Voskhod 2

Mission insignia
Mission statistics
Mission name:	Voskhod 2
Call sign:	Алмаз (Almaz - "Diamond")
Number of crew members:	2
Launch:	March 18, 1965 07:00:00 UTC Baikonur LC1
Begin spacewalk:	March 18, 1965 08:34:51 UTC over north central Africa
End spacewalk:	March 18, 1965 08:47:00 UTC over eastern Siberia
Landing:	March 19, 1965 09:02:17 UTC 59°37′N 55°28′E
Duration:	1 day, 2 h, 2 min, 17 s
Number of Orbits:	17 apogee = 475 km
Perigee:	167 km
Period:	90.9 min
Orbit inclination:	64.8°
Mass:	5682 kg
Crew photo
Cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov outside Voskhod 2
Navigation
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Voskhod 2 (Russian: Восход 2) was a Soviet manned space mission. It set another space milestone as one of the cosmonauts on board became the first person to "walk in space". Image File history File links Voskhod2patch. ... // A scattering of round-brilliant cut diamonds shows off the many reflecting facets. ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... It has been suggested that leap second be merged into this article or section. ... The Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakh: Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, Bayqoñır ÄŸarış aylağı; Russian: Космодром Байконур, Kosmodrom Baykonur), also called Tyuratam, is the worlds oldest and largest working space launch facility. ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... A diagram of Keplerian orbital elements. ... The orbital period is the time it takes a planet (or another object) to make one full orbit. ... Inclination in general is the angle between a reference plane and another plane or axis of direction. ... Aleksei Leonovs spacewalk from Voskhod 2 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Ž General Aleksei Arkhipovich Leonov, Soviet Air Force (Ret. ... Voskhod 1 was the first spaceflight to carry more than one person into space and the first flight without space suits. ... Soyuz 1 (Russian Союз 1, Union 1) was part of the Soviet Unions space program and was launched into orbit on April 23, 1967, carrying a single cosmonaut, Colonel Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov, who was killed when the spacecraft crashed after its return to Earth. ... Voskhod 1 The Voskhod programme (Russian: , translated as Sunrise) was a Soviet human spaceflight project. ... Motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Russian: Workers of the world, unite!) Anthem: The Internationale (1922-1944) Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944-1991) Capital Moscow Largest city Moscow None; Russian de facto Government Federation of Soviet Republics  - Last President Mikhail Gorbachev  - Last Premier Ivan Silayev Establishment October Revolution   - Declared... Template:Redirect Template:Redirect U.S. Space Shuttle astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit (MMU) outside the Challenger in 1984. ... Astronaut Bruce McCandless on an untethered EVA Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) is work done by an astronaut away from the Earth and outside of his or her spacecraft. ...

Crew

• Pavel Belyayev - Commander
• Aleksei Leonov - Pilot

Pavel Belyayev Pavel Ivanovich Belyayev (Russian: Павел Иванович Беляев), June 26, 1925, Chelizshevo – January 10, 1970, Moscow, was a cosmonaut who flew on the historic Voskhod 2 mission. ... Ž General Aleksei Arkhipovich Leonov, Soviet Air Force (Ret. ...

Backup crew

• Dmitri Zaikin - Commander
• Yevgeni Khrunov - Pilot

Dmitri Zaikin Dmitri Alekseyevich Zaikin (born in Yekaterinovka, Rostov Oblast, Russia on April 29, 1932) was a trainer of cosmonauts. ... Yevgeni Vassilyevich Khrunov (Russian: Евгений Васильевич Хрунов; September 10, 1933 – May 19, 2000) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 5 mission. ...

Mission highlights

The Voskhod spacecraft was fitted with a special inflatable airlock that was extended once it had reached orbit. Cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov donned a space suit and ventured outside the craft while the other member of the two-person crew, Pavel Belyayev remained inside. Leonov began his spacewalk 90 minutes into the mission at the end of the first orbit. The spacewalk lasted 20 minutes from 08:30 UTC to 08:50 UTC. It began over north central Africa (near northern Sudan/southern Egypt) and ended over eastern Siberia. The Voskhod (Восход, translated as Sunrise) was a spacecraft built by the Soviet Unions space program for human spaceflight (see Voskhod programme). ... An airlock is a device which permits the passage of objects, people, and the like, between a pressure vessel and its surrounding space while minimizing the change of pressure—and loss of air—in the vessel. ... Ž General Aleksei Arkhipovich Leonov, Soviet Air Force (Ret. ... Apollo 15 space suit A spacesuit is a complex system of garments, equipment, and environmental systems designed to keep a person alive and comfortable in the harsh environment of outer space. ... Pavel Belyayev Pavel Ivanovich Belyayev (Russian: Павел Иванович Беляев), June 26, 1925, Chelizshevo – January 10, 1970, Moscow, was a cosmonaut who flew on the historic Voskhod 2 mission. ...

Voskhod 2 spacecraft

The Voskhod 2 spacecraft is basically a Vostok spacecraft that has had a backup, solid fuel retrorocket, added to the top of the descent module. The ejection seat was removed and two crew couches were added to the interior at a 90 degree angle to that of the Vostok crew position. An inflatable exterior airlock was also added to the descent module opposite the entry hatch. After use, the airlock was jettisoned. There was no provision for crew escape in the event of a launch or landing emergency. A solid fuel braking rocket was also added to the parachute lines to provide for a softer landing at touchdown. This was necessary because, unlike the Vostok, the crew lands with the Voskhod descent module. Image File history File links Voskhod_spacecraft_diagram. ... Image File history File links Voskhod_spacecraft_diagram. ... A retrorocket is a rocket engine used for providing thrust to oppose the motion of a space vehicle, thereby causing deceleration of the vehicle. ... A retrorocket is a rocket engine used for providing thrust to oppose the motion of a space vehicle, thereby causing deceleration of the vehicle. ...

Despite this spectacular feat, the mission was plagued with problems. After his ten minutes outside the Voskhod, Leonov found that his suit had stiffened to the point where he could not re-enter the airlock. Leonov worked around this by allowing some of his suit's pressure to bleed off, making it easier for him to bend the joints. After coming back inside, there were problems with sealing the hatch properly, and this was followed by a troublesome re-entry, when like some earlier Vostok spacecraft, the Voskhod's descent module did not separate cleanly. Finally, the crew landed in an inhospitable and heavily-wooded part of the Ural Mountains and spent a night surrounded by wolves while waiting for their recovery team. Atmospheric entry is the transition from the vacuum of space to the atmosphere of any planet or other celestial body. ... The Vostok (Восток, translated as East) was a type of spacecraft built by the Soviet Unions space program for human spaceflight. ... Map of Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: Уральские горы = Урал) also known simply as the Urals and as the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ...

General Kamanin's diary later gave the landing location of the Voskhod 2, "Saransk" (ball), as: "54 deg 12 min North, 45 deg 10 min East." Also according to General Kamanin's diary, a commander of one of the search helicopters reported finding Voskhod 2, "On the forest road between the villages of Sorokovaya and Shchuchino, about 30 kilometers southwest of the town of Berezniki, I see the red parachute and the two cosmonauts. there is deep snow all around....." Berezniki (Russian: ) is a city in Perm Krai, Russia, situated on the banks of the Kama River at . ...

Voskhod 2 EVA timeline

• 08:28:13 UTC - The Voskhod 2 airlock is depressurized by Leonov.
• 08:32:54 UTC - Leonov opens the Voskhod 2 airlock hatch.
• 08:34.51 UTC - EVA begins as Leonov leaves Voskhod 2 airlock.
• 08:47:00 UTC - EVA ends as Leonov reenters airlock. 12 minute EVA.
• 08:48:40 UTC - Voskhod 2 EVA hatch on the airlock is closed and secured by Leonov.
• 08:51:54 UTC - Leonov begins to repressurize the Voskhod 2 airlock.

Voskhod 2 EVA details

Airlock and spacesuit as used

Immediately after reaching orbit in Voskhod 2, Leonov and Belyayev attached the EVA backpack to Leonov’s Berkut (“Golden Eagle”) suit. Berkut was a modified Vostok Sokol-1 intravehicular (IV) suit. A white metal backpack provided 45 min of oxygen for breathing and cooling. Oxygen vented through a relief valve into space, carrying away heat, moisture, and exhaled carbon dioxide. Suit pressure could be set at either 40.6 kilopascals (5.88 psi) or 27.4 kPa (3.97 psi). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1704x2272, 803 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Voskhod 2 Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1704x2272, 803 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Voskhod 2 Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... The pascal (symbol Pa) is the SI unit of pressure. ...

Belyayev then deployed and pressurized the Volga inflatable airlock. The airlock was necessary because Vostok/Voskhod avionics were cooled by cabin air and would overheat if the capsule was depressurized for EVA. Volga was designed, built, and tested in just 9 months beginning in mid-1964. At launch Volga fitted over Voskhod 2’s hatch, extending 74 cm (30 in) beyond the spacecraft hull. The airlock comprised a metal ring 1.2 m (4.0 ft) wide fitted over Voskhod 2’s inward-opening hatch; a double-walled fabric airlock tube with a deployed length of 2.5 m (8.25 ft); and a metal upper ring 1.2 m (4.0 ft) wide around the inward-opening airlock hatch 65 cm (26 in) wide. Volga’s deployed internal volume was 2.5 m³ (88 ft³).

The fabric airlock tube was made rigid by about 40 airbooms clustered in three independent groups. Two groups were sufficient for deployment. The airbooms needed 7 min for full inflation. Four spherical tanks held sufficient oxygen to inflate the airbooms and pressurize the airlock. Two lights lit the airlock interior, and three 16-mm cameras - two inside the airlock and one outside on a boom mounted to the upper ring - were positioned to record the historic first spacewalk.

Belyayev controlled the airlock from inside Voskhod 2, but a set of backup controls for Leonov was suspended on bungee cords inside the airlock. Leonov entered Volga, then Belyayev sealed Voskhod 2 behind him and depressurized the airlock. Leonov opened Volga’s outer hatch and pushed out to the end of his 15.35 m (50.4 ft) umbilical. He later stated that the umbilical gave him tight control over his movements - an observation belied by subsequent U.S. EVA experience. Leonov reported looking down and seeing from the Straits of Gibraltar to the Caspian Sea. The Strait of Gibraltar as seen from space. ... The Caspian Sea is the largest lake on Earth by both area and volume,[1] with a surface area of 371,000 square kilometres (143,244 mi²) and a volume of 78,200 cubic kilometres (18,761 mi³).[2] It is a landlocked endorheic body of water and lies between...

After Leonov returned to his couch, Belyayev fired pyrotechnic bolts to discard Volga. Sergei Korolev, Chief Designer at OKB-1 Design Bureau (now RKK Energia), stated after the EVA that Leonov could have remained outside for much longer than he did, while Mstislav Keldysh, “chief theoretician” of the Soviet space program and President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, said that the EVA showed that future cosmonauts would find work in space easy. Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (Серге́й Па́влович Королёв) (December 30, 1906– January 14, 1966) was the head Soviet rocket engineer and designer during the space race, known only as the chief designer during his lifetime. ... Sergei Korolev (left), Igor Kurchatov (center) Mstislav Keldysh (right) 1956 Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh (Мстислав Всеволодович Келдыш in Russian) (January 28 (N.S. February 10), 1911, Riga - 1978, Moscow) was a Soviet scientist in the field of mathematics and mechanics, academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1946), President of the Soviet Academy of... Russian Academy of Sciences (Росси́йская Акаде́мия Нау́к) is the national academy of Russia. ...

The government news agency TASS reported that, “outside the ship and after returning, Leonov feels well.” However, post-Cold War Russian documents have revealed a different story. They report that Leonov’s Berkut suit ballooned, making bending difficult. Because of this, Leonov was unable to reach the shutter switch on his thigh for his chest-mounted camera. He could not take pictures of Voskhod 2, nor was he able to recover the camera mounted on Volga which recorded his EVA for posterity. After 12 min Leonov reentered Volga. Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union at the USSR Cabinet of Ministers or TASS (Russian: ) was the central agency for collection and distribution of internal and international news for all Soviet newspapers, radio and television stations. ...

Recent accounts say that he violated procedure by entering the airlock head first, then got stuck sideways when he turned to close the outer hatch. This forced him to flirt with dysbarism (the “bends”) by lowering his suit pressure so he could bend enough to free himself. Leonov recently revealed that he had a suicide pill he could have swallowed if he had been unable to ingress Voskhod 2 and Belyayev had been forced to leave him in orbit. Decompression sickness (DCS), divers disease, the bends, or caisson disease is the name given to a variety of symptoms suffered by a person exposed to a reduction in the pressure surrounding their body. ...

Doctors reported that Leonov nearly suffered heatstroke - his core body temperature climbed 1.8 °C (3.1 °F) in 20 min - and Leonov stated that he was “up to his knees” in sweat, so that his suit sloshed when he moved.

In an interview published in the Soviet Military Review in 1980, Leonov downplayed his difficulties and stated that “building manned orbital stations and exploring the Universe are inseparably linked with man’s activity in open space. There is no end of work in this field.”

Voskhod programme
Cosmos 47 | Voskhod 1 | Voskhod 2 | Cosmos 110

Voskhod 1 The Voskhod programme (Russian: , translated as Sunrise) was a Soviet human spaceflight project. ... Image File history File links Voskhod_spacecraft_diagram. ... Voskhod 1 was the first spaceflight to carry more than one person into space and the first flight without space suits. ... Cosmos 110 was a Soviet spacecraft launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome aboard a Soyuz rocket. ... The Soyuz human spaceflight programme was initiated in the early 1960s as part of the manned lunar programme that was intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. ... International Space Station insignia ISS Statistics Crew: 3 As of July 21, 2006 Perigee: 352. ... The Vostok program (Восто́к, translated as East) was a Soviet human spaceflight project that succeeded in putting a person into Earth orbit for the first time. ... Voskhod 1 The Voskhod programme (Russian: , translated as Sunrise) was a Soviet human spaceflight project. ... The Salyut (Russian: Салют, Salute or Firework) program was a series of space stations launched by the Soviet Union in the 1970s. ... The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was the first joint flight of the US and Soviet space programs. ... Mir (Мир, which can mean both world and peace in Russian) was a highly successful Soviet (and later Russian) orbital station. ... The name Zond (meaning probe in Russian) is the name given to two series of Soviet unmanned space missions from 1964 to 1970 to gather information about nearby planets and test spacecraft. ... Two N1 Moon rockets appear on the pads at Baikonur Cosmodrome in early July 1969. ... Spiral 50 / 50. ... The Almaz (Алмаз - Diamond) program was a series of military space stations launched by the Soviet Union under cover of the Salyut program. ... Model of Energia rocket with Buran shuttle The Soviet reusable spacecraft program Buran (Бура́н meaning snowstorm or blizzard in Russian) began in 1976 at TsAGI as a response to the United States Space Shuttle program. ... Russian media coverage of Kliper spacecraft - Russias Channel One TV network. ...

See also

• Extra-vehicular activity
• List of spacewalks

Astronaut Bruce McCandless on an untethered EVA Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) is work done by an astronaut away from the Earth and outside of his or her spacecraft. ... Related article Mir extra-vehicular activity (just an excerpt from the table above) List of ISS spacewalks (just an excerpt from the table above) External link NASA JSC Oral History Project: See link near page end to Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology PDF document. ...

External links

• The Voskhod 2 mission revisited

• Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology - NASA Oct. 1997

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