Volvox
Volvox aureus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Chlorophyta Class: Chlorophyceae Order: Volvocales Family: Volvocaceae Genus: Volvox L.
Species
Volvox aureus Volvox carteri (V. nagariensis) Volvox globator Volvox dissipatrix Volvox tertius Image File history File links Volvox_aureus. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... Typical phyla Rhodophyta (red algae) Chromista Heterokontophyta (heterokonts) Haptophyta Cryptophyta (cryptomonads) Alveolates Pyrrhophyta (dinoflagellates) Apicomplexa Ciliophora (ciliates) Excavates Euglenozoa Percolozoa Metamonada Rhizaria Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa Amoebozoa Choanozoa Many others; classification varies The Kingdom Protista or Protoctista is one of the commonly recognized biological kingdoms, including all the eukaryotes except for... Classes[1] Bryopsidophyceae Chlorophyceae Pedinophyceae Pleurastrophyceae Prasinophyceae Trebouxiophyceae Ulvophyceae Chlorophyta, a division of green algae, includes about 8000 species[2][1] of mostly aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. ... Orders see text The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. ... Families Goniaceae Spondylomoraceae Tetrabaenaceae Volvocaceae The Volvocales are an order of flagellate or pseudociliate green algae which form planar or spherical colonies. ... Genera Pandorina Eudorina Platydorina Pleodorina Volvox Volvulina Yamagishiella Basichlamys The Volvocaceae are a family of unicellular or colonial biflagellates, including the typical genus Volvox. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...

Volvox is one of the best-known chlorophytes and is the most developed in a series of genera that form spherical colonies. Each Volvox is composed of numerous flagellate cells similar to Chlamydomonas, on the order of 1000-3000 in total, interconnected and arranged in a glucoprotein filled sphere (coenobium). The cells swim in a coordinated fashion, with a distinct anterior and posterior - or since Volvox resembles a little planet, a 'north and south' pole. The cells have eyespots, more developed near the anterior, which enables the colony to swim towards light. One chlorophyte is the single member of the group of Chlorophyta. ... Flagellata from Ernst Haeckels Artforms of Nature, 1904 Parasitic excavate (Giardia lamblia) Green alga (Chlamydomonas) Flagellates are cells with one or more whip-like organelles called flagella. ... Species See text. ... Pediastrum duplex A coenobium (plural coenobia) is a colony containing a fixed number of cells, with little of no specialization. ...

An asexual colony includes both somatic, or vegetative, cells, which do not reproduce, and gonidia near the posterior, which produces new colonies through repeated division. These daughter colonies are initially held within the parent and have their flagella directed inwards. Later, the parent disintegrates and the daughters invert. In sexual reproduction two types of gametes are produced. Volvox species can be monoecious or dioecious. (Male) colonies release numerous microgametes, or sperm, while in (female) colonies single cells enlarge to become oogametes, or eggs. It has been suggested that Parthenogenesis be merged into this article or section. ... Sexual reproduction is a union that results in increasing genetic diversity of the offspring. ... A gamete (from Ancient Greek γαμετης; translated gamete = wife, gametes = husband) is a cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually. ... Plant sexuality deals with the wide variety of sexual reproduction systems found across the plant kingdom. ... In biology, Dioecious is an adjective which indicates the exisistence of separate sexes in a species of organisms. ... This article is about the Male sex. ...

Habitats

Volvox is found in ponds and ditches, and even in shallow puddles. The most favorable place to look for it is in the deeper ponds, lagoons, and ditches which receive an abundance of rain water. It has been said that where you find Lemna, you are likely to find Volvox; and it is true that such water is favorable, but the shading is unfavorable. Look where you find Sphagnum, Vaucheria, Alisma, Equisetum fluviatile, Utricularia, Typha, and Charales, Dr. Nieuwland reports that Pandorina, Eudorina and Gonium are commonly found in summer as constituents of the green scum on wallows in fields where pigs are kept. The flagellate, Euglena, is often associated with these forms. If you have a culture in the laboratory, do not throw it out when the culture disappears, because new coenobia are likely to develop from the oospores. The individual alga are connected by thin strands of cytoplasm, called protoplasmates. This mid bay barrier in Narrabeen, a suburb of Sydney (Australia), has blocked what used to be a bay to form a lagoon. ... Species Lemna gibba : Gibbous Duckweed Lemna minuta Lemna minor : Common Duckweed Lemna trisulca : Ivy Duckweed Lemna is genus of free-floating aquatic plants from the family Araceae, often referred to as the duckweeds. ... Species See text. ... Species See text Equisetum is a genus of vascular plants that reproduce by spores rather than seeds. ... Genera Chara Lamprothamnium Nitella Tolypella The Charales are an order of green algae, and are believed to be the closest relatives of the embryophyte plants. ... Pandorina is a genus of green alga composed of 8, 16, or sometimes 32 cells, held together at their bases to form a globular colony surrounded by mucilage. ... For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation). ... Hey Euglena is a common Euglenophyte protist, typical of the euglenids, and commonly found in nutrient-rich freshwater, with a few marine species. ... A thick-walled sexual spore that develops from a fertilized oosphere in some algae and fungi. ...

Laboratory protocols

A colony of Volvox can be cultured using a mild plant fertilizer in distilled water. Use approximately 0.5 g of 10-5-5 plant fertilizer to 1000 ml of distilled water. Both the container and water should be sterile, boil mixture then let cool to room temp, prior to infusion. Place the container by a windowsill where filtered, not direct sunlight, will reach for at least a few hours per day. You will notice the colony will tend to settle to the bottom of your container at night then rise to the surface seeking sunlight. Spreading manure, an organic fertilizer Fertilizers (also spelled fertilisers) are compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves. ... Bottle for Distilled water in the Real Farmacia in Madrid. ... BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ... The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of volume. ...

Material of Volvox and other Volvocales may be fixed in the corrosive sublimate-acetic mixture^[1] used hot (85° C). If material is to be stained and mounted whole, use the aqueous mixture, otherwise if it is to be imbedded and cut, use the alcoholic. For mounting whole, stain in iron-alum haematoxylin, or in Magdala red and aniline blue, following the Venetian turpentine method. A few bits of broken cover glass, placed among the colonies, will prevent crushing. the movement of this protists move in small ponds and lagoons. Families Goniaceae Spondylomoraceae Tetrabaenaceae Volvocaceae The Volvocales are an order of flagellate or pseudociliate green algae which form planar or spherical colonies. ... Mercury chloride can refer to: Mercury_(II)_chloride (HgCl2) Mercury_(I)_chloride (Hg2Cl2) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Haematein Haematoxylin, hematoxylin, Natural Black 1, or C.I. 75290 is extracted from the wood of the logwood tree. ... Water blue Methyl blue Aniline Blue WS, also called aniline blue, China blue, or Soluble blue, is a mixture of methyl blue and water blue. ... Wikibooks Transwiki has more about this subject: Microscope slide Microscope slides and cover slips. ...

Notes

1. ^ Corrosive sublimate-acetic is a mixture of mercuric chloride (2 g), glacial acetic acid (2 ml) and H₂O (100 ml).

Mercury chloride is a white poisonous soluble crystalline sublimate of mercury, used as a pesticide or antiseptic or wood preservative. ... The chemical compound acetic acid (from the Latin word acetum, meaning vinegar), systematically called ethanoic acid, is the acid that gives vinegar its sour taste. ...

References

• Chamberlain, Charles Joseph. Methods in Plant Histology.

Charles Joseph Chamberlain, Ph. ...

External Links

• YouTube video of Volvox