Voluntary student unionism (VSU) is a policy under which membership of – and payment of membership fees to – university student organisations is not compulsory. Representation of a university class, 1350s. ... The largest Students Union building at Oklahoma State University, which doubles as a student activity center (student union in the USA) A students union, student government, or student council is a student organization present at many colleges and universities, often with its own building on the campus, dedicated to social...

Voluntary student unionism has been implemented in Australia and, for a period, in New Zealand. Contrary to union claims that "There are no other instances of similar legislation in other OECD countries, although some developing nations have similar laws", voluntary student unionism is in fact standard at many of the world's top universities.[1] The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ...

Under legislation passed in 1999, VSU – or Voluntary Student Membership (VSM) as it is typically called in New Zealand – can be enacted at any New Zealand university by a referendum of students. VSU came into force at all Australian universities from 1 July 2006. 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... The following is a list of the universities of New Zealand: Auckland University of Technology (Auckland) Lincoln University (Lincoln, Canterbury) Massey University (Palmerston North, Albany, Wellington) University of Auckland (Auckland) University of Canterbury (Christchurch) University of Otago (Dunedin, Wellington) University of Waikato (Hamilton) Victoria University of Wellington (Wellington) University of... A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... This is a list of universities and other higher education institutions in Australia. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Australian student unionism prior to VSU

Main article: Student unionism in Australia

Although universities and student unions each had their own rules, students generally became a member of their campus student organisation automatically upon enrolment. A fee for student services or amenities was charged to students, typically once a semester, once a year, or in a lump sum upon enrolment. This fee was typically collected by the university, which usually took a portion in collection fees and passed the rest to campus student organisation(s). These organisations then distributed the money according to their own rules. All major Australian universities have one or more student organisations, known variously as student associations, student guilds, student unions, or student representative councils. ... An academic term is the time during which a school, college or university holds classes. ...

In order to avoid membership students had to actively opt out. Opting out did not absolve the student from paying a services fee. This fee was often equal to the union membership dues, so the benefit of opting out was almost solely ideological.

Legislated enforcement of VSU

On 9 December 2005, the Higher Education Support Amendment (Abolition of Compulsory Up-front Student Union Fees) Bill 2005 was passed in the Senate, and received the Royal Assent on 19 December 2005. Since July 1, 2006, Australian universities have faced fines of $A100 per student for compelling payment for any non-academic good or service. December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Australian Senate chamber Entrance to the Senate The Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. ... The granting of Royal Assent is the formal method by which the Sovereign of the United Kingdom, or the Sovereigns representative in Commonwealth Realms, completes the process of the enactment of legislation by formally assenting to an Act of Parliament. ... December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Australian dollar (currency code AUD) has been, since 1966, the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including the Australian Antarctic Territory, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu. ...

Arguments and issues surrounding VSU

Arguments for and against VSU typically fall into three broad categories: civil rights impact; social impact; and economic impact.

The civil rights argument

It is argued that requiring compulsory membership of student organisations is contrary to the principle of freedom of association. Some go so far as to compare compulsory membership fees to extortion. The argument depends upon whether student organisations are seen as an inherent part of university experience or not. Those who argue that a student union is roughly equivalent to a workers' union note that compelling, or forbidding, union membership is illegal in Australian workplaces. Others note that student unions are not structured like trade unions and have different goals and methods. Freedom of association is the right enjoyed by free adults to mutually choose their associates for whatever purposes they see fit. ... Extortion is a criminal offense, which occurs when a person obtains money, behaviour, or other goods and/or services from another by wrongfully threatening or inflicting harm to this person, reputation, or property. ... A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers...

Supporters of VSU complain that leadership of student organisations tend to be particularly drawn from the Left, which they argue is reflective of an aggressive leftist culture in universities, but which is not representative of the whole student body. Opponents of VSU typically respond that the electoral processes are open to students of any political persuasion and that students have the right to vote for whichever candidates they feel represent them. Since historically Australia's student organisations have been dominated by left-wing student groups and/or groups affiliated with the Australian Labor Party, the introduction of VSU is likely to politically disadvantage these groups by removing the advantages of incumbency. The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... The Australian Labor Party or ALP is Australias oldest political party. ... // In politics The incumbent, in politics, is the current holder of a political office. ...

In a similar vein, opponents of VSU argue that it silences students' voices by removing universal membership of a student organisation. The National Union of Students (NUS) is an umbrella organisation for most (though not all) representative and advocacy-providing student organisations; at present it organises national programs and days of action (for example) and undertakes activities such as parliamentary submissions and media relations. It is probable that the NUS's activities will be severely curtailed as VSU has left many student unions unable to pay full dues to the NUS. The fact that any given student union would also represent a significantly smaller part of their university's student body would make it much harder to gain media attention and funds to be an effective pressure group. VSU supporters counter that the NUS and member bodies used students' money for political ends, some of which were supported by only a small portion of students. The National Union of Students is the peak representational body for Australian university students. ...

The social argument

A common thread in the argument against VSU is the notion of a campus culture, or the university experience. University has traditionally been a time of broadening horizons, socialising, and political activism. Opponents argue that VSU makes it more difficult for students to have high quality sports grounds, lively music and social venues, and the resources necessary to mount protests and political campaigns, leading to moribund campuses. Proponents counter that the free-market system rewards venues and establishments which students enjoy and value, and that it lets students choose their own level of contribution to a political cause.

VSU proponents further argue that few students participate in such political action, meaning that only ideologues will suffer as they will not be able to use others' money for their own causes. VSU opponents argue that the range of students involved in any one particular activity may be small, but the number of students involved in some combination of activities – political or otherwise – was high, and must be lower under VSU.

The economic argument

The levying of fees is criticised on the grounds that it is financially onerous, particularly to students who may already be struggling with the associated costs of university study. Student unions have fought ferociously against rises in fees (deferred for most students), arguing that they prevent people from attending university; however, their own union dues are payable immediately and are (except in extreme cases) not subject to deferment and are not income-dependent, as most government fees are. Tertiary education fees in Australia are charged to all students but Australian citizens are able to obtain interest free loans from the government under the Higher Education Loan Programme (HELP) which replaced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS). ...

With the growth of the principle of user-pays, some have argued that student unions distort efficient behaviour and lead to sub-optimal decision-making. The principle, in summary, says that prices send signals to the market about how much of a good or service should be produced and consumed; altering the price creates a deadweight loss. In economics, a deadweight loss (also known as excess burden) is a permanent loss of well being to society that can occur when equilibrium for a good or service is not Pareto optimal, (that at least one individual could be made better off without others being made worse off). ...

Opponents of VSU note that not all economic benefits are maximised individually (i.e., there are beneficial externalities). For example, student unions have frequently subsidised food outlets on campus, arguing that people get utility from bars crowded with fun-seeking university students – an environment that might not exist in the absence of subsidy. Proponents respond that students who don't make use of the crowded outlet are paying for others' food and drink. In economics, an externality is the effect of a transaction between two parties on a third party who is not involved in the carrying out of that transaction. ...

Furthermore, opponents of VSU liken fees to council rates or taxes – an unpleasant but necessary payment for those services which by necessity must be communally provided. VSU proponents respond that student unions are fundamentally not governments and should not have the right to compel money from people under threat of exclusion from enrolment; they also argue that most union services – food, childcare, second-hand bookshops, etc. – already operate in the private sector, sometimes at cheaper prices than the subsidised equivalents. Opponents note that facilities such as playing fields and emergency student loans would have to be taken up by universities since they would almost certainly not be available through the private sector. A tax is an involuntary fee paid by individuals or businesses to a state, or to functional equivalents of a state, including tribes, secessionist movements or revolutionary movements. ... A playing field is a field used for playing sports or games. ...

Also, it is argued that compulsory funding of campus services removes the incentive to provide more desirable or more useful services, or in some instances prohibits them from operating on campus altogether. VSU proponents argue that the brief experience of VSU in Western Australia demonstrates that student organisations realign their priorities and emphasise commercial activities and student welfare and advocacy when they no longer receive a compulsory fee – in other words, seek to provide value to students. It is argued that compulsory services funding encourages inefficient service provision and reduces competition, ultimately disadvantaging student consumers. The services provided by student organisations may be peripheral or inapplicable to the majority of students. Critics assert that student organisation funds may be allocated to areas – such as environment collectives – that are not relevant to students and do not require compulsory funding. Emblems: Floral - Kangaroo Paw (Anigozanthos manglesii); Mammal - Numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus); Bird - Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) Motto: none Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Const. ... Environmentalism is the advocation of preservation, restoration, and/or improvement of the natural environment, such as the control of air pollution. ...

Positions on VSU

Student unions

Most (though not all) student unions oppose VSU. Student unions have expressed concern about their ability to provide social, academic, and political services under VSU. Many also have long-term financial commitments that may be difficult to meet without guaranteed revenue streams. VSU proponents claim that student unions will not be able to use students' money without providing something of value, ending what they see as a gravy train. Gravy train is an idiomatic expression which is used to refer to any endeavor that can be completed without much work input. ...

Those unions opposing VSU have taken action such as national days of action (including protests), poster campaigns, media releases, and even mock funerals of student services. Demonstrators march in the street while protesting the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on April 16, 2005. ... Underwater funeral in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea A funeral is a ceremony marking a persons death. ...

Universities

Australian universities, as represented by the Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee (AVCC), generally have been in support of membership and compulsory fees for student organisations for three broad reasons. First, they prefer to leave service provision in the hands of students; second, the activities associated with campus organisations help to market the universities to prospective students; and third, they view student unions as valid representative bodies. The Australian Vice-Chancellors’ Committee advances higher education through voluntary, cooperative and coordinated action. ...

Since VSU removes much of student unions' funds, universities are left to decide whether or not to provide many of the services currently associated with student organisations. Many have chosen not to, although the Australian National University, the University of New South Wales, the University of Sydney and the University of Queensland have provided funding to their respective student unions, subject to various conditions. ^{[citation needed]} The Australian National University (ANU), is a university located in Canberra, the national capital of Australia. ... The University of New South Wales is a university in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ... The University of Sydney, established in Sydney in 1850, is the oldest university in Australia. ... The University of Queensland (UQ) has its main campus in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, specifically in the suburb of St Lucia. ...

Concern was raised that student support services, an attractive feature for international students, upon whom universities rely heavily for financial support, would be diminished under VSU. The Howard Government stated that the Education Services for Overseas Students Act will still allow compulsory fees to be charged to international students to pay for student amenities and services.

The AVCC views student organisations as having a legitimate representation role, even though much of student advocacy is directly against university administrations. University administrators prefer to have an external body that students can bring grievances to, rather than having to deal directly with every disgruntled student, or with a variety of different student lobby groups.

Liberal Party organisations and members

NSW Liberal Students in a pro-VSU student rally in 2005.

The most vocal proponent of VSU in Australia has been the Australian Liberal Students' Federation (the ALSF), and the Liberal Clubs in various universities across Australia which form its membership. Also supportive have been former Liberal Students Tony Abbott, Sophie Panopoulos, Tony Smith, Mitch Fifield and John Howard, as well as former Federal Minister for Education, David Kemp. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (415x602, 117 KB) Copyright 2006 NSW Young Liberals http://www. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (415x602, 117 KB) Copyright 2006 NSW Young Liberals http://www. ... The Australian Liberal Students Federation (ALSF) is a political grouping of university students informally associated with the Liberal Party of Australia. ... Hon Tony Abbott Anthony John Tony Abbott (born 4 November 1957), Australian politician, is the Minister for Health and Ageing and Leader of the House in the Australian federal government. ... Sophie Panopoulos Sophie Panopoulos (born 27 October 1968), Australian politician, has been a Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives since 2001, representing the Division of Indi, Victoria. ... Tony Smith Anthony David Hawthorn Smith (born 13 March 1967), Australian politician, has been an Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives since November 2001, representing the Division of Casey, Victoria. ... Mitchell Peter Mitch Fifield (born 16 January 1967), Australian politician, has been a Liberal member of the Australian Senate since March 2004, representing Victoria. ... John Winston Howard (born 26th of July, 1939) is an Australian politician and is currently the Prime Minister of Australia. ... Hon Dr David Kemp Dr David Alistair Kemp (born 14 October 1941), Australian politician, was a Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives from March 1990 to October 2004, representing the Division of Goldstein, Victoria. ...

The National Union of Students (NUS) claims that the ALSF, in advocating VSU, is only attempting to silence NUS criticism of the Howard Government's policy towards students. Being fully aware that student organisations are mainly reliant on compulsory fees to operate, the ALSF, according to this view, is knowingly seeking the destruction of student organisations. The Labor Party and the Australian Council of Trade Unions alleges that the implementation of VSU by the Howard Government represents an ideological hostility towards collective organisations. The National Union of Students is the peak representational body for Australian university students. ... John Winston Howard (born 26th of July, 1939) is an Australian politician and is currently the Prime Minister of Australia. ... The Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) is the peak national body representing workers in Australia. ... Collective can also refer to the collective pitch flight control in helicopters A collective is a group of people who share or are motivated by at least one common issue or interest, or work together on a specific project(s) to achieve a common objective. ...

Other groups' positions

Members of the Australian Olympic Committee (AOC) have expressed dissatisfaction with the potential effect of VSU on sporting programs. University sporting programs are subsidised by compulsory levies and these programs are a large training component for Australian athletics and Olympic games training. ^{[citation needed]} The Australian Olympic Committee (AOC) is the national Olympic committee in Australia for the Olympic Games movement. ...

The push for VSU has been strongly resisted by the Australian National Union of Students and trade unions. NUS views the argument that not all students benefit from student membership as fallacious, claiming that there is an indirect benefit for students generally. It describes pro-VSU positions as being analogous to voluntary taxation; particularly given that, if membership was voluntary, there would be opportunities for students to enjoy student organisation services without having to pay for them. The argument runs that student services would still be demanded under VSU, and the charges for them would still have to be levied by universities; but students would lose oversight of the allocation and direction of those funds. In recognition of this, the Howard Government's proposed legislation includes provisions that fine universities for not refunding student services charges. The National Union of Students is the peak representational body for Australian university students. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

The National Tertiary Education Union and other trade unions in the tertiary sector continue to oppose VSU on the basis that it would lead to job losses for those employed by student organisations. In particular, they claim regional university student organisations were an important source of employment for the local community. ^{[citation needed]} The National Tertiary Education Union (NTEU) is an Australian trade union that is comprised of workers in the higher education industry. ...

History of VSU

Compulsory student organisation membership was initially accepted as uncontentious by all political persuasions. By the 1970s, the overtly political nature of the Australian Union of Students, which ran a number of left-wing campaigns (for example, in support of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation ^{[citation needed]}), led a significant minority within that organisation to call for voluntary student organisation membership. 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... The predecessor to the National Union of Students. ... The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة تحرير فلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state to consist of the...

VSU advocates initially attempted to bring it about by running campus referendum campaigns calling for voluntary membership. Such campaigns, however, were consistently defeated. Nevertheless, a campaign was successfully run to have many student organisations disaffiliate themselves from AUS, causing its eventual collapse. A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ...

NUS was formed as the successor of the AUS in the late 1980s. The ALSF then changed to focusing on lobbying state and federal Liberal Party governments to abolish compulsory membership. A case concerning James Cook University was brought to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, claiming that compulsory union membership was anti-competitive. The Commission eventually rejected the case on the basis that student organisations had a positive social impact. ^{[citation needed]} In Western Australia, VSU was partially enacted by the state Liberal Party government, only to be rescinded when the ALP regained power. 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... James Cook University (JCU) is a university based in Townsville, Queensland, Australia and was founded in 1970 as the first tertiary education institution in North Queensland (although the first may have been the local TAFE college instead). ... The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), formerly known as the Trade Practices Commission (TPC), is an independent Australian commonwealth government authority established in 1995 to protect consumer rights, business rights and obligations, perform industry regulation and price monitoring and prevent unauthorised anti-competitive behaviour. ... In economics, a monopoly (from the Latin word monopolium - Greek language monos, one + polein, to sell) is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a product or service. ...

Following its election in 1996, the Howard Government signalled its intention to introduce VSU. It tried to pass legislation to this effect several times in the late 1990s. Student organisations responded with strong campaigns in opposition to VSU throughout that time. The legislation was persistently rejected in the Australian Senate, where the Labor Party, the Australian Democrats, and the Greens have voted against it. Following its 2001 election election victory, aware that attempts to introduce VSU would not pass the Senate, the Government moved away from the VSU agenda. Advocates of VSU received a boost, however, when the Howard government gained control of the Senate at the 2004 Federal election. Nationwide implementation of VSU had been listed among the government's legislative agenda to be placed before the Senate. 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... John Winston Howard (born 26th of July, 1939) is an Australian politician and is currently the Prime Minister of Australia. ... Australian Senate chamber Entrance to the Senate The Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. ... The Australian Democrats (in regular parlance, just the Democrats), is an Australian social liberal party formed in 1977 from the earlier Australia Party by Don Chipp, who left the Liberal Party of Australia to do so. ... The Australian Greens, commonly known as The Greens, is the dominant Green political party in Australia. ... Legislative elections were held in Australia on 10 November 2001. ... Legislative elections were held in Australia on 9 October 2004. ...

On the 16th of March, 2005, Brendan Nelson introduced the Higher Education Support Amendment (Abolition of Compulsory Up-front Student Union Fees) Bill 2005 before the Parliament. Initially expected to be passed due to the government's majority in the Senate from July, it was opposed in its original form by maverick senator Barnaby Joyce, who threatened to cross the floor if sporting facilities and collegial spirit were not protected. ^{[citation needed]} Despite such opposition, Education Minister Nelson insisted that the legislation would pass unamended and come into force as of January 1, 2006. By October 2005, however, it became apparent that it would not be possible to implement VSU in time for the new academic year. ^{[citation needed]} (Redirected from 16 March) March 16 is the 75th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (76th in Leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Dr Hon Brendan Nelson Dr Brendan John Nelson (born 19 August 1958), Australian politician, has been a Liberal Party of Australia member of the Australian House of Representatives since March 1996, representing the Division of Bradfield, New South Wales. ... Parliament House Canberra: The main entrance and the flag The Parliament of Australia is the legislative branch of Australia. ... Barnaby Thomas Gerald Joyce (born 17 April 1967), Australian politician, has been a member of the Australian Senate representing the state of Queensland since July 2005. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On December 9, 2005, the legislation was reintroduced. Due to the decision of Joyce to cross the floor and vote against the legislation, Howard was forced to obtain the vote of Family First Senator Steve Fielding, who had maintained for several months that he was opposed to the bill in its current form. However, after being courted by Howard, Fielding did an abrupt about-face and voted for the legislation, calling compulsory student unionism "crazy" and allowing the bill to pass; though both Fielding and Brendan Nelson insisted no behind-the-scenes deal had secured his vote. The legislation was essentially identical to the government's original proposal, except that it was to come into effect on July 1, 2006, rather than at the start of the year. Fielding's office was vandalised the following weekend, with Fielding saying it was the work of opponents of VSU. ^{[citation needed]} December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Steven Fielding (born 17 October 1960), Australian politician , is parliamentary leader of the Family First Party. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Terminology

There are several terms being used to describe voluntary student unionism and its opposite, each with its own frequency, accuracy, impartiality, and favourability.

Voluntary arrangements

• Voluntary student unionism
• Anti-student organisation legislation (ASOL)
• Voluntary student representation
• Voluntary Student Membership (VSM - in New Zealand)
• Optional Membership of Student Organisations (OMSO)

Compulsory arrangements

• Compulsory/universal student unionism
• Compulsory/universal student representation
• Student organisation
• Forced Unionism

External links

• Higher Education Support Amendment (Abolition of Compulsory Up-front Student Union Fees) Bill 2005
• Senate Report

News articles

• Family First vote gets VSU through Senate (ABC News)
• Members Only (Sydney Morning Herald)
• Labor slams uni change as ideology gone mad (ABC News)
• Student union bill in peril as Nats defy PM
• Anti-VSU protesters hit parliament (Sydney Morning Herald)
• Unis need to prove VSU impact (Sydney Morning Herald)
• Beazley performs policy U-turn (News.com.au)
• VSU prompted office attack: Fielding (ABC News)
• Fielding target of student protests (The Age)
• Protesters target Vic MP's office (The Age)

Anti-VSU links

• Stop VSU (Melbourne University Student Union)
• UNSW College of Fine Arts on VSU

Pro-VSU links

• The NUS versus Freedom of Association - Quadrant Magazine
• Good Thing we're forced to join - VibeWire