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Vostok, Antarctica is a Russian research station located near the Geomagnetic South Pole (see South Pole), at the center of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. The station is 3488 m above sea level. It is the most isolated of all of the established research stations on the Antarctic continent. Location of the South Pole in the Antarctic continent. ...
It is the place on Earth at which the lowest temperature has been reliably measured (though since the temperature decreases with height, it is virtually certain that lower temperatures occurred higher up towards the summit of the ice sheet). During the long winter, temperatures average about -65 °C; in the brief summer, about -30 °C. The place is known as the Southern Pole of Cold. The coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth, -89.2 °C (-128.6 °F), was measured here on July 21, 1983. Although still unofficial, an even colder temperature, -91 °C, was reported during the winter of 1997. The Poles of Cold are the places in the Northern and Southern hemispheres where the lowest air temperature was recorded. ...
July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 163 days remaining. ...
1983 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Vostok sits on top of the world's most southerly lake, Lake Vostok. Lake Vostoks location within Antarctica (NASA) Lake Vostok is the largest of more than 70 subglacial lakes in Antarctica . ...
Vostok research station was built in 1957 during the IGY and has operated year-round for more than 37 years. The station was temporarily closed in January 1994. This station is now cooperatively operated by Russian, American, and French scientists. The International Geophysical Year or IGY was an international scientific effort that lasted from July 1, 1957 to December 1958. ...
Vostok ice cores In the 1970s the Soviet Union drilled a set of cores 500–952 m deep. These have been used to study the oxygen isotope composition of the ice, which showed that ice of the last glacial period was present below about 400 m depth. Then three more holes were drilled: in 1984, Hole 3G reached a final depth of 2202 m; in 1990, Hole 4G reached a final depth of 2546; and in 1993 Hole 5G reached a depth of 2755 m; after a brief closure drilling continued during the winter of 1995. In 1996 it was stopped at depth 3,623 m, by the request of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research that expressied worries about possible contamination of the Lake Vostok. This ice core, drilled collaboratively with the French, produced a record of past environmental conditions stretching back 420,000 years and covering four previous glacial periods. For a long time it was the only core to cover several glacial cycles; but it has recently (2004) been exceeded by the EPICA core, which whilst shallower, covers a longer time span [1]. In 2003 drilling was permitted to continue, but was halted at the estimated distance to the lake of only 130m. The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) is a committee of the International Council for Science. ...
Lake Vostoks location within Antarctica (NASA) Lake Vostok is the largest of more than 70 subglacial lakes in Antarctica . ...
An ice core is a tube of ice removed from an ice sheet. ...
The band Epica Epica is a Dutch goth metal band which puts emphasis on the use of operatic elements, also employing death grunts and song passages in the Latin language. ...
Although the Vostok core reached a depth of 3,623m the usable climatic information does not extend down this far. The very bottom of the core is ice refrozen from the waters of Lake Vostok and contains no climate information. The usual data sources [2] give proxy information down to a depth of 3,310m or 414 kyr. Below this there is evidence of ice deformation. Raynaud et al (Nature, 2005/7/7) have suggested that the Vostok record may be extended down to 3,345m or 436 kyr, to include more of the interesting MIS11 period, by inverting a section of the record. This then produces a record in agreement with the newer longer EPICA record, although it provides no new information. The band Epica Epica is a Dutch goth metal band which puts emphasis on the use of operatic elements, also employing death grunts and song passages in the Latin language. ...
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