest. During the course of his campaigns he was only defeated in battle against the Romans once and from a military standpoint can be said to have been one of the most successful generals to ever have opposed Rome's expansion anywhere in the world. Ultimately even the Romans recognized that it was more prudent to use treachery rather than open confrontation to defeat the Lusitan uprising. Some fifty years later, the renegade Roman general, Quintus Sertorius, at the head of another Iberian insurrection, would meet a similar fate. Quintus Sertorius (died 72 BC), Roman statesman and general. ...
Quintus Sertorius (died 72 BC) was a Roman statesman and general, born in Nursia, in Sabine territory. ...
See also In red is the province of Lusitania within the Roman Empire, 120 AD Lusitania was an ancient Roman province approximately including current Portugal, except for the area between the rivers Douro and Minho (part of Hispania Tarraconensis), and part of modern day western Spain, the present autonomous communities of Extremadura...
The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were a tribe, or various tribes, from the western Iberian peninsula (province of Lusitania), who spoke a Lusitanian language until the conquest of their territory by the Romans. ...
The Lusitanian language (so named after the Lusitani or Lusitanians) was a paleo-Iberian Indo-European language known by five inscriptions and numerous names of places (toponyms) and of gods (theonyms). ...
The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War),[1] was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic and the Lusitani tribes of Hispania Ulterior from 155 to 139 BC. The Lusitani revolted on two separate occassions (155 and again 146 BC) and...
This is a historical timeline of Portugal. ...
This is a historical timeline of Portugal. ...
This is a historical timeline of Portugal. ...
Curio is a municipality in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. ...
Main language areas in Iberia circa 250 BC. This is a list of the Pre-Roman people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania - modern Andorra, Portugal and Spain). ...
References - ^ Silva, Armando. O nome de Viriato
- ^ [1] Hyde, Douglas. The Glories of Ireland, Irish Language and Letters
- ^ Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times
- ^ Evtropii Breviarivm Liber Qvartvs
- ^ Flori Epitome de Tito Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC, XXXIII
- ^ Quintela, Marco. La organización socio-política de los Populi del Noroeste de la Península
- ^ War and Society in the Celtiberian World
- ^ Appian, The Foreign Wars, The Wars In Spain, ed. Horace White
- ^ Valeri Maximi, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium
- ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, Fragments of Books XXII thru XXIX
- ^ Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- Ribeiro, Ângelo and Saraiva, José Hermano História de Portugal I - A Formação do Território QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-106-6).
- Loução, Paulo Alexandre: Portugal, Terra de Mistérios Ésquilo, 2000 (third edition; ISBN 972-8605-04-8).
- Muñoz, Mauricio Pasto: Viriato, A Luta pela Liberdade Ésquilo, 2003 (third edition; ISBN 972-8605-23-4).
- Freitas do Amaral, Diogo: Viriato ; Lisboa: Bertrand, 2004 (ISBN 972-25-1329-X)
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