Space launch vehicleVolna ("wave" in Russian), is a converted SLBM used for launching artificial satellites into Orbit. It is based on the R-29R designed by State Rocket Center Makayev and related to the Shtil' Launch Vehicle . The Volna is a 3 stage launch vehicle that uses liquid propellant. The warhead section is used for the payloads that can be either put into orbit with the help of an additional boost engine or travel along a sub-orbital trajectory to be recovered at the landing site. Volna can be launched from Delta III class submarine or from land based facilities. Rockets (including missiles) can be launched from the following: for a launch into an orbital spaceflight and beyond: a launch pad, including a floating platform (see San Marco platform, Sea Launch) for the launch into a suborbital flight also: a missile silo a mobile launcher vehicle a submarine air launch... French M45 SLBM and M51 SLBM Submarine-launched ballistic missiles or SLBMs are ballistic missiles delivering nuclear weapons that are launched from submarines. ... For other uses, please see Satellite (disambiguation) A satellite is an object that orbits another object (known as its primary). ... R-29 is a series of Russian intercontinental ballistic missiles. ... The Makeyev Design Bureau is a Russian missile disign facility. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Volna. ... Delta III class submarine The 667BDR Kalmar (Squid) Delta-III class Submarine was a large Ballistic Missile Submarine. ...
Performance
Because of its mobile launch platform the Volna launch vehicle can reach a large number of different inclinations and could increase its performance to low Earth orbit by launching from equatorial sites. All flights to date have taken place from the Barents Sea. From this site the Volna can lift 100kg into a 400km high orbit with an inclination of 79 degrees. The warhead section can accommodate a payload of up to 1.3 m3. For sub-orbital missions the payload can be either a recoverable vehicle of up to 720kg or research equipment placed in a descent vehicle of up to 400kg. A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit in which objects such as satellites are below intermediate circular orbit (ICO) and far below geostationary orbit, but typically around 350 - 1400 km above the Earths surface. ... Location of the Barents Sea. ...
Launch history
The first launch of the Volna took place at June 6, 1995 on a suborbital trajectory. The payload of this flight was a thermal-convectional Earth model developed by Bremen University (Germany).
On 20 July2001 the second flight took place with a test vehicle of the Cosmos 1 solar sail of the Planetary Society and an inflatable re-entry heat shield. The Volna was launched from Delta III Submarine Borisoglebsk in the Barents Sea. Although the launch vehicle reached the intended orbit the spacecraft failed to separate. The separation command was not issued by the flight software because of the presence of non-nominal variations. Failure of the Cosmos-1 to separate also resulted in the loss of the secondary payload, a new inflatable re-entry vehicle.
On 12 July2002 the Volna was used for a sub-orbital flight for a second attempt to test a new re-entry vehicle, IRDT-2. The launch took place from Delta III class submarineK-44 Ryazan. Due to a failure in the launcher/payload interface the vehicle was lost and did not land on the expected area on the Kamchatka peninsula. It’s unclear whether the spacecraft separated from the third stage of the Volna and did not inflate correctly or that it remained attached to the payload module. Remains of the vehicle have not been found.
The fourth flight took place at 21 June2005 with onboard the Cosmos 1 Solar sail. The launch took place from Delta III Submarine Borisoglebsk in the Barents Sea. The spacecraft failed to reach orbit after stage one shut down prematurely at 82.86 seconds instead of the expected 100 seconds. The failure was attributed to “critical degradation in operational capability of the engine turbo-pump”. The second and third stage did not separate and the payload did not reach orbit.
On 6 October2005 the Volna carried IRDT-2R on a sub-orbital trajectory, launched from Delta III Class Submarine Borisoglebsk in the Barents Sea. The launch vehicle performed nominally and placed the payload on a trajectory towards the Kamchatka peninsula. Trajectory data shows that the vehicle most likely overshot the landing site and could not be recovered.
June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 1 day remaining // 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice 1513... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 20 is the 201st day (202nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 164 days remaining. ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... An artists rendering of Cosmos 1 orbiting the Earth. ... Borisoglebsk is a Russian advanced Delta III SSBN nuclear submarine. ... July 12 is the 193rd day (194th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 172 days remaining. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Delta III class submarine The 667BDR Kalmar (Squid) Delta-III class Submarine was a large Ballistic Missile Submarine. ... June 21 is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 193 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... An artists rendering of Cosmos 1 orbiting the Earth. ... Borisoglebsk is a Russian advanced Delta III SSBN nuclear submarine. ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Volna reported that he is proposing policy and procedure changes (that have already been presented to the research associate deans and to Vice President Maziar; they will also go to the deans).
Volna then explained a matrix his office had developed identifying roles and responsibilities with respect to outstanding receivables, depending on the status of the payment (delinquent, default with a payment plan in place, default with no payment plan, and legal action).
Volna recapitulated, include substantially-reduced software acquisition costs because development costs would be shared, conversion of an existing financial system with "mature functionality" to a new technology, the opportunity to enhance "functionality" with the new technology, increased control over future costs and upgrades, and addressing similar needs for similar institutions.
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