Two glass terrariums with plants.

A vivarium (plural: vivariums or vivaria) is an area, usually enclosed, for keeping and raising animals or plants for observation or research. Often, a portion of the ecosystem for a particular species is simulated on a smaller scale, with controls for environmental conditions. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2000 × 1500 pixel, file size: 898 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Description: Terrarium with plants Photograph: Jens Raschendorf Date: 12. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2000 × 1500 pixel, file size: 898 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Description: Terrarium with plants Photograph: Jens Raschendorf Date: 12. ... Terrarium, ISBN 0-812-55380-2 is a 1985 science fiction novel by essayist Scott Russell Sanders published by Tor science fiction. ... A coral reef near the Hawaiian islands is an example of a complex marine ecosystem. ...

A vivarium may be small enough to sit on a desk or table, such as a terrarium or an aquarium, or may be a very large structure, possibly outdoors. Large vivaria, particularly those holding organisms capable of flight, typically include some sort of a dual-door mechanism such as a sally port for entry and exit, so that the outer door can be closed to prevent escape before the inner door is opened. A terrarium is a clear container (often plastic or glass) used to grow plants and to examine or hold small creatures. ... “Aquaria” redirects here. ... An example of a Sally port, here is the main entrance to Fort McHenry, in Baltimore, Maryland. ...

Flora and fauna

There are various forms of vivarium, including:

• Aquarium, simulating a water habitat; for instance a river, lake or sea; but only the submerged area of these natural habitats. Plants in the water will use some nitrogen present within the system, and will provide areas for organisms to hide and forage.
• Insectarium, containing insects.
  • Formicarium, with species of ants.
• Paludarium, simulating a rain forest or swamp environment. It also can be seen as an aquarium interconnected with a terrarium, having both the underwater area as well as the shore.
  • Riparium, a paludarium with circulating current through different-leveled pools
• Terrarium, simulating a dry habitat, for instance desert or savannah.

Many kinds of plants are suitable for these habitats, including bromeliads, African Violets and Crassulaceae. Animals commonly held for observation include reptiles, amphibians, insects, spiders, and scorpions, small birds are also good. You need to use charcol or pebbles at the bottom of your terrarium “Aquaria” redirects here. ... Ants tunneling through a formicarium. ... A rainforest is a forested biome with high annual rainfall. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Genera See text Bromeliads include epiphytes, such as Spanish moss, and ground plants, such as the Pineapple. ... Genera many, see text The Crassulaceae, or orpine family, is a family of dicotyledons. ... Reptilia redirects here. ... For other uses, see Amphibian (disambiguation). ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera... Diversity 111 families, 40,000 species Suborders Mesothelae Mygalomorphae Araneomorphae  See table of families Wikispecies has information related to: Spiders Spiders are predatory invertebrate animals that have two body segments, eight legs, no chewing mouth parts and no wings. ... Superfamilies Pseudochactoidea Buthoidea Chaeriloidea Chactoidea Iuroidea Scorpionoidea See classification for families. ...

Size and materials

It is usually made of a clear container (often plastic or glass). Unless it is an aquarium, it doesn't need to withstand the pressure of water, so it can also be made out of wood or metal, with at least one transparent side. They may be cubical, spherical, rectangular, or other shapes. The choice of materials depends on the desired size and weight of the entire ensemble, resistance to high humidity, the cost and the desired quality.

The ground surface must be calculated to be enough for the species living inside, at their adult size. The height can also be important for the larger plants, climbing plants, or for tree climbing animal species. The width must be big enough to create the sensation of depth, both for the pleasure of the spectator and the good of the species inside.

Most used subtrates are : common soil, small pebbles, sand, peat, chips of various trees, vegetable fibres (of coconut for example), or a combination of them. The choice of the substrate depends on the needs of the plants (type of ground), or of the animals (need to dig galleries for example), moisture (resistance to mould, conservation of water), if it's dangerous (risk of absorption by an animal) and aesthetic aspect.

Environmental controls

Lighting

A lighting system is necessary, always adapted to the requirements of the animal and plant species. For example, certain reptiles in their natural environment need to heat themselves by the sun, so an infrared bulb is necessary to simulate this in a terrarium.

Also, certain plants or diurnal animals need a source of UV to help synthetize Vitamin D and assimilate calcium. Such UV can be provided by specialized fluorescent tubes. A diurnal animal (dī-ŭrnəl) is an animal that is active during the daytime and sleeps during the night. ... Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ... Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. ...

A day/night regulator might be needed to simulate with accuracy the alternation of light and dark periods. The duration of the simulated day and night depends on the conditions in the natural habitat of the species and the season desired. Habitat (which is Latin for it inhabits) is the place where a particular species live and grow. ...

Temperature

The temperature can be a very important parameter for species that cannot adapt to other conditions than those found in their natural habitat.

Heating can be provided by several means, all of which are usually controlled by a thermostat:

• heating lamps or infrared lamps
• hot plates, providing heat at the base or sides of a terrarium
• heating cords placed in the substrate
• a more complex equipment sending hot air inside

Similar to lighting, a decrease in temperature might be needed for the simulated night periods, thus keeping living species healthy. Such variation need to be coherent to those found in the natural habitats of the species. For other uses, see Substrate. ...

Humidity

Many plants and animals have quite limited tolerance to the variation of moisture.

The regulation of humidity can be done by several means:

• regular water pulverization
• water evaporation inside (from a basin, or circulation of water)
• automated pulverization systems and humidifiers

Ventilation and openings

Access inside terrarium is necessary for maintenance, to take care of the plants and animals, or addition and withdrawal of food. In the case of some animals, a frontal opening is preferable because accessing by the top recalls to these species the arrival of a predator, and generates some stress.

Ventilation is not just important for circulating air, but also to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria. This is especially important in warm, humid terrariums. The traditional method consists of placing a fan at a low level and another at a high level, thus allowing air circulation.

See also

• Ecosphere
• Closed ecological system
• Ecosystem
• Biome
• Biosphere

Ecosphere has several different meanings: In astronomy an ecosphere is an imaginary shell of space surrounding stars where conditions are such that life might survive. ... An ecosphere Closed Ecological Systems (CES) are ecosystems that do not exchange matter with any part outside the system. ... A coral reef near the Hawaiian islands is an example of a complex marine ecosystem. ... A biome is a major geographical area of ecologically similar communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms, often referred to as ecosystems. ... For other uses, see Biosphere (disambiguation). ...

External links

• Learn how to build your own vivarium
• Ready-Made & Flatpack Vivariums, Terrariums, Flexariums & Tortoise Tables at Pet Zoo
• Dendroboard - Your source for dart frog, and naturalistic vivaria information. An open and free community dedicated to the care of these wonderful animals.
• See rivertank.com for an example of a working paludarium and riparium.
• See [1]
• See http://groups.yahoo.com/group/TheNaturalisticVivarium for an online Vivarium group.
• Terraristika Hamm - Worldwide largest fair of terraristic animals
• See EcoTerrariumSupply.com for more vivarium photos and vivarium design articles
• See Reptile-Cages.Net for interactive guides on optimal vivarium design for various species