W. E. B. DuBois

William Edward Burghardt DuBois (February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an African-American civil rights activist, sociologist, freemason, and scholar. fair use of image File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1868 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... August 27 is the 239th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (240th in leap years), with 126 days remaining. ... Events January-February January 11 - The Whisky A Go-Go night club in Los Angeles, the first disco in the USA, is opened. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or Black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan Africa. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... Sociology is the study of the social lives of humans, groups and societies. ... American Square & Compasses Freemasonry is a worldwide fraternal organization. ...

Early life and education

DuBois was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts to Alfred and Mary DuBois. As a youth, his intellectual development was spurred through an interest in the condition of his race while in high school. He showed promise academically and wanted to attend Harvard University. He instead attended Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee whose tuition was much less costly. Great Barrington is a mountain town located in rural Berkshire County, Massachusetts. ... This article is about race as an intraspecies classification. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... Fisk University is a historically black college in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. It is the oldest college in the city. ... Downtown Nashville at dusk, viewed from the Gateway Bridge Nashville is the capital of the U.S. state of Tennessee. ...

At Fisk, DuBois was first exposed to the social system of segregation and the Jim Crow laws. During his summers in Tennessee, DuBois taught in a county school in rural Alexandria, Tennessee and witnessed considerable poverty and hardship. Segregation means separation. ... A depiction of T.D. Rices Jim Crow In the United States, the so-called Jim Crow laws were made to enforce racial segregation, and included laws that would prevent African Americans from doing things that a white person could do. ... State nickname: Volunteer State Other U.S. States Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Governor Phil Bredesen Official languages English Area 109,247 km² (36th)  - Land 106,846 km²  - Water 2,400 km² (2. ... Originally, a county was the land under the jurisdiction of a count (in Great Britain, an earl, though the original earldoms covered larger areas) by reason of that office. ... A school is most commonly a place designated for learning. ... State nickname: Volunteer State Other U.S. States Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Governor Phil Bredesen Official languages English Area 109,247 km² (36th)  - Land 106,846 km²  - Water 2,400 km² (2. ... Poverty is the state of being without, often associated with need, hardship and lack of resources across a wide range of circumstance. ...

After graduating with a B.A in 1890 from Fisk, he received scholarships that enabled him to attend Harvard where he studied history and philosophy. Here, he lived off-campus on Flagg St. in Cambridge, MA near the Charles River that separates Cambridge from Boston. He never fully felt himself a part of the university and remarked that he was "In Harvard, but not of it." A Bachelor of Arts (B.A. or A.B.) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or program in the arts and/or sciences. ... 1890 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Harvard, see Harvard (disambiguation) Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... History is a term for information about the past. ... Philosophy (from a combination of the Greek words philos meaning love and sophia meaning wisdom), as a practice, aims at some kind of understanding, knowledge or wisdom about fundamental matters such as reality, knowledge, meaning, value, being and truth. ... Harvard Square, May 2000 Cambridge is a city in the greater Boston area in Massachusetts, United States. ... Charles River in Cambridge The Charles River is a Massachusetts river that separates Boston from Cambridge and Charlestown. ... The city of Cambridge is an old English university town and the regional centre of the county of Cambridgeshire. ... Alternative meanings: Boston (disambiguation) The 18th-century Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries. ... Harvard, see Harvard (disambiguation) Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ...

In 1895 he became the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard. After receiving travel grants in part from his dispute with former U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes over racist comments made in the Boston Herald, DuBois travelled in Europe, and studied in Berlin. While in Europe, he was able to correlate the struggles of African Americans with that of the people of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Following this, he studied the lives and situations of African-Americans, applying social science to problems of race relations. 1895 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ... Harvard, see Harvard (disambiguation) Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... Travel is the transport of people on a trip or journey. ... The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America, the States, or (archaically) Columbia—is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii). ... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, universities, and countries. ... Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th (1877 – 1881) President of the United States. ... An African-American drinks out of a water fountain marked for colored in 1939 at a street car terminal in Oklahoma City. ... The Boston Herald is a tabloid newspaper, the smaller of the two big dailies in Boston, Massachusetts, with a daily circulation of 242,957 in September 2002. ... World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... World map showing location of Asia A satellite composite image of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of the continent of Eurasia, defined by subtracting the European peninsula from Eurasia. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... Sociology is the study of the social lives of humans, groups and societies. ... This article is about race as an intraspecies classification. ...

Though he consistently militated against biological conceptions of racial inequality, DuBois still subscribed to some subtler hereditarian ideas. He wrote that the Talented Tenth of African Americans should be encouraged to have children, . (Dorr, "Fighting Fire with Fire")

Pronunciation

Du Bois is a French name meaning "of the wood" and pronounced /dybwa/ (using the symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet). However, this name is usually anglicized in the United States to /d(j)u:'bɔɪz/. The International Phonetic Alphabet is a phonetic alphabet used by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) the human vocal apparatus can produce. ...

In a letter to the Chicago Sunday Evening Club dated Jan. 20, 1939 (cited in David Levering Lewis W.E.B. DuBois, Biography of a Race, p. 11), Du Bois wrote that "The pronunciation of my name is Due Boyss, with the accent on the last syllable.", which would imply /dju:'bɔɪs/, though he might have intended /du:'bɔɪs/.

He was known as "Dr. DuBois" to most people.

Civil rights activism

Du Bois became arguably the most notable political activist on behalf of African Americans in the first half of the twentieth century. A contemporary of Booker T. Washington, he argued in print about African-American acceptance of issues such as segregation and political disenfranchisement. Labeled the "father of Pan-Africanism" Du Bois believed that peoples of African descent should, because of their common interests, work together to battle prejudice and inequality. African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... Booker T. Washington Booker Talifero Washington (April 5, 1856 – November 15, 1915) was an African American educator and author who had been born into slavery at the community of Hales Ford in Franklin County, Virginia. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or Black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan Africa. ... Segregation means separation. ... Pan-Africanism is a term which can have two separate, but related meanings. ...

In 1905, Du Bois helped to found the Niagara Movement with fellow Harvard-educated black intellectual William Monroe Trotter, who was the first black Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Harvard. This powerful alliance between Du Bois and Trotter turned out to be short-lived as they had a dispute over whether or not white people should be included in the organization and their struggle. Du Bois felt that they should, and with a group of like-minded supporters, helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. 1905 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Niagara Movement, was founded in 1905, by a group of African-Americans, led by W. E. B. Du Bois, John Hope, and William Monroe Trotter, who called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood. ... Harvard, see Harvard (disambiguation) Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... The term Blacks is often used in the West to denote race for persons whose progenitors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to West and sub-Saharan Africa. ... William Monroe Trotter (1872-1934), born Springfield Township, Ohio, was an African-American newspaper editor and protest leader. ... The Phi Beta Kappa Society is an honor society which considers its mission to be fostering and recognizing excellence in undergraduate liberal arts and sciences. ... Harvard, see Harvard (disambiguation) Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... Whites (or White) is a broad term used to describe people of ethnic European, Middle Eastern and North African descent, especially those with fair skin. ... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP, is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ... 1909 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Strangely enough for an organization with its goals, Du Bois was the only African American on the organization's Board at the time of its inception. At the NAACP, Du Bois worked as Editor-in-Chief of the NAACP's official publication entitled The Crisis for twenty-five years. From this literary position, Du Bois was able to utilize and elevate his position as a spokesperson for his race as well as to comment freely and widely on current events. African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP, is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ... The Crisis is the official magazine of the NAACP, and was founded by W.E.B. DuBois in 1910. ... This article is about race as an intraspecies classification. ... Ongoing events • 2005 Kuomintang visits to Mainland • Bill C-38 (Canada gay marriage) • German Visa Affair 2005 • Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan • Fuel prices • Election of OAS Secretary General • Stanislav Gross scandal in Czech republic Upcoming events Deaths in May May 3: Jagjit Singh Aurora May 3: Don Canham May...

This was made easier when, in 1910, he left his teaching post at Atlanta University (to which he would later return, from 1934–44) to work as publications director at the NAACP full-time. He wrote weekly columns in many newspapers, including the Chicago Defender, the Pittsburgh Courier, the New York Amsterdam News, and the San Francisco Chronicle. 1910 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Clark Atlanta University is a private, undergraduate and graduate institution educational institution in Atlanta, Georgia. ... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP, is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ... The Chicago Defender was the United States’ most influential black weekly newspaper by the beginning of World War I. The Defender was founded on May 5, 1905 by Robert S. Abbott with an investment of 25 cents and a press run of 300 copies. ... The San Francisco Chronicle, the self-described Voice of the West, is Northern Californias largest newspaper. ...

DuBois became increasingly estranged from Walter Francis White, the executive secretary of the NAACP, and began to question the organization's opposition to racial segregation at all costs. DuBois thought that this policy, while generally sound, undermined those black institutions that did exist, which DuBois thought should be defended and improved, rather than attacked as inferior. When he took this position in The Crisis, the board of directors of the NAACP rebuked him and barred him from criticizing other officers of the NAACP in its publications. DuBois quit the NAACP in 1934 to return to teaching at Atlanta University. Walter Francis White (July 1, 1893, Atlanta, Georgia - March 21, 1955, New York, New York) was a spokesman for blacks in the United States for almost a quarter of a century and executive secretary (1931–55) of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. ... 1934 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

DuBois was a prominent member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc., the first intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity established for African Americans. Alpha Phi Alpha Crest Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity ( ΑΦΑ ) was founded on December 4, 1906 on the campus of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. ...

Communism

DuBois was investigated by the FBI, who claimed in May of 1942 that "[h]is writing indicates him to be a socialist," and that he "has been called a Communist and at the same time criticized by the Communist Party." For other uses of the initials FBI, see FBI (disambiguation). ... The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. ... Communism - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...

DuBois visited Communist China during the Great Leap Forward and never supported famine-related criticisms of the Great Leap. Also, in the 16 March 1953 issue of The National Guardian, Du Bois wrote "Joseph Stalin was a great man; few other men of the 20^th century approach his stature." As later evidence of serious human rights violations under the Stalinist and Maoist governments has come to light, DuBois has been criticized by many for his defenses of these regimes. The Great Leap Forward (Simplified Chinese 大跃进, Traditional Chinese 大躍進, pinyin: Dà yuè jìn) was a campaign by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) of the Peoples Republic of China from 1958 to early 1960 aimed at using mainland Chinas plentiful supply of cheap labor to rapidly industrialize the...

DuBois acted as chairman of the Peace Information Center when the Korean War started, where he fought for the outlawing of atomic weapons. He was subsequently indicted under the Foreign Agents Registration Act, but acquitted for lack of evidence. In his later years, W.E.B. DuBois became increasingly disillusioned with both black capitalism and the United States. He joined the Communist Party, USA in 1961 and agreed to announce this in The New York Times. The Korean War (Korean: 한국전쟁), from June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953, was a conflict between North Korea and South Korea. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, in 1945 lifted nuclear fallout some 18km (60,000 feet) above the epicenter. ... Evidence is: Any observable event which tends to prove or disprove a proposition, see scientific method and reality. ... The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) is one of several Marxist-Leninist groups in the United States. ... 1961 (As MAD Magazine pointed out on its first cover for the year) was the first upside-down year - i. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ...

Imperial Japan

Du Bois became impressed by the growing strength of Imperial Japan following the Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese war. Du Bois saw the victory of Japan over Tsarist Russia as an example of “colored pride”. According to Pulitzer Prize-winning biographer David Levering Lewis, Du Bois became a willing part of Japan’s “Negro Propaganda Operations” run by Japanese academic and Imperial Agent Hikida Yasuichi. Flag of Japan adopted 1870, official 1999 Japanese Naval Ensign adopted 1889, re-adopted 1954 The Empire of Japan (大日本帝国; Dai Nippon Teikoku) was the official title of Japan before the end of World War II. The names Imperial Japan and Japanese Empire are also used. ... The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) was a conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of Imperial Russia and Japan in Manchuria and Korea. ... The Pulitzer Prize is a United States literary award given out each April. ...

After traveling to the United States to speak with University students at Howard University, Scripps College and Tuskegee University, Yasuichi became closely involved in shaping Du Bois’s opinions of Imperial Japan. In 1936 Yasuichi and the Japanese Ambassador arranged a junket for Du Bois and a small group of fellow academics. The trip included stops in Japan, China, and the Soviet Union, although the Soviet leg was canceled because Du Bois’ diplomatic contact, Karl Radek, had been swept up in Stalin’s purges. While on the Chinese leg of the trip, Du Bois commented that the source of Chinese-Japanese enmity was China's "submission to white aggression and Japan's resistance”, and he asked the Chinese people to welcome the Japanese as liberators. The effectiveness of the Japanese propaganda campaign was also seen when Du Bois joined a large group of African American academics that cited the Mukden Incident to justify occupation and annexation of southern Manchuria. Howard University is a historically black college in Washington, D.C. It was established by a congressional charter in 1867, and much of its early funding came from the Freedmens Bureau. ... Scripps College is a womens liberal arts college located in Claremont, California. ... There is also the Tuskegee Airmen, a corps of African-American military pilots trained there during World War II Tuskegee University is an American institution of higher learning located in Tuskegee, Alabama. ... Categories: People stubs | 1885 births | 1939 deaths | Old Bolsheviks | Victims of Soviet repressions ... The Mukden Incident (September 18, 1931), also called Manchurian Incident, occurred in northern Manchuria when the Japanese blew up a section of their own railroad near Mukden (todays Shenyang). ...

Renunciation of US citizenship

DuBois was invited to Ghana in the same year by President Kwame Nkrumah to direct the Encyclopedia Africana, a government production, and a long-held dream of his. He and his wife, Shirley Graham DuBois, became citizens of Ghana. DuBois' health declined in 1962, and on August 27, 1963 he died in Accra, Ghana at the age of 95. Kwame Nkrumah Kwame Nkrumah (September 21, 1909 - April 27, 1972) was a Ghanaian politician and one of the most influential founders of Pan-Africanism. ... Shirley Graham DuBois (November 11, 1907 – March 27, 1977) was an American-born author, playwright, composer, and activist for African-American and other causes, as well as spouse of noted African-American thinker, writer, and activist W. E. B. DuBois. ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... August 27 is the 239th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (240th in leap years), with 126 days remaining. ... Events January-February January 11 - The Whisky A Go-Go night club in Los Angeles, the first disco in the USA, is opened. ... Accra, population 1,661,400 (2001), is the capital of Ghana. ...

In 1992, the United States honored W.E.B. DuBois with his portrait on a postage stamp. On October 5, 1994, the main library at UMass Amherst was named after him. 1992 is a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The center of the UMass Amherst campus. ...

Quotes

• "I sit with Shakespeare, and he winces not. Across the color line I move arm and arm with Balzac and Dumas, where smiling men and welcoming women glide in gilded halls. From out of the caves of evening that swing between the strong-limbed Earth and the tracery of stars, I summon Aristotle and Aurelius and what soul I will, and they come all graciously with no scorn nor condescension. So, wed with Truth, I dwell above the veil."

• "In my own country for nearly a century I have been nothing but a nigger." - to an audience in Beijing in 1959.

• "The problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color-line."

• "I believe that there are human stocks with whom it is physically unwise to intermarry, but to think that these stocks are all colored or that there are no such white stocks is unscientific and false." [1] (http://www.wfu.edu/~caron/ssrs/Dorr.rtf)

Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Honoré de Balzac Honoré de Balzac (May 20, 1799 - August 18, 1850), was a French novelist. ... Alexandre Dumas redirects here. ... Aristotle (sculpture) Aristotle (Greek: Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs) (384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher. ... Marcus Aurelius Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. ... The word nigger is a highly controversial term used in many countries, including the US, Canada, Britain, Australia and Russia, to refer to individuals with dark skin, especially those of indigenous African descent who previously were racially classified by the now outdated term Negro. ... Beijing  listen (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; ; Postal System Pinyin: Peking), is the capital city of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Bibliography

• "The Evolution of Negro Leadership" published in The Dial, 31 (July 16, 1901).
• The Souls of Black Folk (1903)
• "The Talented Tenth," published as the second chapter of The Negro Problem, a collection of articles by African Americans (September 1903).
• John Brown: A Biography (1909)
• The Quest of the Silver Fleece (1911)
• Darkwater (1920)
• The Gifts of Black Folk (1924)
• Dark Princess: A Romance (1928)
• Black Reconstruction: An Essay toward a History of the Part which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880 (1935)
• Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept (1940)
• Color and Democracy (1945)
• The Encyclopedia of the Negro (1946)
• The Black Flame: A Trilogy
  • The Ordeal of Mansart (1957)
  • Mansart Builds a School (1959)
  • Worlds of Color (1961)
• An ABC of Color: Selections from Over a Half Century of the Writings of W.E.B. DuBois (1963)
• The World and Africa, An Inquiry into the Part Which Africa has Played in World History (1965)
• The Autobiography of W.E. Burghardt DuBois (1968)

The Souls of Black Folk is the most studied work of African-American W.E.B. DuBois, a writer, leader, and civil rights activist. ... See also: 1902 in literature, other events of 1903, 1904 in literature, list of years in literature. ... John Brown is a common name shared by numerous individuals. ... See also: 1908 in literature, other events of 1909, 1910 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1910 in literature, other events of 1911, 1912 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1919 in literature, other events of 1920, 1921 in literature, List of years in literature. ... See also: 1923 in literature, other events of 1924, 1925 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1927 in literature, other events of 1928, 1929 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1934 in literature, other events of 1935, 1936 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1939 in literature, other events of 1940, 1941 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1944 in literature, other events of 1945, 1946 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1945 in literature, other events of 1946, 1947 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1956 in literature, other events of 1957, 1958 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1958 in literature, other events of 1959, 1960 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1960 in literature, other events of 1961, 1962 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1962 in literature, other events of 1963, 1964 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1964 in literature, other events of 1965, 1966 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1967 in literature, other events of 1968, 1969 in literature, list of years in literature. ...

See also

• Marvel Cooke

BIBLIOGRAPHY:  Manning Marable, W.E.B Du Bois: Black radical democrat, Twayne publishers. Boston, Massachusetts.  W.E.B Du Bois, The autobiography of W.E.B Du Bois, International publishers, New York.  http://www.infoplease.com/search/dubois+accomplishments Marvel Cooke (April 4, 1903 - November 29, 2000) was a journalist, writer, and civil rights activist. ...

References and external links

• W.E.B. Du Bois, The Autobiography of W. E. Burghardt Du Bois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the Last Decade of Its First Century. New York, NY: International Publishers Co. Inc., 1968, pp. 438-440.
• Works by Du Bois (http://www.gutenberg.org/author/William_Edward_Burghardt_Du_Bois) from Project Gutenberg
• A Biographical Sketch of W.E.B. DuBois (http://www.duboislc.org/html/DuBoisBio.html) by Gerald C. Hynes
• FBI File of William E. B. DuBois (http://foia.fbi.gov/dubois/dubois1.pdf)
• The W.E.B. Du Bois Virtual University (http://members.tripod.com/~DuBois/bsia.html)
• Fighting Fire with Fire: African Americans and Hereditarian Thinking, 1900-1942 (http://www.wfu.edu/~caron/ssrs/Dorr.rtf)