A vocoder (name derived from voice encoder, formerly also called voder) is a speech analyzer and synthesizer. It was originally developed as a speech coder for telecommunications applications in the 1930s, the idea being to code speech for transmission. Its primary use in this fashion is for secure radio communication, where voice has to be digitized, encrypted and then transmitted on a narrow, voice-bandwidth channel. The vocoder has also been used extensively as an electronic musical instrument. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A synthesizer (or synthesiser) is an electronic musical instrument designed to produce electronically generated sound, using techniques such as additive, subtractive, FM, physical modelling synthesis, phase distortion, or Scanned synthesis. ... Telecommunication involves the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. ... The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known in Europe as the World Depression. ... The word encoding has a number of meanings. ... Digitizing, or digitization, is the process of turning an analog signal into a digital representation of that signal. ... This article is about algorithms for encryption and decryption. ... An electronic musical instrument is a musical instrument that produces its sounds using electronics. ...

The vocoder is related to, but essentially different from, the computer algorithm known as the "phase vocoder". The phase vocoder is a type of vocoder which preserves both frequency and phase information. ...

Early 1970s vocoder

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (900x600, 78 KB)Early 1970´s transistor vocoder custom built and used by the pop duo Kraftwerk for the album Ralf und Florian File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (900x600, 78 KB)Early 1970´s transistor vocoder custom built and used by the pop duo Kraftwerk for the album Ralf und Florian File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this...

How a vocoder works

Vocoder theory

The human voice consists of sounds generated by the opening and closing of the glottis by the vocal cords, which produces a periodic waveform with many harmonics. This basic sound is then filtered by the nose and throat (a complicated resonant piping system) to produce differences in harmonic content (formants) in a controlled way, creating the wide variety of sounds used in speech. There is another set of sounds, known as the unvoiced and plosive sounds, which are not modified by the mouth in the same fashion. The human voice consists of sound made by a human using the vocal folds for talking, singing, laughing, screaming. ... The space between the vocal cords is called the glottis. ... // Bold textItalic text The vocal folds, also known popularly as vocal cords, are composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the larynx. ... In acoustics and telecommunication, the harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the signal that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. ... An audio filter is a type of filter used for processing sound signals. ... This article is about resonance in physics. ... Spectrogram of American English vowels [i, u, É‘] showing the formants f1 and f2 A formant is a peak in an acoustic frequency spectrum which results from the resonant frequencies of any acoustical system. ... In phonetics, a voiceless consonant is a consonant that does not have voicing. ... A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ...

The vocoder examines speech by finding this basic carrier wave, which is at the fundamental frequency, and measuring how its spectral characteristics are changed over time by recording someone speaking. This results in a series of numbers representing these modified frequencies at any particular time as the user speaks. In doing so, the vocoder dramatically reduces the amount of information needed to store speech, from a complete recording to a series of numbers. To recreate speech, the vocoder simply reverses the process, creating the fundamental frequency in an oscillator, then passing it through a stage that filters the frequency content based on the originally recorded series of numbers. A carrier wave, or carrier is a waveform (usually sinusoidal) that is modulated (modified) to represent the information to be transmitted. ... The fundamental tone, often referred to simply as the fundamental, is the lowest frequency in a harmonic series. ... Cross coupled LC oscillator with output on top An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a repetitive electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave. ...

Early vocoders

Most analog vocoder systems use a number of frequency channels, all tuned to different frequencies (using band-pass filters). The various values of these filters are stored not as the raw numbers, which are all based on the original fundamental frequency, but as a series of modifications to that fundamental needed to modify it into the signal seen in the output of that filter. During playback these settings are sent back into the filters and then added together, modified with the knowledge that speech typically varies between these frequencies in a fairly linear way. The result is recognizable speech, although somewhat "mechanical" sounding. Vocoders also often include a second system for generating unvoiced sounds, using a noise generator instead of the fundamental frequency. An analog or analogue signal is an allergy continuous in both time and amplitude. ... The frequency axis of this symbolic diagram would be logarithmically scaled. ...

The first experiments with a vocoder were conducted in 1928 by Bell Labs engineer Homer Dudley, who eventually patented it in 1935. Dudley's vocoder was used in the SIGSALY system, which was built by Bell Labs engineers (Alan Turing was briefly involved) in 1943. The SIGSALY system was used for encrypted high-level communications during WW-II. Later work in this field has been conducted by James Flanagan. Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) was the main research and development arm of the United States Bell System. ... SIGSALY exhibit at the National Cryptologic Museum In cryptography, SIGSALY (also Green Hornet) was a telephone scrambler used in World War II for the highest-level Allied communications. ... Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) was the main research and development arm of the United States Bell System. ... Alan Mathison Turing, OBE (June 23, 1912 – June 7, 1954), was an English mathematician, logician, and cryptographer. ... SIGSALY exhibit at the National Cryptologic Museum In cryptography, SIGSALY (also Green Hornet) was a telephone scrambler used in World War II for the highest-level Allied communications. ... James L. Flanagan is an electrical engineer, and is Rutgers vice president for research. ...

Linear prediction-based vocoders

Since the late 1970s, most non-musical vocoders have been implemented using linear prediction, whereby the target signal's spectral envelope (formant) is estimated by an all-pole IIR filter. In linear prediction coding, the all-pole filter replaces the bandpass filter bank of its predecessor and is used at the encoder to whiten the signal (i.e., flatten the spectrum) and again at the decoder to re-apply the spectral shape of the target speech signal. In contrast with vocoders realized using bandpass filter banks, the location of the linear predictor's spectral peaks is entirely determined by the target signal and need not be harmonic, i.e., a whole-number multiple of the basic frequency. Template:A year The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... Linear prediction is a mathematical operation where future values of a digital signal are estimated as a linear function of previous samples. ... IIR (infinite impulse response) is a property of signal processing systems. ... An FIR filter In electronics,nirali a digital filter is any electronic filter that works by performing digital mathematical operations on an intermediate form of a signal. ... In acoustics and telecommunication, the harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the signal that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. ...

Modern vocoder implementations

Even with the need to record several frequencies, and the additional unvoiced sounds, the compression of the vocoder system is impressive. Standard systems to record speech record a frequency from about 500 Hz to 3400 Hz, where most of the frequencies used in speech lie, which requires 64kbit/s of bandwidth (the Nyquist rate). However a vocoder can provide a reasonably good simulation with as little as 2400 bit/s of bandwidth, a 26× improvement. The sampling frequency or sampling rate defines the number of samples per second taken from a continuous signal to make a discrete signal. ...

Several vocoder systems are used in NSA encryption systems: The National Security Agency took over responsibility for all U.S. Government encryption systems when it was formed in 1952. ...

• LPC-10, FIPS Pub 137, 2400 bit/s, which uses linear predictive coding
• Code Excited Linear Prediction, (CELP), 2400 and 4800 bit/s, Federal Standard 1016, used in STU-III
• Continuously Variable Slope Delta-modulation (CVSD), 16 Kbit/s, used in wide band encryptors such as the KY-57.
• Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction (MELP), MIL STD 3005, 2400 bit/s, used in the Future Narrowband Digital Terminal FNBDT, NSA's 21st century secure telephone.
• Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM), former ITU-T G.721, 32Kbit/s used in STE secure telephone

(ADPCM is not a proper vocoder but rather a waveform codec. ITU has gathered G.721 along with some other ADPCM codecs into G.726.) FIPS could mean Federal Information Processing Standard, publicly announced standards developed by the U.S. Federal government. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Code Excited Linear Prediction. ... CELP stands for Code Excited Linear Prediction and is a speech coding algorithm described by the US Federal Standard FIPS 1016. ... A STU-III secure telephone; this model AT&T STU-III is a family of secure telephones introduced in 1987 by the NSA for use by the United States government, its contractors, and its allies . ... The Speech Security Equipment (VINSON), TSEC/KY-57, is a portable, tactical cryptographic device in the VINSON family, designed to provide voice encryption for a range of military communication devices such as radio or telephone. ... Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction is a DoD speech coding standard used mainly in military applications and satellite communications. ... SCIP is the U.S. Governments standard for secure voice and data communication. ... The National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS) is the U.S. governments cryptologic organization. ... Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a digital representation of an analog signal where the magnitude of the signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, then quantized to a series of symbols in a digital (usually binary) code. ... The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) coordinates standards for telecommunications on behalf of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is based in Geneva, Switzerland. ... STE desk set. ... The International Telecommunication Union (ITU; French: Union internationale des télécommunications, Spanish: Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones) is an international organization established to standardize and regulate international radio and telecommunications. ...

Musical applications

For musical applications, a source of musical sounds is used as the carrier, instead of extracting the fundamental frequency. For instance, one could use the sound of a guitar as the input to the filter bank, a technique that became popular in the 1970s. Allegory of Music on the Opéra Garnier Music is an art form that involves organised sounds and silence. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Template:A year The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ...

Musical history

In 1970, electronic music pioneers Wendy Carlos and Robert Moog developed one of the first truly musical vocoders. A 10-band device inspired by the vocoder designs of Homer Dudley, it was originally called a spectrum encoder-decoder, and later referred to simply as a vocoder. The carrier signal came from a Moog modular synthesizer, and the modulator from a microphone input. The output of the 10-band vocoder was fairly intelligible, but relied on specially articulated speech. Later improved vocoders use a high-pass filter to let some sibilance through from the microphone; this ruins the device for its original speech-coding application, but it makes the "talking synthesizer" effect much more intelligible. Wendy Carlos (November 14, 1939 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island) is an American composer and electronic musician. ... Dr. Robert Arthur Moog (pronounced // to rhyme with vogue, not //) (May 23, 1934 – August 21, 2005) was a pioneer of electronic music, best known as the inventor of the Moog synthesizer. ... Sine, square, triangle, and sawtooth waveforms The modular synthesizer is a type of synthesizer consisting of separate modules which must be connected by wires to create a so-called patch. ... A microphone, sometimes referred to as a mike or mic (both IPA pronunciation: ), is an acoustic to electric transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A sibilant is a type of fricative or affricate, made by directing a jet of air through a narrow channel towards the sharp edge of the teeth. ...

Carlos' and Moog's vocoder was featured in several recordings, including the soundtrack to Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange, in which the vocoder sang the vocal part of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. Also featured in the soundtrack was a piece called "Timesteps," which featured the vocoder in two sections. Originally, "Timesteps" was intended as merely an introduction to vocoders for the "timid listener", but Kubrick chose to include the piece on the soundtrack, much to the surprise of Wendy Carlos. // In film formats, the sound track is the physical area of the film which records the synchronized sound. ... Stanley Kubrick (July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an influential and acclaimed American film director and producer. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... 1820 portrait by Joseph Karl Stieler Beethoven redirects here. ...

In the late 1970s, vocoder began to appear in pop music, for example on disco recordings. A typical example is Giorgio Moroder's 1977 album From Here to Eternity. The vocoder is featured prominently on the Alan Parsons Project album, "Tails of Mystery and Imagination Edgar Allan Poe" and later on the "I Robot" album. Vocoders are often used to create the sound of a robot talking, as in the Styx song "Mr. Roboto". It was also used for the introduction to the Main Street Electrical Parade at Disneyland. For popular music (music produced commercially rather than art or folk music), see Popular music. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Mr. ... The Main Street Electrical Parade is a regularly-scheduled parade, created by Bob Jani, that is most famous for its long run at Disneyland at the Disneyland Resort most summers between 1972-1975, 1977-1982, and 1984-1996. ...

Vocoder has appeared on pop recordings from time to time ever since, but in most of cases vocoder works just as a some kind of special effect in pop music. However, many experimental electronic artists and representors of "new age" genre often utilize vocoder in a more comprehensive manner. Jean Michel Jarre (album Zoolook, 1984) and Mike Oldfield (album Five Miles Out, 1982) are good examples. There are also some artists who have made vocoder an essential part of their music. Those include the famous German group Kraftwerk, Roger Troutman's Zapp, jazz/fusion keyboardist Herbie Hancock during his late 1970s disco period, Patrick Cowley's late recordings and more recently, avant-garde-pop group Trans Am. The song "O Superman" by avant-garde musician Laurie Anderson is a popular recording released in 1981 that incorporates the vocoder. The KLF used vocoder-distorted voices in their 1991 "Stadium House" mix Last Train to Trancentral (Live from the Lost Continent). In 1998, Marilyn Manson utilized the vocoder heavily in their glam- and 70s-influenced LP Mechanical Animals, whereon such songs as "User Friendly" and "Posthuman" among others make substantial use of the technology. Since 1998, Manson has favored the live concert use of vocoders and many concert-goers can hear him use the technology when performing many songs, notably, "Antichrist Superstar". The bands The Faint, Air, Ween, and Death from Above 1979 all have extensive use of the vocoder. Daron Malakian, guitarist of System of a Down has used a Vocoder in the songs Sugar, War?, and Old School Hollywood. Muse also used a vocoder on their latest album, Black Holes and Revelations, most notably when performing the song "Supermassive Black Hole' live. French house duo Daft Punk are also very well-known for their use of vocoders for their songs that contain lyrics. Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters used a vocoder in the 1999 song, Generator. New Age music, is a vaguely defined style of music that is generally quite melodic and often primarily instrumental. ... Jean-Michel André Jarre (born August 24, 1948 in Lyon, France) is a French composer, performer and music producer. ... Zoolook is the fifth album by Jean-Michel Jarre, and released in 1984 on Disques Dreyfus. ... Michael Gordon Oldfield (born May 15, 1953 in Reading, England) is a multi-instrumentalist musician and composer, working a style that blends progressive rock, folk, ethnic or world music, classical music, electronic music and more recently dance. ... Five Miles Out is a record album written and mostly performed by Mike Oldfield. ... Kraftwerk (pronounced [], German for power station) is a German musical group which has made significant contributions to the development of experimental and electronic music. ... Zapp was a soul and funk band formed in 1978 by the Troutman brothers (Roger, Larry, Lester, and Terry) and also included Bobby Glover, Eddie Barber, Bootsy Collins, Jannetta Boyce, Jerome Derrickson, Sherman Fleetwood, Gregory Jackson, and Michael Warren. ... The word Zapp can refer to: Zapp Brannigan, a character from the television series Futurama. ... Herbie Jeffrey Hancock (born April 12, 1940) is an Academy Award and multiple Grammy Award-winning jazz pianist and composer from Chicago, Illinois, U.S. Hancock is one of jazz musics most important and influential pianists and composers. ... Patrick Joseph Cowley (b October 19, 1950 Buffalo, New York - d November 12, 1982 San Francisco, California) was a Disco and Hi-NRG dance music composer and recording artist. ... Trans Am is a band that performs a mix of synth pop and rock music. ... O Superman (For Massenet) is a 1981 song by experimental performance artist and musician Laurie Anderson. ... Laurie Anderson (born Laura Phillips Anderson, on June 5, 1947, in Glen Ellyn, Illinois) is an American experimental performance artist and musician. ... The KLF (also known as The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (The JAMs), The Timelords and other names) was one of the seminal bands of the British acid house movement during the late 1980s and early 1990s. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Last Train To Trancentral is a song and - in different mixes - a series of singles by acid house pioneers The KLF. It is distinctive for an uplifting string-orchestrated break and a rhythm that mimicks the sound of a train in motion along its tracks. ... Marilyn Manson is a rock band based in Los Angeles, California. ... Mechanical Animals is Marilyn Mansons third full-length album, released on September 15, 1998. ... The Faint is an indie rock/synth pop band. ... Layers of Atmosphere (NOAA) Air redirects here. ... Ween is an alternative rock group formed in 1984 in New Hope, Pennsylvania when Aaron Freeman and Mickey Melchiondo met in a junior high school typing class. ... Death From Above 1979 was a Toronto based Canadian indie rock / Synth-Rock duo. ... Daron Malakian, CCA 2005 Daron Vartan Malakian (born July 18, 1975 in Hollywood, California, USA) is the guitarist in the Armenian-American band System of a Down, comprising vocalist Serj Tankian, bassist Shavo Odadjian, and drummer John Dolmayan. ... System of a Down (also referred to as SOAD or System) is a four-piece Grammy-award winning Alternative metal band, formed in 1995 in Los Angeles, California. ... Muse are a popular Brit Award-winning English rock band formed while at Teignmouth Community College in Teignmouth, Devon in 1992. ... Black Holes and Revelations is the fourth studio album by English rock band Muse. ... Top: artists conception of a supermassive black hole drawing material from a nearby star. ... French house is a late 1990s form of house music, greatly influenced by 1970s and 1980s disco and funk as well as the productions of Thomas Bangalter. ... Daft Punk is the collective name of Paris musicians Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo (born February 8, 1974)[1] and Thomas Bangalter (born January 3, 1975). ... Foo Fighters are a rock group formed by musician Dave Grohl in 1995. ...

Legendary funk artist Prince recorded the vocals to his 2006 song "Incense and Candles" using a vocoder. This song can be heard on the album 3121. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The 32nd century (Gregorian Calendar) comprises the years 3101-3200. ...

Sam La More and GT's new wave / electro supergroup Tonite Only recorded their hits Danger (The Bomb) and Where The Party's At using a Clavia Nord Modular vocoder. Nodisco was the first band that recorded full vocal lines in italian with a vocoder, in several songs from the album Pensiero Attivo, in 2004. Eurodance/techno band Eiffel 65 uses a vocoder in almost every song in their first two albums Europop and Contact!, but not so much in their self titled album, Eiffel 65 Sam La More, real name Sam Littlemore, is an Australian record producer and recording artist working in Hollywood, Sydney and London. ... GT may stand for: Ford GT (car) Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly known as Georgia Tech Golden Tee (video golf game from Incredible Technologies, Inc. ... Tonite Only was an electronic music group formed late 2005 in Sydney, Australia which disbanded late 2006. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Europop is a dance album by the popular Italian dance-pop group Eiffel 65. ... Contact! is the second album by Eiffel 65, released in 2001. ... The album Eiffel 65 is the self-titled third album of the popular Italian dance-pop group Eiffel 65. ...

Imogen Heap uses the vocoder and her voice only for the song Hide and Seek on the album Speak for Yourself. She manipulates this via a MIDI keyboard to create the harmonies she wants her voice to do. Imogen Heap (born December 9, 1977) is a Grammy-nominated English singer-songwriter from Essex, most famous for her work as part of Frou Frou and for her 2005 solo record Speak for Yourself. ... Hide and Seek is the first single by Imogen Heap from her album Speak For Yourself. ... Speak For Yourself is the second solo album by British singer Imogen Heap, following her collaborative effort with Guy Sigsworth as Frou Frou. ...

The vocoder effect is also used briefly in Bloc Party's album A Weekend in the City on the track "Uniform". Bloc Party are an English indie rock band. ... A Weekend in the City is the second studio album by Bloc Party, which was released on February 5, 2007. ...

Other voice effects

"Robot voices" became a recurring element in popular music during the late twentieth century. Several methods of producing variations on this effect have arisen, of which the vocoder is only one. It is still the best known and most widely-used, though the following other pieces of music technology are often confused with the vocoder:

The Sonovox, Talk box, Autotuner, Linear predictive coding, Ring modulator, Speech synthesis, and Comb filter. A vocoder (name derived from voice coder, formerly also called voder) is a speech analyser and synthesizer. ... A talk box is a musical sound effects device that allows a musician to modify the sound of a musical instrument by changing the shape of the mouth. ... Auto-Tune 4 This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Code Excited Linear Prediction. ... Ring modulation is an audio effect performed by multiplying two audio signals, where one is typically a sine-wave or another simple waveform. ... Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. ... In signal processing, a comb filter adds a delayed version of a signal to itself, causing constructive and destructive interference. ...

The sub-page Robotic voice effects includes more detailed comparisons. Robot voices became a recurring element in popular music during the late twentieth century, and several methods of producing variations on this effect have arisen. ...

Television,film and game applications

Vocoders have also been used in television,film and games usually for robots or talking computers:

• One of the earliest film applications of vocoding can be heard in the flashback preludes of the 1949 movie A Letter to Three Wives.
• In Transformers, the vocal effects of Soundwave were created with vocoders.
• The Cylons from Battlestar Galactica used a Roland Vocoder to create their monotone voice.
• A vocoder was used by Wendy Carlos for the soundtrack to Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange, particularly the choirs in "An die Freude".
• In the film Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Heart Club Band, the robotic singing of the Computerettes in the song "Mean Mr. Mustard" was achieved by using a vocoder.
• A vocoder was used in the soundtrack for the movie Donnie Darko to create tension and mystery.
• The 1981 UK Children's TV series Chockablock used a Vocoder in the title theme.
• The 1981 version of the Doctor Who opening theme has a section generated by a Vocoder. It is first obvious about 15 seconds into the theme.
• Vocoders were utilized extensively by The Electric Light Orchestra, particularly on songs such as Mr. Blue Sky, The prologue from the 'Time' album, and The Diary of Horace Wimp, to name just a few.
• Imogen Heap uses a vocoder on many of her tracks.
• In the recent video game Half-Life 2 a vocoder is used by the Combine.

1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... (Left to right) Darnell, Sothern and Crain A Letter to Three Wives is a 1949 film which tells the story of a woman who mails a letter to three women, telling them she has left town with the husband of one of them. ... The Transformers (G1) 1984-1987, U.S. This page is a partner page to Transformers Universes, listing the various television series that the Transformer toyline has spawned since its creation in 1984. ... Soundwave is the name of three fictional characters from the Transformers universes. ... Old Cylon Centurion shown in a museum display in the 2003 Battlestar Galactica miniseries The Cylons are a cybernetic civilization at war with the Twelve Colonies of humanity in the Battlestar Galactica science fiction franchise, in the original 1978/1980 series and movie, as well as the 2003 reimagining. ... Battlestar Galactica is an American science fiction television series, produced in 1978 by Glen Larson and starring Lorne Greene, Richard Hatch and Dirk Benedict. ... Roland Corporation TYO: 7944 is a Japanese manufacturer of electronic musical instruments, electronic equipment and software. ... Wendy Carlos (November 14, 1939 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island) is an American composer and electronic musician. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Billy Preston as . ... Mean Mr. ... Donnie Darko is a 2001 psychological thriller containing elements of science fiction and horror, directed and written by Richard Kelly. ... Chock-A-Block was a BBC childrens television programme in the early 1980s. ... Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) was a successful Birmingham rock music group of the 1970s and 1980s. ... Standin In The Rain – 4:20 Big Wheels – 5:10 Summer and Lightning – 4:13 Mr. ... The Diary Of Horace Wimp is the title of a track from the Electric Light Orchestra album Discovery. ... Imogen Heap (born December 9, 1977) is a Grammy-nominated English singer-songwriter from Essex, most famous for her work as part of Frou Frou and for her 2005 solo record Speak for Yourself. ... Half-Life 2 (HL2) is a science fiction first-person shooter computer game that is the sequel to Half-Life. ... The Combine is a fictional powerful alien race and empire from Valve Corporations 2004 first-person shooter computer game Half-Life 2. ... Image File history File links Vocoder_demo. ... Software development stages In computer programming, development stage terminology expresses how the development of a piece of software has progressed and how much further development it may require. ...

See also

• Talk box
• Auto-Tune
• Speech synthesis

A talk box is a musical sound effects device that allows a musician to modify the sound of a musical instrument by changing the shape of the mouth. ... Auto-Tune is a proprietary audio processor for correcting pitch in vocal and instrumental performances. ... Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. ...

References

Cited references

See also

• List of music releases featuring a vocoder

The following music releases feature a vocoder: ABBA - Under Attack from The Visitors AFI (band) - Death of Seasons from Sing The Sorrow, 2003 Afrika Bambaataa - Planet Rock the Album, 1981 Air - Moon Safari, 1998 Alan Parsons Project - The Raven from Tales of Mystery and Imagination, 1976 Alvin Lucier - North American...

External links

• Vocod'o'rama, an Analogue Vocoder Fan Site.
• Vocoders at Vintage Synth Explorer
• GPL implementation of a vocoder, as a LADSPA plugin
• Various links on compression of human speech
• Native Instruments Vokator popular plugin
• Excellent O'Reilly Article on Vocoders
• Review of a popular vocoder software product/plugin by Cezanne Huq, called fusion:Vocode.