Vladimír Špidla

Vladimír Špidla (born %20%20%20%20April%2021%20is%20the%20111th%20day%20of%20the%20year%20in%20the%20%20%20Gregorian%20calendar%20(112th%20in%20%20%20leap%20years).%20... April 21, %20%20%20%20%20%20%20Global%20Metrics%20%20Human%20security%20%20Major%20Armed%20Conflicts%3A%20Total%20Deaths%20in%20Battle%3A%20700%2C000%20people%20Violent%20Deaths%20caused%20by%20Government%20(Other%20than%20War)%3A%20Violent%20Deaths%20caused%20by%20other%20humans%3A%20Juvenile%20Violent%20Crime%3A%20%20%20Political%20security%20%20Nations%20Holding%20Multi-party%20Elections%3A%20Percentage%20Living%20under%20a%20Fully%20Democratic%20System%20of%20Governance%3A%20%5CFree%5C%20Countries%3A%20Percentage... 1951 in %20%20%20%20%20%20%20Prague%20(Praha%20in%20Czech)%20is%20the%20capital%20and%20largest%20city%20of%20the%20Czech%20Republic.%20... Prague) is a %20%20%20%20The%20Czech%20political%20scene%20supports%20a%20broad%20spectrum%20of%20parties%20ranging%20from%20the%20semi-reformed%20Communist%20Party%20on%20the%20far%20left%20to%20various%20nationalistic%20parties%20on%20the%20extreme%20right.%20... Czech %20%20Social%20democracy%20is%20a%20political%20ideology%20emerging%20in%20the%20late%2019th%20and%20early%2020th%20centuries%20from%20supporters%20of%20Marxism%20who%20believed%20that%20the%20transition%20to%20a%20socialist%20society%20could%20be%20achieved%20through%20democratic%20evolutionary%20rather%20than%20revolutionary%20means.%20... social democratic %20%20%20A%20politician%20is%20an%20individual%20involved%20in%20%20%20politics.%20... politician. He was the %20%20%20This%20is%20a%20list%20of%20Prime%20Ministers%20of%20the%20Czech%20Republic.%20... Prime Minister of the %20%20%20%20%20%20%20National%20%20%20motto%3A%20Truth%20prevails%20(%20%20Czech%3A%20Pravda%20v%26%23237%3Bt%26%23283%3Bz%26%23237%3B)%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Official%20language%20%20%20Czech%20%20%20%20%20Capital%20Praha%20(%20%20Prague)%20%20%20%20%20President%20V%26%23225%3Bclav%20Klaus%20%20%20%20%20Prime%20Minister%20%20%20Stanislav%20Gross%20%20%20%20%20Area%20%26%23160%3B-%20Total%20%26%23160%3B-%20%25%20water%20%20%20Ranked%20114th%2078%2C866%20km%26%23178%3B%202%25%20%20%20%20%20Population%20%26%23160%3B-%20Total%20(%20%202003)%20%26%23160%3B-%20%20%20Density%20%20%20Ranked%2076th%2010.... Czech Republic in July %20%20%202002%20is%20a%20%20%20common%20year%20starting%20on%20Tuesday%20of%20the%20%20%20Gregorian%20calendar.%20... 2002 - June %20%20%202004%20is%20a%20%20%20leap%20year%20starting%20on%20Thursday%20of%20the%20%20%20Gregorian%20calendar.%20... 2004 and then was appointed Czech commissioner in the %20%20%20%20The%20European%20Commission%20(formally%20the%20Commission%20of%20the%20European%20Communities)%20is%20the%20executive%20of%20the%20European%20Union.%20... European Commission where he will serve at the post of employment, social affairs and equal opportunities.

Špidla studied %20%20%20History%20is%20a%20term%20for%20%20%20information%20about%20the%20%20%20past.%20... history at %20%20%20%20%20%20The%20Charles%20University%20of%20Prague%20(also%20simply%20University%20of%20Prague%3B%20Czech%3A%20Univerzita%20Karlova%3B%20Latin%3A%20Universitas%20Carolina)%20is%20the%20oldest%20and%20most%20prestigious%20Czech%20university%20and%20among%20the%20oldest%20universities%20in%20Europe%2C%20being%20founded%20in%201340s%20(for%20the%20exact%20year%2C%20see%20below).%20%20%20... Charles University of Prague. After his graduation in %20%20%201976%20is%20a%20%20%20leap%20year%20starting%20on%20Thursday%20(link%20will%20take%20you%20to%20calendar).%20%20%20%20... 1976, he took up a number of jobs including %20%20Servant%20has%20a%20number%20of%20meaning%3A%20%20A%20servant%20is%20another%20word%20for%20domestic%20worker%2C%20a%20person%20who%20is%20hired%20to%20provide%20regular%20household%20or%20other%20duties%2C%20and%20receives%20compensation.%20... menial as he refused to fulfil political obligations necessary for better-qualified ones; he also worked as an %20%20Archaeology%20or%20sometimes%20in%20American%20English%20archeology%20(from%20the%20Greek%20words%20%26%23945%3B%26%23961%3B%26%23967%3B%26%23945%3B%26%23943%3B%26%23959%3B%26%23962%3B%20%3D%20ancient%20and%20%26%23955%3B%26%23972%3B%26%23947%3B%26%23959%3B%26%23962%3B%20%3D%20word%2Fspeech)%20is%20the%20study%20of%20human%20cultures%20through%20the%20recovery%2C%20documentation%20and%20analysis%20of%20material%20remains%2C%20including%20architecture%2C%20artefacts%2C%20biofacts%2C%20human%20remains%2C%20and%20landscapes.%20The%20goal%20of%20archaeology%20is%20to%20shed%20light%20on%20long-term%20human%20prehistory%2C%20history%2C%20behaviour%20and%20cultural%20evolution.%20It%20is%20the%20only%20discipline%20that%20possesses%20the%20method%20and%20theory%20for%20the%20collection%20and%20interpretation%20of%20information%20about%20the%20pre-written%20human%20past%2C%20and%20can%20also%20make%20a%20critical%20contribution%20to%20our%20understanding%20of%20documented%20societies.%20Other%20subfields%20of%20anthropology%20supplement%20the%20findings%20of%20archaeology%2C%20especially%20cultural%20anthropology%20(which%20studies%20behavioural%2C%20symbolic%2C%20as%20well%20as%20material%20dimensions%20of%20culture)%2C%20linguistics%20(which%20studies%20language%2C%20including%20the%20origins%20of%20language%20and%20language%20groups)%20and%20physical%20anthropology%20(which%20includes%20the%20study%20of%20human%20evolution%20and%20osteology).%20Other%20disciplines%20also%20supplement%20archaeology%2C%20such%20as%20paleontology%20(the%20study%20of%20prehistoric%20life)%2C%20including%20paleozoology%2C%20paleoethnobotany%20and%20paleobotany%2C%20geography%2C%20geology%2C%20history%2C%20art%20history%2C%20and%20classics.%20Archaeology%20has%20been%20described%20as%20a%20craft%20that%20enlists%20the%20sciences%20to%20illuminate%20the%20humanities.%20Archaeology%20is%20an%20approach%20to%20understanding%20lost%20cultures%20and%20the%20mute%20aspects%20of%20human%20history%2C%20without%20a%20cut-off%20date%3A%20in%20England%2C%20archaeologists%20have%20uncovered%20the%20long-lost%20layouts%20of%20medieval%20villages%20abandoned%20after%20the%20crises%20of%20the%2014th%20century%20and%20the%20equally%20lost%20layouts%20of%2017th%20century%20parterre%20gardens%20swept%20away%20by%20a%20change%20in%20fashion.%20In%20downtown%20New%20York%20archaeologists%20have%20exhumed%20the%2018th%20century%20remains%20of%20the%20Black%20burial%20ground.%20In%20the%20study%20of%20relatively%20recent%20cultures%2C%20which%20have%20been%20observed%20and%20studied%20by%20Western%20scholars%2C%20archaeology%20is%20closely%20allied%20with%20ethnography.%20This%20is%20the%20case%20in%20large%20parts%20of%20North%20America%2C%20the%20South%20Pacific%2C%20Siberia%2C%20and%20other%20places.%20In%20the%20study%20of%20cultures%20that%20were%20literate%20or%20had%20literate%20neighbours%2C%20history%20and%20archaeology%20supplement%20one%20another%20for%20broader%20understanding%20of%20the%20complete%20cultural%20context%2C%20as%20at%20Hadrian%5Cs%20Wall.%20%20%20Importance%20and%20applicability%20Most%20of%20human%20history%20is%20not%20described%20by%20any%20written%20records.%20Writing%20did%20not%20exist%20anywhere%20in%20the%20world%20until%20about%205000%20years%20ago%2C%20and%20only%20spread%20among%20a%20relatively%20small%20number%20of%20technologically%20advanced%20civilisations.%20These%20civilisations%20are%2C%20not%20coincidentally%2C%20the%20best-known%3B%20they%20have%20been%20open%20to%20the%20inquiry%20of%20historians%20for%20centuries%2C%20while%20archaeology%20has%20arisen%20only%20recently.%20Even%20within%20a%20civilisation%20that%20is%20literate%20at%20some%20levels%2C%20many%20important%20human%20practices%20are%20not%20officially%20recorded.%20Any%20knowledge%20of%20the%20formative%20early%20years%20of%20human%20civilisation%20-%20the%20development%20of%20agriculture%2C%20cult%20practices%20of%20folk%20religion%2C%20the%20rise%20of%20the%20first%20cities%20-%20must%20come%20from%20archaeology.%20Even%20where%20written%20records%20do%20exist%2C%20they%20are%20invariably%20incomplete%20or%20biased%20to%20some%20extent.%20In%20many%20societies%2C%20literacy%20was%20restricted%20to%20the%20elite%20classes%2C%20such%20as%20the%20clergy%20or%20the%20bureaucracy%20of%20court%20or%20temple.%20The%20literacy%20even%20of%20an%20aristocracy%20has%20sometimes%20been%20restricted%20to%20deeds%20and%20contracts.%20The%20interests%20and%20world-view%20of%20elites%20are%20often%20quite%20different%20from%20the%20lives%20and%20interests%20of%20the%20masses.%20Any%20writings%20that%20were%20produced%20by%20people%20more%20representative%20of%20the%20general%20population%20were%20unlikely%20to%20find%20their%20way%20into%20libraries%20and%20be%20preserved%20there%20for%20posterity.%20Thus%2C%20written%20records%20tend%20to%20reflect%20the%20biases%20of%20the%20literate%20classes%2C%20and%20cannot%20be%20trusted%20as%20a%20sole%20source.%20The%20material%20record%20is%20nearer%20to%20a%20fair%20representation%20of%20society%2C%20though%20it%20is%20subject%20to%20its%20own%20inaccuracies%2C%20such%20as%20sampling%20bias%20and%20differential%20preservation.%20In%20addition%20to%20their%20scientific%20importance%2C%20archaeological%20remains%20sometimes%20have%20political%20significance%20to%20descendants%20of%20the%20people%20who%20produced%20them%2C%20monetary%20value%20to%20collectors%2C%20or%20simply%20strong%20aesthetic%20appeal.%20Many%20people%20identify%20archaeology%20with%20the%20recovery%20of%20such%20aesthetic%2C%20religious%2C%20political%20or%20economic%20treasures%20rather%20than%20the%20reconstruction%20of%20past%20societies.%20This%20view%20is%20often%20espoused%20in%20works%20of%20popular%20fiction%2C%20such%20as%20Raiders%20of%20the%20Lost%20Ark%2C%20The%20Mummy%2C%20and%20King%20Solomon%5Cs%20Mines%20where%20the%20field%20has%20become%20profitable%20fodder%20for%20entertainment.%20When%20such%20unrealistic%20subjects%20are%20treated%20more%20seriously%2C%20accusations%20of%20pseudoscience%20are%20invariably%20levelled%20at%20their%20proponents%20(see%20Pseudoarchaeology%2C%20below).%20However%2C%20these%20endeavours%2C%20real%20and%20fictional%2C%20are%20not%20representative%20of%20the%20modern%20state%20of%20archaeology.%20%20Goals%20There%20is%20still%20a%20tremendous%20emphasis%20in%20the%20practice%20of%20archaeology%20on%20field%20techniques%20and%20methodologies.%20These%20include%20the%20tasks%20of%20surveying%20areas%20in%20order%20to%20find%20new%20sites%2C%20and%20digging%20sites%20in%20order%20to%20unearth%20the%20cultural%20remains%20therein%2C%20and%20classification%20and%20preservation%20techniques%20in%20order%20to%20analyse%20and%20keep%20these%20remains.%20Every%20phase%20of%20this%20process%20can%20be%20a%20source%20of%20information.%20The%20goals%20of%20archaeology%20are%20not%20always%20the%20same.%20There%20are%20at%20least%20three%20broad%2C%20distinct%20theories%20of%20exactly%20what%20archaeological%20research%20should%20do.%20(These%20are%20beyond%20the%20scope%20of%20the%20present%20discussion%2C%20and%20are%20discussed%20at%20length%20below.)%20Nevertheless%2C%20there%20is%20much%20common%20ground.%20%20Academic%20sub-disciplines%20Archaeological%20research%20is%20sometimes%20categorised%20according%20to%20the%20time%20period%20that%20it%20studies.%20Certain%20civilisations%20have%20attracted%20so%20much%20attention%20that%20their%20study%20has%20been%20specifically%20named.%20These%20sub-disciplines%20include%20Assyriology%20(Mesopotamia)%2C%20Classical%20archaeology%20(Greece%20and%20Rome)%2C%20and%20Egyptology%20(Egypt).%20The%20other%20main%20division%20of%20archaeology%20is%20into%20historical%20archaeology%2C%20which%20examines%20civilisations%20that%20left%20behind%20written%20records%20and%20prehistoric%20archaeology%2C%20which%20concerns%20itself%20with%20societies%20that%20did%20not%20have%20writing%20systems.%20However%2C%20the%20term%20is%20generally%20valid%20only%20in%20Europe%20and%20Asia%20where%20literate%20societies%20emerged%20without%20colonial%20influence.%20In%20areas%20where%20literacy%20arrived%20relatively%20late%2C%20it%20is%20more%20convenient%20to%20use%20other%20terms%20to%20divide%20up%20the%20archaeological%20record.%20In%20areas%20of%20semi-literacy%20the%20term%20protohistoric%20archaeology%20can%20be%20adopted%20to%20cover%20the%20study%20of%20societies%20with%20very%20limited%20written%20records.%20One%20example%20of%20a%20protohistoric%20site%20is%20Fort%20Ross%20on%20the%20northern%20California%20coast%2C%20which%20included%20settlements%20of%20literate%20Russians%20and%20non-literate%20American%20Indians%20and%20Alaska%20natives.%20Ethnoarchaeology%20is%20the%20study%20of%20modern%20societies%20resembling%20extinct%20ones%20of%20archaeological%20interest%2C%20for%20archaeological%20purposes.%20It%20is%20often%20difficult%20to%20infer%20solid%20conclusions%20about%20the%20structure%20and%20values%20of%20ancient%20societies%20from%20their%20material%20remains%2C%20not%20only%20because%20objects%20are%20mute%20and%20say%20little%20about%20those%20who%20crafted%20and%20used%20them%2C%20but%20also%20because%20not%20all%20objects%20survive%20to%20be%20uncovered%20by%20scholars%20of%20a%20later%20age.%20Ethnoarchaeology%20seeks%20to%20determine%2C%20for%20instance%2C%20what%20kinds%20of%20objects%20used%20in%20a%20living%20settlement%20are%20deposited%20in%20middens%20or%20other%20places%20where%20they%20may%20be%20preserved%2C%20and%20how%20likely%20an%20object%20is%20to%20be%20discarded%20near%20to%20the%20place%20where%20it%20was%20used.%20Taphonomy%20is%20the%20study%20of%20how%20objects%20decay%20and%20degrade%20over%20time.%20This%20information%20is%20critical%20to%20interpretation%20of%20artefacts%20and%20other%20objects%2C%20so%20that%20the%20work%20of%20ancient%20people%20can%20be%20differentiated%20from%20the%20later%20work%20of%20living%20creatures%20and%20elemental%20forces.%20A%20selective%20list%20of%20sub-disciplines%20distinguished%20by%20time%20period%20or%20region%20of%20study%20is%20given%20below.%20%20African%20archaeology%20Archaeology%20of%20the%20Americas%20Biblical%20archaeology%20Australian%20archaeology%20Environmental%20archaeology%20European%20archaeology%20Industrial%20archaeology%20focuses%20on%20the%20preservation%20of%20material%20relics%20of%20the%20Industrial%20Revolution.%20Landscape%20archaeology%20involves%20identifying%20and%20studying%20sites%20as%20components%20in%20a%20wider%20geographical%20area.%20Maritime%20archaeology%20is%20the%20study%20of%20submerged%20archaeological%20sites%2C%20including%20shipwrecks%20as%20well%20as%20settlements%20that%20have%20been%20engulfed%20by%20bodies%20of%20water.%20Near%20Eastern%20archaeology%20(sometimes%20known%20as%20Middle%20Eastern%20archaeology).%20Medieval%20archaeology%20is%20the%20study%20of%20post-Roman%20European%20archaeology%20until%20the%20sixteenth%20century.%20Post-medieval%20archaeology%20is%20the%20study%20of%20material%20culture%20in%20Europe%20from%20the%2016th%20century%20onwards.%20Modern%20archaeology%20is%20the%20study%20of%20modern%20society%20using%20archaeological%20methods%2C%20%20the%20Tucson%20Garbage%20Project.%20%20The%20following%20is%20a%20list%20of%20other%20sub_disciplines.%20Some%20of%20these%20are%20not%20areas%20of%20study%20in%20their%20own%20right%2C%20and%20are%20only%20methods%20to%20be%20used%20in%20larger%20projects.%20%20Aerial%20archaeology%20studying%20sites%20from%20air%20photos%2C%20especially%20by%20identifying%20cropmarks%20Archaeoastronomy%20is%20the%20study%20of%20the%20relationship%20between%20the%20configuration%20of%20ancient%20monuments%20and%20astronomy.%20Archaeological%20science%20or%20Archaeometry%20is%20the%20application%20of%20scientific%20techniques%20or%20methodologies%20to%20archaeology%20such%20as%20radiocarbon%20dating%2C%20statistics%20and%20remote%20sensing.%20Computational%20archaeology%20is%20the%20application%20of%20computers%2C%20particularly%20GIS%2C%20to%20archaeology%20Experimental%20archaeology%20involves%20attempting%20to%20re-enact%20past%20processes%20to%20test%20theories%20about%20ancient%20manufacturing%2C%20engineering%20and%20the%20effects%20of%20time%20on%20sites%20and%20objects.%20Museum%20studies%20is%20the%20display%20and%20interpretation%20of%20past%20remains%20for%20the%20public%20%20There%20are%20also%20a%20wide%20variety%20of%20techniques%20used%20for%20post-excavation%20analysis%20(see%20below).%20%20Cultural%20resources%20management%20Cultural%20resources%20management%20(CRM)%20(also%20called%20heritage%20management%20in%20Britain)%20is%20a%20branch%20of%20archaeology%20that%20accounts%20for%20most%20research%20done%20in%20the%20United%20States%20and%20much%20of%20that%20in%20western%20Europe%20as%20well.%20In%20the%20United%20States%2C%20CRM%20archaeology%20has%20been%20a%20growing%20concern%20since%20the%20passage%20of%20the%20National%20Historic%20Preservation%20Act%20of%201966%20and%20most%20of%20the%20archaeology%20done%20in%20that%20country%20today%20proceeds%20from%20either%20direct%20or%20related%20requirements%20of%20that%20measure.%20In%20the%20United%20States%2C%20the%20vast%20majority%20of%20taxpayers%2C%20scholars%2C%20and%20politicians%20believe%20that%20CRM%20has%20helped%20to%20preserve%20much%20of%20that%20nation%5Cs%20history%20and%20prehistory%20that%20would%20have%20otherwise%20been%20lost%20in%20the%20expansion%20of%20cities%2C%20dams%2C%20and%20highways.%20Along%20with%20other%20statutes%2C%20this%20mandates%20that%20no%20construction%20project%20on%20public%20land%20or%20involving%20public%20funds%20may%20damage%20an%20unstudied%20archaeological%20site.%20The%20application%20of%20CRM%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20is%20not%20limited%20to%20government-funded%20projects.%20Since%201990%20PPG%2016%20has%20required%20planners%20to%20consider%20archaeology%20as%20a%20material%20consideration%20in%20determining%20applications%20for%20new%20development.%20As%20a%20result%2C%20numerous%20archaeological%20organisations%20undertake%20mitigation%20work%20in%20advance%20of%20(or%20during)%20construction%20work%20in%20archaeologically%20sensitive%20areas%2C%20at%20the%20developer%5Cs%20expense.%20Among%20the%20goals%20of%20CRM%20are%20the%20identification%2C%20preservation%2C%20and%20maintenance%20of%20cultural%20sites%20on%20public%20and%20private%20lands%2C%20and%20the%20removal%20of%20culturally%20valuable%20materials%20from%20areas%20where%20they%20would%20otherwise%20be%20destroyed%20by%20human%20activity%2C%20such%20as%20proposed%20construction.%20This%20study%20involves%20at%20least%20a%20cursory%20examination%20to%20determine%20whether%20or%20not%20any%20significant%20archaeological%20sites%20are%20present%20in%20the%20area%20affected%20by%20the%20proposed%20construction.%20If%20these%20do%20exist%2C%20time%20and%20money%20must%20be%20allotted%20for%20their%20excavation.%20If%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progress%20by%20Western%20civilisation.%20Much%20contemporary%20archaeology%20is%20influenced%20by%20neo-Darwinian%20evolutionary%20thought%2C%20phenomenology%2C%20postmodernism%2C%20agency%20theory%2C%20cognitive%20science%2C%20Functionalism%2C%20gender_based%20and%20Feminist%20archaeology%20and%20Systems%20theory.%20%20%20Relations%20with%20the%20public%20Early%20archaeology%20was%20largely%20an%20attempt%20to%20uncover%20spectacular%20artefacts%20and%20features%2C%20or%20to%20explore%20vast%20and%20mysterious%20abandoned%20cities.%20Such%20pursuits%20continue%20to%20fascinate%20the%20public%2C%20portrayed%20in%20books%20(such%20as%20King%20Solomon%5Cs%20Mines)%20and%20films%20(such%20as%20The%20Mummy%20and%20Raiders%20of%20the%20Lost%20Ark).%20Much%20thorough%20and%20productive%20research%20has%20indeed%20been%20conducted%20in%20dramatic%20locales%20such%20as%20Cop%5CxE1n%20and%20the%20Valley%20of%20the%20Kings%2C%20but%20the%20stuff%20of%20modern%20archaeology%20is%20not%20so%20reliably%20sensational.%20In%20addition%2C%20archaeological%20adventure%20stories%20tend%20to%20ignore%20the%20painstaking%20work%20involved%20in%20modern%20survey%2C%20excavation%20and%20data%20processing%20techniques.%20Some%20archaeologists%20refer%20to%20such%20portrayals%20as%20%5Cpseudoarchaeology%5C.%20Nevertheless%2C%20archaeology%20has%20profited%20from%20its%20portrayal%20in%20the%20mainstream%20media.%20Many%20practitioners%20point%20to%20the%20childhood%20excitement%20of%20Indiana%20Jones%20films%20and%20Tomb%20Raider%20games%20as%20the%20inspiration%20for%20them%20to%20enter%20the%20field.%20Archaeologists%20are%20also%20very%20much%20reliant%20on%20public%20support%2C%20the%20question%20of%20exactly%20who%20they%20are%20doing%20their%20work%20for%20is%20often%20discussed.%20Without%20a%20strong%20public%20interest%20in%20the%20subject%2C%20often%20sparked%20by%20significant%20finds%20and%20celebrity%20archaeologists%2C%20it%20would%20be%20a%20great%20deal%20harder%20for%20archaeologists%20to%20gain%20the%20political%20and%20financial%20support%20they%20require.%20In%20the%20UK%2C%20popular%20archaeology%20programmes%20such%20as%20Time%20Team%20and%20Meet%20the%20Ancestors%20have%20resulted%20in%20a%20huge%20upsurge%20in%20public%20interest.%20Where%20possible%2C%20archaeologists%20now%20make%20more%20provision%20for%20public%20involvement%20and%20outreach%20in%20larger%20projects%20than%20they%20once%20did.%20However%2C%20the%20move%20towards%20being%20more%20professional%20has%20meant%20that%20volunteer%20places%20are%20now%20relegated%20to%20unskilled%20labour%2C%20and%20even%20this%20is%20less%20freely%20available%20than%20before.%20Developer-funded%20excavation%20necessitates%20a%20well-trained%20staff%20that%20can%20work%20quickly%20and%20accurately%2C%20observing%20the%20necessary%20Health%20and%20Safety%20and%20indemnity%20insurance%20issues%20involved%20in%20working%20on%20a%20modern%20building%20site%20to%20tight%20deadlines.%20Certain%20charities%20and%20local%20government%20bodies%20sometimes%20offer%20places%20on%20research%20projects%20either%20as%20part%20of%20academic%20work%20or%20as%20a%20defined%20community%20project.%20There%20is%20also%20a%20flourishing%20industry%20selling%20places%20on%20commercial%20training%20excavations%20and%20archaeological%20holiday%20tours.%20Archaeologists%20prize%20local%20knowledge%20and%20often%20liaise%20with%20local%20historical%20and%20archaeological%20societies.%20Anyone%20looking%20to%20get%20involved%20in%20the%20field%20without%20having%20to%20pay%20for%20the%20privilege%20should%20contact%20a%20local%20group.%20%20Pseudoarchaeology%20Main%20article%3A%20Pseudoarchaeology.%20Pseudoarchaeology%20is%20an%20umbrella%20term%20for%20all%20activities%20that%20claim%20to%20be%20archaeological%20but%20in%20fact%20violate%20commonly%20accepted%20archaeological%20practices.%20It%20includes%20much%20fictional%20archaeological%20work%20(discussed%20above)%2C%20as%20well%20as%20some%20actual%20activity.%20Many%20non-fiction%20authors%20have%20ignored%20the%20scientific%20methods%20of%20processual%20archaeology%2C%20or%20the%20specific%20critiques%20of%20it%20contained%20in%20Post-processualism.%20An%20example%20of%20this%20type%20is%20the%20author%2C%20Erich%20von%20D%5CxE4niken.%20His%20Chariots%20of%20the%20Gods%20(1968)%2C%20together%20with%20many%20subsequent%2C%20lesser-known%20works%2C%20expounds%20a%20theory%20of%20ancient%20contacts%20between%20human%20civilisation%20on%20Earth%20and%20more%20technologically%20advanced%20extraterrestrial%20civilisations.%20(This%20theory%2C%20known%20as%20palaeocontact%20theory%2C%20is%20not%20exclusively%20D%5CxE4niken%5Cs.)%20Works%20of%20this%20nature%20are%20usually%20marked%20by%20the%20renunciation%20of%20well-established%20theories%20on%20the%20basis%20of%20limited%20evidence%2C%20and%20the%20interpretation%20of%20evidence%20with%20a%20preconceived%20theory%20in%20mind.%20%20Looting%20Looting%20of%20archaeological%20sites%20by%20people%20in%20search%20of%20hoards%20of%20buried%20treasure%20is%20an%20ancient%20problem.%20For%20instance%2C%20many%20of%20the%20tombs%20of%20the%20Egyptian%20pharaohs%20were%20looted%20in%20antiquity.%20The%20advent%20of%20archaeology%20has%20made%20ancient%20sites%20objects%20of%20great%20scientific%20and%20public%20interest%2C%20but%20it%20has%20also%20attracted%20unwelcome%20attention%20to%20the%20works%20of%20past%20peoples.%20A%20brisk%20commercial%20demand%20for%20artefacts%20encourages%20looting%20and%20the%20illicit%20antiquities%20trade%20which%20smuggles%20items%20abroad%20to%20private%20collectors.%20Looters%20not%20only%20damage%20the%20integrity%20of%20a%20historic%20site%20and%20rob%20local%20people%20of%20their%20heritage%20but%20by%20removing%20artefacts%20from%20their%20context%2C%20they%20also%20deny%20archaeologists%20valuable%20information%20that%20would%20be%20learnt%20from%20excavation.%20The%20popular%20consciousness%20may%20associate%20looting%20with%20poor%20Third%20World%20countries.%20Many%20are%20former%20homes%20to%20many%20well-known%20ancient%20civilisations%20but%20lack%20the%20financial%20resources%20or%20political%20will%20to%20protect%20even%20the%20most%20significant%20sites.%20Certainly%2C%20the%20high%20prices%20that%20intact%20objects%20can%20command%20relative%20to%20a%20poor%20farmer%5Cs%20income%20make%20looting%20a%20tempting%20financial%20proposition%20for%20some%20local%20people.%20However%2C%20looting%20has%20taken%20its%20toll%20in%20places%20as%20rich%20and%20populous%20as%20the%20United%20States%20and%20Western%20Europe%20as%20well.%20Abandoned%20towns%20of%20the%20ancient%20Sinagua%20people%20of%20Arizona%2C%20clearly%20visible%20in%20the%20desert%20landscape%2C%20have%20been%20destroyed%20in%20large%20numbers%20by%20treasure%20hunters.%20Sites%20in%20more%20densely%20populated%20areas%20farther%20east%20have%20also%20been%20looted.%20Where%20looting%20is%20prescribed%20by%20law%20it%20takes%20place%20under%20cover%20of%20night%2C%20with%20the%20metal%20detector%20a%20common%20instrument%20used%20to%20identify%20profitable%20places%20to%20dig.%20%20Public%20outreach%20Motivated%20by%20a%20desire%20to%20halt%20looting%2C%20curb%20pseudoarchaeology%2C%20and%20to%20secure%20greater%20public%20funding%20and%20appreciation%20for%20their%20work%2C%20archaeologists%20are%20mounting%20public-outreach%20campaigns.%20They%20seek%20to%20stop%20looting%20by%20informing%20prospective%20artefact%20collectors%20of%20the%20provenance%20of%20these%20goods%2C%20and%20by%20alerting%20people%20who%20live%20near%20archaeological%20sites%20of%20the%20threat%20of%20looting%20and%20the%20danger%20that%20it%20poses%20to%20science%20and%20their%20own%20heritage.%20Common%20methods%20of%20public%20outreach%20include%20press%20releases%20and%20the%20encouragement%20of%20school%20field%20trips%20to%20sites%20under%20excavation.%20The%20final%20audience%20for%20archaeologists%5C%20work%20is%20the%20public%20and%20it%20is%20increasingly%20realised%20that%20their%20work%20is%20ultimately%20being%20done%20to%20benefit%20and%20inform%20them.%20The%20social%20benefits%20of%20local%20heritage%20awareness%20are%20also%20being%20recognised%20with%20initiatives%20to%20increase%20civic%20and%20individual%20pride%20through%20projects%20such%20as%20community%20excavation%20projects%20and%20better%20interpretation%20and%20presentation%20of%20existing%20sites.%20%20Descendant%20peoples%20In%20the%20United%20States%2C%20Native%20Americans%20tend%20to%20mistrust%20archaeology.%20This%20mistrust%20is%20well-founded.%20For%20years%2C%20American%20archaeologists%20have%20been%20digging%20up%20Indian%20burial%20grounds%20and%20other%20places%20considered%20sacred%2C%20and%20carting%20away%20any%20artefacts%20and%20human%20remains%20to%20storage%20facilities%20for%20further%20study.%20Adding%20insult%20to%20injury%2C%20many%20skeletons%20were%20not%20even%20thoroughly%20studied.%20Furthermore%2C%20Western%20archaeologists%5C%20views%20of%20the%20past%20are%20different%20from%20those%20of%20tribal%20peoples.%20The%20West%20views%20time%20as%20linear%3B%20for%20natives%2C%20it%20is%20cyclic.%20From%20a%20Western%20perspective%2C%20the%20past%20is%20long-gone%3B%20from%20a%20native%20perspective%2C%20disturbing%20the%20past%20can%20have%20dire%20consequences%20in%20the%20present.%20To%20an%20archaeologist%2C%20the%20past%20is%20long-gone%20and%20must%20be%20reconstructed%3B%20to%20a%20native%2C%20it%20is%20yet%20alive.%20As%20a%20consequence%20of%20this%20misunderstanding%2C%20American%20Indians%20have%20often%20attempted%20to%20prevent%20archaeological%20excavation%20of%20sites%20inhabited%20by%20their%20ancestors%2C%20while%20American%20archaeologists%20have%20paid%20them%20little%20heed.%20This%20situation%20is%20beginning%20to%20change.%20The%20Native%20American%20Graves%20Protection%20and%20Repatriation%20Act%20(NAGPRA%2C%201990)%2C%20limits%20the%20right%20of%20research%20institutions%20to%20possess%20human%20remains.%20Due%20in%20part%20to%20the%20spirit%20of%20postprocessualism%2C%20some%20archaeologists%20have%20begun%20to%20actively%20enlist%20the%20assistance%20of%20indigenous%20peoples%20likely%20to%20be%20descended%20from%20those%20under%20study.%20Archaeologists%20have%20also%20been%20obliged%20to%20re-examine%20what%20constitutes%20an%20archaeological%20site%20in%20view%20of%20what%20native%20peoples%20believe%20to%20constitute%20sacred%20space.%20To%20many%20native%20peoples%2C%20natural%20features%20such%20as%20lakes%2C%20mountains%20or%20even%20individual%20trees%20have%20cultural%20significance.%20Australian%20archaeologists%20especially%20have%20explored%20this%20issue%20and%20attempted%20to%20survey%20these%20sites%20in%20order%20to%20give%20them%20some%20protection%20from%20being%20developed.%20Such%20work%20requires%20close%20links%20and%20trust%20between%20archaeologists%20and%20the%20people%20they%20are%20trying%20to%20help%20and%20at%20the%20same%20time%20study.%20While%20this%20cooperation%20presents%20a%20new%20set%20of%20challenges%20and%20hurdles%20to%20fieldwork%2C%20it%20has%20benefits%20for%20all%20parties%20involved.%20Tribal%20elders%20cooperating%20with%20archaeologists%20can%20prevent%20the%20excavation%20of%20areas%20of%20sites%20that%20they%20consider%20sacred%2C%20while%20the%20archaeologists%20gain%20the%20elders%5C%20aid%20in%20interpreting%20their%20finds.%20There%20have%20also%20been%20active%20efforts%20to%20recruit%20aboriginal%20peoples%20directly%20into%20the%20archaeological%20profession.%20%20Related%20topics%20%20List%20of%20famous%20archaeological%20discoveries%20List%20of%20famous%20archaeological%20sites%20List%20of%20archaeologists%20%20%20External%20links%20%20Excavation%20Sites%20Archaeological%20work%20and%20volunteer%20pages.%20Archaeology%20in%20Popular%20Culture%20Anthropology%20Resources%20on%20the%20Internet%20-%20Anthropology%20Resources%20on%20the%20Internet%26%23160%3B%3A%20a%20web%20directory%20with%20over%203000%20links%20grouped%20in%20specialised%20topics.%20Archaeology%20magazine%20published%20by%20the%20Archaeological%20Institute%20of%20America%20Archaeology%20Directory%20-%20Directory%20of%20archaeological%20topics%20on%20the%20web.%20The%202003-%20Iraq%20War%20%26amp%3B%20Archaeology%20Information%20about%20looting%20in%20Iraq.%20%20%20Further%20reading%20%20Ashmore%2C%20W.%20and%20Sharer%2C%20R.%20J.%2C%20Discovering%20Our%20Past%3A%20A%20Brief%20Introduction%20to%20Archaeology%20Mountain%20View%3A%20Mayfield%20Publishing%20Company.%20ISBN%20076741196X.%20This%20has%20also%20been%20used%20as%20a%20source.%20Neumann%2C%20Thomas%20W.%20and%20Robert%20M.%20Sanford%2C%20Practicing%20Archaeology%3A%20A%20Training%20Manual%20for%20Cultural%20Resources%20Archaeology%20Rowman%20and%20Littlefield%20Pub%20Inc%2C%20August%2C%202001%2C%20hardcover%2C%20450%20pages%2C%20ISBN%200759100942%20Renfrew%2C%20Colin%20%26amp%3B%20Bahn%2C%20Paul%20G.%2C%20Archaeology%3A%20Theories%2C%20Methods%20and%20Practice%2C%20Thames%20and%20Hudson%2C%204th%20edition%2C%202004.%20ISBN%200500284415%20Sanford%2C%20Robert%20M.%20and%20Thomas%20W.%20Neumann%2C%20Cultural%20Resources%20Archaeology%3A%20An%20Introduction%2C%20Rowman%20and%20Littlefield%20Pub%20Inc%2C%20December%2C%202001%2C%20trade%20paperback%2C%20256%20pages%2C%20ISBN%200759100950%20Trigger%2C%20Bruce.%201990.%20%5CA%20History%20of%20Archaeological%20Thought%5C.%20Cambridge%3A%20Cambridge%20University%20Press.%20ISBN%200521338182%20%20%20%20%20Categories%3A%20Anthropology%20%7C%20Archaeology%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20... archaeologist. He is married for the second time; he has two sons from his first marriage and another two children acquired by marriage. His hobbies include cross-country and %20%20%20Although%20marathon%20sometimes%20refers%20to%20any%20athletic%20event%20requiring%20great%20endurance%2C%20more%20specifically%20it%20refers%20to%20a%20long-distance%20track%20event%20of%2042%2C195%20m%20(26%20miles%20and%20385%20yards).%20... marathon running. He speaks German and French, but his English is weaker; this was used to doubt his qualification for the EC.

Political career

After the %20%20The%20%5CVelvet%20Revolution%5C%20(Czech%3A%20sametov%5CxE1%20revoluce%2C%20Slovak%3A%20ne%26%23382%3Bn%5CxE1%20revol%5CxFAcia)%20(November%2016%20-%20December%2029%201989)%20refers%20to%20a%20bloodless%20revolution%20in%20Czechoslovakia%20that%20saw%20the%20overthrow%20of%20the%20communist%20government%20there.%20... Velvet revolution he entered local politics in the town of Jindrichuv Hradec where he lived and immediately joined the re-founded %20%20%20The%20Czech%20Social%20Democratic%20Party%20(%20%20Czech%3A%20%26%23268%3Besk%26%23225%3B%20strana%20soci%26%23225%3Bln%26%23283%3B%20demokratick%26%23225%3B%20or%20%26%23268%3BSSD)%20is%20the%20%20%20Social%20Democrat%20%20%20political%20party%20in%20the%20%20%20Czech%20Republic.%20... Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD, then called Czechoslovak Social Democracy). In %20%20%201991%20is%20a%20%20%20common%20year%20starting%20on%20Tuesday%20of%20the%20%20%20Gregorian%20calendar.%20%20%20%20... 1991-%20%20%201996%20is%20a%20%20%20leap%20year%20starting%20on%20Monday%20of%20the%20%20%20Gregorian%20calendar%2C%20and%20was%20designated%20the%20International%20Year%20for%20the%20Eradication%20of%20Poverty.%20%20%20%20... 1996 he served as the director of the local job centre. In 1992, he became a member of the Presidium of ČSSD, in March %20%20%201997%20is%20a%20%20%20common%20year%20starting%20on%20Wednesday%20of%20the%20%20%20Gregorian%20calendar%2C%20and%20was%20designated%20the%20International%20Year%20of%20the%20Reef.%20%20%20%20... 1997 its statutory Vice-Chairman, and in April 2001 Chairman of ČSSD after its previous chairman %20%20%20%20%20%20%20Milo%26%23353%3B%20Zeman%20in%20Brussels%20to%20discuss%20entry%20into%20the%20EU%20%20%20Milo%26%23353%3B%20Zeman%20%20%20%26%23160%3Blisten%3F%20(born%20%20%2028th%20September%2C%20%20%201944%20in%20%20%20Kol%26%23237%3Bn)%20is%20a%20well-known%20%20%20Czech%20politician.%20... Miloš Zeman stepped aside. In %20%20%201996%20is%20a%20%20%20leap%20year%20starting%20on%20Monday%20of%20the%20%20%20Gregorian%20calendar%2C%20and%20was%20designated%20the%20International%20Year%20for%20the%20Eradication%20of%20Poverty.%20%20%20%20... 1996 he was elected to the parliament. He held the post of the First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Labour and Social Affairs in Zeman's government (%20(Redirected%20from%2022nd%20July)%20%20July%2022%20is%20the%20203rd%20day%20(204th%20in%20leap%20years)%20of%20the%20year%20in%20the%20Gregorian%20Calendar%2C%20with%20162%20days%20remaining.%20%20%20%20%20... July 22, %20%20%201998%20is%20a%20%20%20common%20year%20starting%20on%20Thursday%20of%20the%20%20%20Gregorian%20calendar%2C%20and%20was%20designated%20the%20International%20Year%20of%20the%20Ocean.%20%20%20%20... 1998 to %20(Redirected%20from%2012th%20July)%20%20July%2012%20is%20the%20193rd%20day%20(194th%20in%20leap%20years)%20of%20the%20year%20in%20the%20Gregorian%20Calendar%2C%20with%20172%20days%20remaining.%20%20%20%20%20... July 12, %20%20%202002%20is%20a%20%20%20common%20year%20starting%20on%20Tuesday%20of%20the%20%20%20Gregorian%20calendar.%20... 2002).

He was appointed as Prime Minister on July 12, 2002 in the coalition government of his ČSSD together with small %20%20The%20Christian%20and%20Democratic%20Union%20-%20Czechoslovak%20People%5Cs%20Party%20(in%20%20%20Czech%3A%20K%26%23345%3Bes%26%23357%3Bansk%26%23225%3B%20a%20demokratick%26%23225%3B%20unie%20-%20%26%23268%3Beskoslovensk%26%23225%3B%20strana%20lidov%26%23225%3B%20or%20KDU-%26%23268%3BSL%2C%20also%20known%20under%20short%20name%20lidovci)%20is%20the%20%20%20Christian%20democratic%20%20%20political%20party%20in%20the%20%20%20Czech%20Republic.%20%20%20... Christian Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party and %20%20%20%20%20This%20article%20is%20part%20of%20or%20related%20to%20the%20Liberalism%20series%20%20%20%20%20Categories%3A%20Politics%20stubs%20%7C%20Liberal%20related%20stubs%20%7C%20Liberal%20parties%20%7C%20Czech%20political%20parties%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20... Freedom Union-Democratic Union. During that time, he also held %20%20%20This%20is%20a%20list%20of%20presidents%20of%20the%20Czech%20Republic.%20... President's powers from %20%20February%202%20is%20the%2033rd%20day%20of%20the%20year%20in%20the%20Gregorian%20Calendar.%20... February 2, %20%20%202003%20is%20a%20%20%20common%20year%20starting%20on%20Wednesday%20of%20the%20%20%20Gregorian%20calendar%2C%20and%20also%3A%20%20The%20International%20Year%20of%20%20%20Freshwater%20The%20European%20%20%20Disability%20Year%20%20%20%20%20Events%20%20%20%20%20%20January%20%20%20%20January%201%20-%20%20Lu%26%23237%3Bz%20In%26%23225%3Bcio%20Lula%20Da%20Silva%20becomes%20the%2037th%20President%20of%20%20%20Brazil.%20%20%20... 2003 until %20%20March%207%20is%20the%2066th%20day%20of%20the%20year%20in%20the%20Gregorian%20Calendar%20(67th%20in%20Leap%20years).%20... March 7, %20%20%202003%20is%20a%20%20%20common%20year%20starting%20on%20Wednesday%20of%20the%20%20%20Gregorian%20calendar%2C%20and%20also%3A%20%20The%20International%20Year%20of%20%20%20Freshwater%20The%20European%20%20%20Disability%20Year%20%20%20%20%20Events%20%20%20%20%20%20January%20%20%20%20January%201%20-%20%20Lu%26%23237%3Bz%20In%26%23225%3Bcio%20Lula%20Da%20Silva%20becomes%20the%2037th%20President%20of%20%20%20Brazil.%20%20%20... 2003, as the term of the President had ended before the Parliament could elect a new one. His government tried, with great difficulties due to tensions within coalition and its bare majority in the parliament, to introduce reforms necessary to battle the growing budget deficit; however they were criticised by the opposition and pundits as being too mild and consisting rather of increasing taxes than cutting expenses and stimulating economic growth, with the government unwilling (and partly also unable due to its precarious situation) to take radical measures. Špidla resigned as Prime Minister in %20%20%20%20June%20is%20the%20sixth%20month%20of%20the%20year%20in%20the%20Gregorian%20Calendar%20and%20one%20of%20four%20with%20the%20length%20of%2030%20days.%20... June %20%20%202004%20is%20a%20%20%20leap%20year%20starting%20on%20Thursday%20of%20the%20%20%20Gregorian%20calendar.%20... 2004 after poor results of his party and coalition in general in the %20%20%20Elections%20to%20the%20European%20Parliament%20were%20held%20from%20June%2010%2C%202004%20to%20June%2013%2C%202004%20in%20the%2025%20member%20states%20of%20the%20European%20Union%2C%20using%20varying%20election%20days%20according%20to%20local%20custom.%20... European Parliament election, 2004 and loss of support within ČSSD, and officially left office on July 26, 2004. Mild economic growth during his duty as prime minister, however, continued ( GDP 3.3% in 2001, 2.9% est. in 2004). He was succeeded by interior minister and deputy prime minister %20%20%20%20See%20also%3A%20List%20of%20Prime%20Ministers%20of%20the%20Czech%20Republic%20%20External%20links%20%20Official%20biography%20(in%20Czech)%20Czech%20PM%20faces%20corruption%20claim%20-%20BBC%20NEws%20%20%20Categories%3A%20People%20stubs%20%7C%201969%20births%20%7C%20Czech%20politicians%20%7C%20Prime%20ministers%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20... Stanislav Gross whose government will however not differ much from the previous one and was officially appointed on August 4. After a short hesitation Špidla accepted nomination to the %20%20%20%20The%20European%20Commission%20(formally%20the%20Commission%20of%20the%20European%20Communities)%20is%20the%20executive%20of%20the%20European%20Union.%20... European Commission, where, as of 22 November 2004, he is European Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.

Špidla is considered a part of ČSSD's left wing (though he's strongly anti-communist); in foreign policy, he has always been strongly pro-European and supports further integration. His generally accepted image is a man of personal integrity and honesty (putting him at the top of Czech politicians) but a dry technocrat who couldn't communicate his undeniable statesman's vision to the public and wasn't even able to keep his own party in line as his predecessor did. His acceptance of the EC post was criticised as a "%20%20A%20golden%20handshake%20or%20golden%20parachute%20is%20a%20clause%20in%20an%20executive%20employment%20contract%20that%20provides%20the%20executive%20with%20a%20significant%20severance%20package%20in%20the%20case%20that%20the%20executive%20loses%20their%20job%20through%20firing%2C%20restructuring%2C%20or%20even%20scheduled%20retirement.%20... golden parachute", ousting the previous comparatively popular person, appointed by his own government, but also as running away from his battle to steer the course of ČSSD and Czech politics.

See also

• %20%20%20%20The%20Czech%20political%20scene%20supports%20a%20broad%20spectrum%20of%20parties%20ranging%20from%20the%20semi-reformed%20Communist%20Party%20on%20the%20far%20left%20to%20various%20nationalistic%20parties%20on%20the%20extreme%20right.%20... Politics of the Czech Republic
• %20%20%20The%20Czech%20Social%20Democratic%20Party%20(%20%20Czech%3A%20%26%23268%3Besk%26%23225%3B%20strana%20soci%26%23225%3Bln%26%23283%3B%20demokratick%26%23225%3B%20or%20%26%23268%3BSSD)%20is%20the%20%20%20Social%20Democrat%20%20%20political%20party%20in%20the%20%20%20Czech%20Republic.%20... Czech Social Democratic Party
• %20%20%20This%20is%20a%20list%20of%20Prime%20Ministers%20of%20the%20Czech%20Republic.%20... List of Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic

External link

• Official biography at Czech government website (http://wtd.vlada.cz/scripts/detail.php?id=2454) - out of date
• Current official website (in European Commission) (http://europa.eu.int/comm/commission_barroso/spidla/index.htm)