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Vivisection and animal experimentation has been controversial since the 19th century with physiologists expressing reservations much earlier. Sides, for and against, have formed over the years and are often deeply entrenched in their respective viewpoints. ImageMetadata File history File links Monkeyinbilebearcage. ...
The Great Ape Project is campaigning for a Declaration on Great Apes. ...
Greg Avery (born 1963), also known as Greg Jennings and Greg Harrison, is a British animal rights activist and co-founder of Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC), an international campaign to force the closure of Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), a controversial animal-testing company with bases in Huntingdon, England, and...
David Barbarash is the North American press officer for the Animal Liberation Front. ...
Dr. Steven Best Steven Best (born December 1955) is an American animal rights activist, author, talk-show host, and associate professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso. ...
Rod Coronado Rodney Adam Coronado is an eco-anarchist, animal rights activist, domestic terrorist, and the editor of the environmentalist Earth First! Journal. ...
Barry Horne Barry Horne was a British animal rights activist who died of kidney failure in Ronkswood Hospital, Worcester on November 5, 2001, following a series of four hunger strikes while serving an 18-year sentence for planting incendiary devices. ...
Ronnie Lee is a British animal rights activist, and founder of the Animal Liberation Front. ...
Keith Mann is a British animal-rights campaigner, believed to be a senior Animal Liberation Front activist. ...
Ingrid Newkirk (born July 11, 1949) is a British-born animal rights activist, author, and the president of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the worlds largest animal rights organization. ...
Alex Pacheco is an animal rights activist and co-founder (and former chairman) of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). ...
Robin Webb appearing on Channel 4s Dispatches Robin Webb is the press officer for the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) in the UK. He was previously a member of the ruling council of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), and a director of Animal Aid. ...
Alternative meaning: Organisation (band). ...
Animal Aid is the United Kingdoms largest animal rights group and one of the longest established in the world, having been founded in 1977. ...
For other uses of the abbreviation ALF, see ALF (disambiguation) Beagles removed by British ALF activists from a testing laboratory owned by Boots the Chemists. ...
The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection is a pressure group based near Highbury Corner in North London, United Kingdom that campaigns peacefully against vivisection. ...
The Great Ape Project aims to expand moral equality to great apes, and to foster greater understanding of them by humans. ...
The Justice Department is a militant animal-rights organization, set up in Britain in 1993, and active there and in the United States. ...
For the SI unit of measurement, see Peta People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is the largest animal rights organization in the world. ...
SPEAK is a British animal rights campaign that aims to end animal experimentation and vivisection in the UK. The campaign was born out of Stop Primate Experimentation at Cambridge (SPEAC), [1] a campaign set up to oppose the construction at the University of Cambridge of a new primate testing facility...
A primate in Huntingdon Life Sciences, covertly photographed by SHAC Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) is an international animal rights campaign against Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), the UKs largest animal-testing laboratory, which is based in Huntingdon, England and in New Jersey in the United States. ...
The Great Ape Project is campaigning for a Declaration on Great Apes. ...
Filmed by PETA, Covance primate-testing lab, Vienna, Virginia, 2004-5. ...
Covance (NYSE: CVD), with headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey, is one of the worlds largest and most comprehensive drug development services companies, according to its own website, with annual revenues over $1 billion, global operations in 17 countries, and approximately 6,700 employees worldwide. ...
The Great Ape Project, founded by Australian philosopher Peter Singer, is campaigning to have the United Nations endorse a Declaration on Great Apes. ...
Female pigs used for breeding are confined most of their lives in gestation crates, which are too small to enable them to turn around. ...
Image:Furblueboxpelts1. ...
Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) is a controversial animal-testing company based in Huntingdon, England, and New Jersey in the United States. ...
Speciesism involves assigning different values or rights to beings on the basis of their species. ...
Anaesthetised rat in a stereotaxic restraining device about to undergo brain surgery. ...
Dr. Steven Best Steven Best (born December 1955) is an American animal rights activist, author, talk-show host, and associate professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso. ...
Bentham is frequently associated with the foundation of the University of London, specifically University College London, though in fact he was 80 years old when the university opened in 1828, and had no part in its establishment. ...
Stephen Richard Lyster Clark (born October 30, 1945) is a British philosopher and international authority on animal rights, currently professor of philosophy and Leverhulme Research Fellow at the University of Liverpool. ...
Dr. Tom Regan Tom Regan (born November 28, 1938 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American philosopher and animal-rights activist. ...
Richard D. Ryder (born 1940) is a British psychologist who, after performing psychology experiments on animals, began to speak out against the practice, and became one of the pioneers of the modern animal liberation and animal rights movements. ...
Prof. ...
Filmed by PETA, Covance primate-testing lab, Vienna, Virginia, 2004-5. ...
Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ...
Vivisection
Vivisection means cutting the live body, generally without anesthesia, though the word is now used to mean any experiment on a living animal. For the song (Anesthesia) Pulling Teeth by Metallica, go here. ...
In 1655, physiologist Edmund O'Meara is recorded as saying that "the miserable torture of vivisection surely places the body in an unnatural state." O'Meara thus expresses one of the chief scientific objections, that the pain of the vivisected subject will interfere with the accuracy of the results. Other objections exist, both scientific and moral. Edmund OMeara (1614-1681) Irish physiologist. ...
For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ...
On the other side of the debate, those in favour of vivisection hold that surgical procedures must be performed on the living animal because the dead body begins to decay too quickly and the decayed tissue is thought to be of less use.
The debate on animal testing In 1822, in the British parliament, Richard Martin MP piloted the first parliamentary bill in the world to give animals a degree of protection through the law. This first bill related to farm animals. The first to regulate animal experimentation in Britain was the Cruelty to Animals Act (1876). One of the people who campaigned to see the bill introduced was Charles Darwin (1809-1882). He said, in a letter of March 22, 1871 to Professor Ray Lankester: "You ask about my opinion on vivisection. I quite agree that it is justifiable for real investigations on physiology; but not for mere damnable and detestable curiosity. It is a subject which makes me sick with horror, so I will not say another word about it, else I shall not sleep to-night." The bill remained on the statute books until the introduction of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (1986). The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative institution in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories (it alone has parliamentary sovereignty). ...
Colonel Richard Humanity Dick Martin, M.P., of Ballinahinch, Co. ...
A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters of an electoral district to a parliament; in the Westminster system, specifically to the lower house. ...
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In his lifetime Charles Darwin gained international fame as a controversial and influential scientist. ...
March 22 is the 81st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (82nd in Leap years). ...
1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Sir Edwin Ray Lankester (1847 - 1929) was a British zoologist. ...
A statute is a formal, written law of a country or state, written and enacted by its legislative authority, perhaps to then be ratified by the highest executive in the government, and finally published. ...
From the early days of animal welfare legislation concerns were both for the relief of animal suffering and also for the moral health of humanity. The Victorians were particularly concerned that people should show good moral virtues such as kindness and concern for others. It was in Victorian Britain that the RSPCA (the world's first SPCA - Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) was formed. One of the founder members was William Wilberforce, who was also in the forefront of anti-slavery activism. Animal welfare is the viewpoint that some or all animals, especially those under human care, should be treated in such a way that they do not suffer unnecessarily. ...
Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ...
Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India Victorian morality is a distillation of the moral views of people living at the time of Queen Victoria (reigned 1837 - 1901) in particular, and to the moral climate of Great Britain throughout the 19th century in...
The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) is a charity in England and Wales that promotes animal welfare. ...
The SPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) is an acronym used to refer to a number of national societies to protect and provide shelter to animals in danger. ...
William Wilberforce William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 - 29 July 1833) was an English parliamentarian and leader of the campaign against the slave trade. ...
The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ...
Activism, in a general sense, can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change. ...
These Victorian concerns have formed a backdrop to ongoing debate throughout the 20th century and into current times. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...
The defenders of animal testing believe the differences between species to be very minor and not sufficient to have any great effect on the results obtained. They also say that cures for many illnesses have been found by the use of animal experiments. These claims are hotly disputed.
The argument is often raised that animals themselves benefit from being experimented upon since these experiments can lead to veterinary medicines and procedures. There is also a strong moral and emotional feeling that even one single medical advance for humans is worth any number of animals. Veterinary medicine is the application of medical diagnostic and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife, and production animals. ...
Focusing on the cruelty issues, SPCAs have been formed in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, The United States and other countries. Animal welfare organisations have fiercely debated the issues both scientific and moral and have developed an offshoot: the animal rights movement. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (usually referred to as the ASPCA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to preventing the abuse of animals. ...
The Great Ape Project is campaigning for a Declaration on Great Apes. ...
Focusing on the scientific issues, research departments have been set up in Europe and the USA to find as many non-animal methods of research as possible and to provide the information about these methods to scientists working within relevant fields. A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, covering around 10,790,000 km² (4,170,000 sq mi) or 2. ...
Medical researchers experimenting on animals often express a wish that the general public had a greater understanding of the issues involved and say that every care is taken in safeguarding the welfare of the animals experimented upon.
Scientific issues The main science-based issues raised against animal experimentation are: - That the animal body differs in so many respects from that of the human that cutting the tissue (in vivisection) of the living animal will reveal nothing about human health or illness.
- That the animal body differs in many other respects such that administering drugs, poisons, and diseases will lead to similarly irrelevant results. For instance, increasing (or decreasing) the dosage in order to compensate for a different body size can generate artifacts which may be indecipherable.
- That the pain experienced by an animal without adequate analgesia will produce compensatory reactions of the heart, blood, lymph, nervous system and tissues to such an extent as to completely distort any results gained.
- That the analagesia, if administered, will represent a different set of circumstances within the creatures' metabolism and that these different circumstances also distort the results.
- That the conditions under which the animal is cut open are clinical and have thus removed the animal from any natural context which could be applied to the living conditions of either the human or the animal.
- That the human emotional and psychological factors governing how we cope with both illness and injury are not necessarily present in all species cut.
- That the cutting itself, even without the pain, will cause the tissues to react differently than an uncut tissue.
- That a wide range of alternative methods for research exist and give more accurate results.
The counter arguments to these concerns are: Look up drug in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The skull and crossbones symbol traditionally used to label a poisonous substance. ...
A disease is any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. ...
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- That there are many similarities between humans and animals. That the differences are sufficiently well known for all of them to be taken into account and the distorted results adjusted accordingly.
- That observational artifacts can similarly be taken into account and useful results obtained.
- That the animal's reactions to pain may be discounted from the results.
- That clinical conditions are necessary for accurate observation of the experimental model.
- That human emotional and psychological factors are not relevant to research.
- That alternative methods are still only being developed, whereas animal experimentaion has a long history.
Moral ssues The main issues raised of an ethical nature against animal experimentation are: Ethics is a general term for what is often described as the science (study) of morality. In philosophy, ethical behavior is that which is good or right. ...
- That it is considered by many to be cruel to inflict harm on an otherwise healthy animal.
- That it is considered by many within religious philosophies to be a deminishment of the human soul to perpetrate harm.
- That it is thought by some humanistic viewpoints that committing acts of harm to an animal will cause a psychological callousness to result from the habitual tolerance of harm infliction. That this psychological callousness may lead to our mental ill health and social misbehaviour. That one who easily harms a living thing will easily harm a child or marriage partner.
- That Buddhists, Jains, Hindus, Christians and others advise us to work actively to help relieve suffering in other species.
The counter arguments to these moral concerns are: Humanism is a system of thought that defines a socio-political doctrine (-ism) whose bounds exceed those of locally developed cultures, to include all of humanity and all issues common to human beings. ...
A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, SiddhÄrtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by...
JAIN is an activity within the Java Community Process, developing APIs for the creation of telephony (voice and data) services. ...
A Hindu is an adherent of philosophies and scriptures of Hindu religion. ...
As a noun, Christian is an appellation and moniker deriving from the appellation Christ, which many people associate exclusively with Jesus of Nazareth. ...
- That it would be cruel to cause harm to human beings by not using animals.
- That religion is not relevant to scientific research.
- That there is no objective evidence of researchers being any more callous than the average person.
- That animal experimentation does actively work to relieve animal suffering by providing the knowledge necessary to develop veterinary cures.
Other ssues There exists a further area of debate which combines some scientific and moral issues into one. This is the area of concern about humans who may be harmed as a result of trusting possibly inaccurate test results and consequently taking unsafe medication. One side believes that animal experimentation puts humans at risk and the other side believes the risk to be lessened by such experiments.
Experimenters are of the opinion that this particular objection to animal experimentation is invalid because the final test of any medication is a clinical trial on human subjects.
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